Innovative Capacity, Educational Attainment and Economic Development in the European Union: Causal Relations and Geographical Variations

References

• Acs, Z., Anselin, L. & Varga, A. (2002) Patents and innovation counts as measures of regional production of new knowledge, Research Policy, 31(7), pp. 1069–1085. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00184-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alquèzar, J., Sabadie, J. & Johansen, J. (2010) How do national economic competitiveness indices view human capital, European Journal of Education, 45(2), pp. 236–258. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3435.2010.01427.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armsrong, H. & de Kervenoael, R. (1997) Regional economic change in the European union, in: J. Bachtler & I. Turok (Eds) The Coherence of EU Regional Policy. Contrasting Perspectives of the Structural Funds, pp. 29–47 (London: Regional Studies Association and Jessica Kingsley Publishers).
   Google Scholar
• Balzat, M. & Hanusch, H. (2004) Recent trends in the research on national innovation systems, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(2), pp. 197–210. doi: 10.1007/s00191-004-0187-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry, F. (2007) Third-level education, foreign direct investment and economic boom in Ireland, International Journal of Technology Management, 38(3), pp. 198–218. doi: 10.1504/IJTM.2007.012710
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battisti, G., Mourani, A-G. & Stoneman, P. (2010) Causality and a firm-level innovation scoreboard, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 19(1), pp. 7–26. doi: 10.1080/10438590903016344
   Google Scholar
• Berry, C. & Glaeser, E. (2005) The divergence of human capital levels across cities, Papers in Regional Science, 84(3), pp. 407–444. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2005.00047.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilbao-Osorio, B. & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2004) From R&D to innovation and economic growth in the EU, Growth and Change, 35(4), pp. 434–455. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2257.2004.00256.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. (2005) Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment, Regional Studies, 39(1), pp. 61–74. doi: 10.1080/0034340052000320887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, G. (2010) Critical Reflections on Regional Competitiveness. Theory, Policy, Practice (London: Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• de Bruijn, P. & Lagendijk, A. (2005) Regional innovation systems in the Lisbon strategy, European Planning Studies, 13(8), pp. 1153–1172. doi: 10.1080/09654310500336519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copus, A., Skuras, D. & Tsegenidi, K. (2008) Innovation and peripherality: An empirical comparative study of SMEs in six European Union member countries, Economic Geography, 84(1), pp. 51–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2008.tb00391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronado, D., Acosta, M. & Fernández, A. (2008) Attitudes to innovation in peripheral economic regions, Research Policy, 37(6–7), pp. 1009–1021. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crescenzi, R. & Rodríguez-Pose, A. (2011) Innovation and Regional Growth in the European Union (Berlin: Springer-Verlag).
   Google Scholar
• Doloreux, D. & Parto, S. (2005) Regional innovation systems: Current discourse and unresolved issues, Technology in Society, 27(2), pp. 133–153. doi: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2005.01.002
   Google Scholar
• Ejermo, O., Kander, A. & Svensson Henning, M. (2011) The R&D-growth paradox arises in fast-growing sectors, Research Policy, 40(5), pp. 664–672. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission (2009) European Innovation Scoreboard 2008. Comparative Analysis of Innovation Performance. PRO INNO Europe Paper, 10.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2010) Europe 2020. A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth) Brussels: European Commission).
   Google Scholar
• Evangelista, R., Iammarino, S., Mastrostefano, V. & Silvani, A. (2002) Looking for regional systems of innovation: Evidence from the Italian innovation survey, Regional Studies, 36(2), pp. 173–186. doi: 10.1080/00343400220121963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewers, M. (2007) Migrants, markets and multinationals: Competition among world cities for the highly skilled, GeoJournal, 68(2–3), pp. 119–130. doi: 10.1007/s10708-007-9077-9
   Google Scholar
• Fagerberg, J. (2005) Innovation: A guide to the literature, in: J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery & R. Nelson (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, pp. 1–26 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Faggian, A. & McCann, P. (2009) Human capital, graduate migration and innovation in British regions, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(2), pp. 317–333. doi: 10.1093/cje/ben042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippetti, A. & Archibugi, D. (2011) Innovation in times of crises: National systems of innovation, structure and demand, Research Policy, 40(2), pp. 179–192. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2010.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florida, R. (2002) The Rise of the Creative Class and How It Is Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life (New York: Basic Books).
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. (2005) Review of Richard Florida's the rise of the creative class, Regional Science and Urban Economics, 35(5), pp. 593–596. doi: 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2005.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, T. & Rutten, R. (2007) Innovation in regions, European Planning Studies, 15(2), pp. 253–270. doi: 10.1080/09654310601078788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, D., Melo, P., Jiwattanakulpaisarn, P. & Noland, R. (2010) Testing for causality between productivity and agglomeration economies, Journal of Regional Science, 50(5), pp. 935–951. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.2010.00676.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger, C. (1969) Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods, Econometrica, 37(3), pp. 424–438. doi: 10.2307/1912791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gujarati, D. (1978) Basic Econometrics (Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogakusha).
   Google Scholar
• Hinloopen, J. (2003) Innovation performance across Europe, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 12(2), pp. 145–161. doi: 10.1080/10438590303125
   Google Scholar
• Hjalager, A.-M. (2002) Repairing innovation defectiveness in tourism, Tourism Management, 23(5), pp. 465–474. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00013-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollanders, H. (2007) 2006 European Regional Innovation Scoreboard (Maastricht: MERIT).
   Google Scholar
• Iammarino, S. (2005) An evolutionary integrated view of regional systems of innovation: Concepts, measures and historical perspectives, European Planning Studies, 13(4), pp. 497–519. doi: 10.1080/09654310500107084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inkinen, T. & Suorsa, K. (2010) Intermediaries in regional innovation systems: High-technology enterprise survey from Northern Finland, European Planning Studies, 18(2), pp. 169–187. doi: 10.1080/09654310903491556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jauhiainen, J. (2008) Regional and innovation policies in Finland: Towards convergence and/or mismatch, Regional Studies, 42(7), pp. 1031–1045. doi: 10.1080/00343400701543140
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, A. & Lindahl, M. (2001) Education for growth: Why and for whom, Journal of Economic Literature, 39(4), pp. 1101–1136. doi: 10.1257/jel.39.4.1101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman, P. (2011) The new economic geography, now middle-aged, Regional Studies, 45(1), pp. 1–7. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.537127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kujath, H. J. (2005) Restructuring of the metropolitan region of Berlin-Brandenburg: Economic trends and political answers, Geographica Polonica, 78(1), pp. 117–136.
   Google Scholar
• Lachenmaier, S. & Rottmann, H. (2011) Effects of innovation on employment: A dynamic panel analysis, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 29(2), pp. 210–220. doi: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2010.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattemann, C., Stieglitz, S., Kupke, S. & Schneider, A-M. (2009) Impact of PPPs to broadband diffusion in Europe, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, 3(4), pp. 355–374. doi: 10.1108/17506160910997874
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, B.-Å. & Maskell, P. (2000) Nation states and economic development: From national systems of production to national systems of knowledge creation and learning, in: G. Clark, M. Feldman & M. Gertler (Eds) The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, pp. 353–372 (Oxford: Blackwell).
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Z. & Lee, Y. (2008) Patent application and technological collaboration in inventive activities: 1980–2005, Technovation, 28(6), pp. 379–390. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makkonen, T. (2011) Innovation and regional socio-economic development—evidence from the Finnish local administrative units, Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, 15(1), pp. 27–42.
   Google Scholar
• Mansson, K., Sjölander, P. & Shuruk, G. (2011) A new ridge regression causality test in the presence of multicollinearity, Journal of Regional Development, 3(1), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1504/IJIRD.2011.038059
   Google Scholar
• Markusen, A. (2006) Urban development and the politics of a creative class: Evidence from a study of artists, Environment and Planning A, 38(10), pp. 1921–1940. doi: 10.1068/a38179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell, P. & Malmberg, A. (1999) Localised learning and industrial competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23(2), pp. 167–185. doi: 10.1093/cje/23.2.167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikkonen, K. (2002) The competitive advantage of regions and small economic areas: The case of Finland, Fennia, 180(1–2), pp. 191–198.
   Google Scholar
• Molina-Morales, F. X. & Mas-Verdu, F. (2008) Intended ties with local institutions as factors in innovation: An application to Spanish manufacturing firms, European Planning Studies, 16(6), pp. 811–827. doi: 10.1080/09654310802079452
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moodyson, J., Coenen, L. & Asheim, B. (2008) Explaining spatial patterns of innovation: Analytical and synthetic modes of knowledge creation in the Medicon Valley life-science cluster, Environment and Planning A, 40(5), pp. 1040–1056. doi: 10.1068/a39110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, R., Paci, R. & Usai, S. (2005) Geographical and sectoral clusters of innovation in Europe, Annals of Regional Science, 39(4), pp. 715–739. doi: 10.1007/s00168-005-0021-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Must, Ü. (2010) Collaboration in EU Framework Programmes—the case of the social sciences and humanities, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 23(1), pp. 79–83. doi: 10.1080/13511611003791190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oughton, C., Landabaso, M. & Morgan, K. (2002) The regional innovation paradox: Innovation policy and industrial policy, Journal of Technology Transfer, 27(1), pp. 97–110. doi: 10.1023/A:1013104805703
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, H. (2009) The diversity of innovation in the European union: Mapping latent dimensions and regional profiles, European Planning Studies, 17(2), pp. 303–326. doi: 10.1080/09654310802553571
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, M. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations (London: The MacMillan Press Ltd).
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. (1998) Clusters and the economics of competition, Harvard Business Journal, 1998 (November–December), pp. 77–90.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. (2003) The economic performance of regions, Regional Studies, 37(6–7), pp. 549–578. doi: 10.1080/0034340032000108688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouder, R. & St. John, C. (1996) Hot spots and blind spots: Geographical clusters of firms and innovation, The Academy of Management Review, 21(4), pp. 1192–1225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prange, H. (2008) Explaining varieties of regional innovation policies in Europe, European Urban and Regional Studies, 15(1), pp. 39–52. doi: 10.1177/0969776407081276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratanawaraha, A. & Polenske, K. (2007) Measuring geography of innovation: A literature review, in: K. Polenske (Eds) The Economic Geography of Innovation, pp. 30–59 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Pose, A. (1999) Innovation prone and innovation averse societies: Economic performance in Europe, Growth and Change, 30(1), pp. 75–105. doi: 10.1111/0017-4815.00105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Pose, A. & Tselios, V. (2011) Mapping the European regional educational distribution, European Urban and Regional Studies, 18(4), pp. 358–374. doi: 10.1177/0969776411399345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutten, R. & Bokoema, F. (2005) Innovation, policy and economic growth: Theory and cases, European Planning Studies, 13(8), pp. 1131–1136. doi: 10.1080/09654310500336436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabel, C. & Saxenian, A. (2008) A Fugitive Success: Finland's Economic Future (Helsinki: SITRA).
   Google Scholar
• Simmie, J., Sennett, J., Wood, P. & Hart, D. (2002) Innovation in Europe: A tale of networks, knowledge and trade in five cities, Regional Studies, 36(1), pp. 47–64. doi: 10.1080/00343400120099852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonen, J. & McCann, P. (2008) Firm innovation: The influence of R&D cooperation and the geography of human capital inputs, Journal of Urban Economics, 64(1), pp. 146–154. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2007.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterlacchini, A. (2008) R&D, higher education and regional growth: Uneven linkages among European regions, Research Policy, 37(6–7), pp. 1096–1107. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storper, M. (2011) From retro to avant-garde: A commentary on Paul Krugman's The New Economic Geography, now middle-aged, Regional Studies, 45(1), pp. 9–15. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.537130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strulik, H. (2005) The role of human capital and production growth in R&D-based models of economic growth, Review of International Economics, 13(1), pp. 129–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9396.2005.00495.x
   Google Scholar
• Teixeira, A. & Fortuna, N. (2010) Human capital, R&D, trade and long-run productivity: Testing the technological absorption hypothesis for the Portuguese economy, 1960–2001, Research Policy, 39(3), pp. 335–350. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2010.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman, W. & Fisher, M. (1988) Chicken, eggs and causality or which came first, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70(2), pp. 237–238. doi: 10.2307/1242062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titze, M., Brachert, M. & Kubis, A. (2011) The identification of regional industrial clusters using qualitative input-output analysis (QIOA), Regional Studies, 45(1), pp. 89–102. doi: 10.1080/00343400903234688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tödtling, F. & Trippl, M. (2005) One size fits all? Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach, Research Policy, 34(8), pp. 1203–1219. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, C.-L., Hung, M.-C. & Harriott, K. (2010) Human capital composition and economic growth, Social Indicators Research, 99(1), pp. 41–59. doi: 10.1007/s11205-009-9565-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tselios, V. (2011) Is inequality good for innovation, International Regional Science Review, 34(1), pp. 75–101. doi: 10.1177/0160017610383278
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varsakelis, N. C. (2006) Education, political institutions and innovative activity: A cross-country empirical investigation, Research Policy, 35(7), pp. 1083–1090. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2006.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wößmann, L. (2003) Specifying human capital, Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(3), pp. 239–270. doi: 10.1111/1467-6419.00195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, P. (2009) Service competitiveness and urban innovation policies in the UK: The implications of the “London Paradox”, Regional Studies, 43(8), pp. 1047–1059. doi: 10.1080/00343400801968437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, J., Voight, P., Gutiérrez-Gracia, A. & Jiménez-Sáez, F. (2007) Regional innovation systems: How to assess performance, Regional Studies, 41(5), pp. 661–672. doi: 10.1080/00343400601120270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar