Urban Form, Sustainability and Health: The Case of Greater Oslo

References

• Barton, H. (2000) Sustainable Communities: The Potential for Eco-Neighbourhoods (London: Earthscan).
   Google Scholar
• Beatley, T. (2000) Preserving biodiversity: Challenges for planners, Journal of the American Planning Association, 66(1), pp. 5–20. doi: 10.1080/01944360008976080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, H., Alberti, M., Forsyth, A., Krizek, K. J., Rodriguez, D. A., Talen, E., & Ellis, C. (2009) Hot, congested, crowded and diverse: Emerging research agendas in planning, Progress in Planning, 71, 153–205. doi: 10.1016/j.progress.2009.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boarnet, M. G., Greenwald, M., & McMillan, T. E. (2008) Walking, urban design, and health: Toward a cost-benefit analysis framework, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 27(3), pp. 341–358. doi: 10.1177/0739456X07311073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M., & Wolfe, M. (2007) Energy Efficiency in Multi-Family Housing: A Profile and Analysis (Washington, DC: Energy Program Consortium).
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (2004) Preservation, Mixed Use and Urban Vitality (Berkeley, CA: Jonathan Cohen & Associates).
   Google Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities (1990) Green Paper on the Urban Environment (Luxembourg: Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities).
   Google Scholar
• Danish National Institute of Public Health. (2007) Folkesundhedsrapporten, Danmark 2007 [The public health report, Denmark 2007]. (Copenhagen: Danish National Institute of Public Health).
   Google Scholar
• Dybendahl, K. E., & Skiri, H. (2005) Befolkningsstatistikk: Klare geografiske forskjeller i levealder mellom bydeler i Oslo [Population statistics: Clear geographical differences in mortality between urban districts in Oslo]. (Oslo: Statistics Norway).
   Google Scholar
• Elstad, J. I. (2000) Social Inequalities in Health and their Explanations (Oslo: NOVA-rapport 9/00).
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2010) Travel and the built environment, Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), pp. 1–30. doi: 10.1080/01944361003766766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., Brownson, R. C., & Berrigan, D. (2006) Relationship between urban sprawl and weight of United States youth, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31(6), pp. 464–474. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, Y., & Song, Y. (2009) Is sprawl associated with a widening urban–suburban mortality gap?, Journal of Urban Health, 86(5), pp. 708–728. doi: 10.1007/s11524-009-9382-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Andresen, M. A., & Schmid, T. L. (2004) Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(2), pp. 87–96. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.04.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, H. W. (1999) Designing the City: Towards a More Sustainable Urban Form (London: E & FN Spon).
   Google Scholar
• Frumkin, H. (2002) Urban sprawl and public health, Public Health Reports, 117, 201–217. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50155-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, I. F., Hartel, D., Andrews, L. R., & Weinstein, A. L. (1986) Indoor air pollution exposures of low-income inner-city residents, Environment International, 12(1–4), pp. 211–219. doi: 10.1016/0160-4120(86)90033-4
   Google Scholar
• Grahn, P. (1993) Planera för bättre hälsa [Plan for better health], in: B. Kullinger & U.-B. Strömberg (Eds) Planere för en bärkraftig utveckling. 21 nordiska forskare ger sin syn, pp. 109–121 (Stockholm: Byggforskningsrådet).
   Google Scholar
• Guttu, J., Saglie, I.-L., Thorén, A.-K., & Nyhuus, S. (1997) Boligfortetting i Oslo. Konsekvenser for bokvalitet, grønnstruktur og arkitektur [Residential densification in Oslo. Impacts to housing quality, green structure, and architecture]. (Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research).
   Google Scholar
• Hartoft-Nielsen, P. (1997) Lokalisering, transportmiddel og bystruktur [Location, travel mode, and urban structure]. Byplan, no. 6/97, pp. 247–260.
   Google Scholar
• Hjorthol, R. (1998) Hverdagslivets reiser. En analyse av kvinners og menns daglige reiser i Oslo [Everyday travel. An analysis of the daily trips among women and men in Oslo]. (Oslo: Institute of Transport Economics).
   Google Scholar
• Holden, E. (2007) Achieving Sustainable Mobility: Everyday and Leisure-Time Travel in the EU (Aldershot: Ashgate).
   Google Scholar
• Howard, E. (1902) Garden Cities of To-Morrow (London: S. Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd).
   Google Scholar
• Høyer, K. G. (2002) Bærekraftig by- og tettstedsutvikling. Kunnskapen om transport, areal og miljø 10 år etter NAMIT [Sustainable urban development. The knowledge on transportation, land use and the environment ten years after the NAMIT project], in: C. Aall, K. G. Høyer, & W. M. Lafferty (Eds) Fra miljøvern til bærekraftig utvikling i kommunene, pp. 159–99 (Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk).
   Google Scholar
• Høyer, K. G., & Holden, E. (2001) Housing as basis for sustainable consumption, International Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(1), pp. 48–58. doi: 10.1504/IJSD.2001.001545
   Google Scholar
• Høyer, K. G., & Næss, P. (2001) The ecological traces of growth: Economic growth, liberalization, increased consumption—and sustainable urban development?, Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 3(3), pp. 177–192. doi: 10.1002/jepp.84
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage Books).
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, U. J. (1986) Sygdomsbegreber i praksis [Concepts of disease in practice]. (Copenhagen: Munksgaard).
   Google Scholar
• Joh, K., Nguyen, M. T., & Boarnet, M. G. (2012) Can built and social environmental factors encourage walking among individuals with negative walking attitudes?, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(2), pp. 219–236. doi: 10.1177/0739456X11427914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolbenstvedt, M., & Hjorthol, R. (1987) Bytrafikk, bomiljø og helse. Resultater fra NTNF-programmet Trafikk og miljø’s førundersøkelser på Vålerenga/Gamlebyen i Oslo 1987 [Urban traffic, housing environment, and health. Results from pre-studies in the districts of Vålerenga and Gamlebyen in Oslo in 1987]. (Oslo: Institute of Transport Economics).
   Google Scholar
• Litman, T. (2012, November 11) Understanding Smart Growth Savings. What We Know About Public Infrastructure and Service Cost Savings, and How They are Misrepresented by Critics. Version 10 September 2012. Victoria: Victoria Transport Policy Institute. Available at http://www.vtpi.org/sg_save.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, R. P., & Hynes, H. P. (2006) Obesity, physical activity, and the urban environment: Public health research needs, Environmental Health, 5(1), pp. 25–34. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-5-25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mead, E., Dodson, J., & Ellway, C. (2006) Urban Environments & Health: Identifying Key Relationships & Policy Imperatives (Brisbane: Griffith University).
   Google Scholar
• Municipality of Oslo. (2009) Statistisk Årbok 2009 [Statistical yearbook 2009]. (Oslo: The Municipality of Oslo, Development and Improvement Authority).
   Google Scholar
• Newman, P. W. G., & Kenworthy, J. R. (1999) Sustainability and Cities. Overcoming Automobile Dependence (Washington, DC: Island Press).
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, T. S. (2002) Boliglokalisering og transport i Aalborg [Residential location and transport in Aalborg], Ph.D. dissertation. Aalborg: Aalborg University.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen, T. S., & Hansen, K. B. (2007) Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators, Health and Place, 13(4), pp. 839–850. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (1993a) Can urban development be made environmentally sound?, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 36(3), pp. 309–333. doi: 10.1080/09640569308711949
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (1993b) Transportation energy in Swedish towns and regions, Scandinavian Housing & Planning Research, 10(4), pp. 187–206. doi: 10.1080/02815739308730340
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2001) Urban planning and sustainable development, European Planning Studies, 9(4), pp. 503–524. doi: 10.1080/713666490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2006a) Unsustainable growth, unsustainable capitalism, Journal of Critical Realism, 5(2), pp. 197–227. doi: 10.1558/jocr.v5i2.197
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2006b) Urban Structure Matters: Residential Location, Car Dependence and Travel Behaviour (London/New York: Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2006c) Accessibility, activity participation and location of activities. Exploring the links between residential location and travel behavior, Urban Studies, 43(3), pp. 627–652. doi: 10.1080/00420980500534677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2009) Residential self-selection and appropriate control variables in land use–travel studies, Transport Reviews, 29(3), pp. 293–324. doi: 10.1080/01441640802710812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2010) Residential location, travel and energy use: The case of Hangzhou metropolitan area, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 3(3), pp. 27–59.
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P. (2012) Urban form and travel behavior: Experience from a Nordic context, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 5(2), pp. 21–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P., & Jensen, O. B. (2004) Urban structure matters, even in a small town, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 47(1), pp. 35–56. doi: 10.1080/0964056042000189790
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P., & Sandberg, S. L. (1996) Workplace location, modal split and energy use for commuting trips, Urban Studies, 33(3), pp. 557–580. doi: 10.1080/00420989650011915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P., Røe, P. G., & Larsen, S. L. (1995) Travelling distances, modal split and transportation energy in thirty residential areas in Oslo, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 38(3), pp. 349–370. doi: 10.1080/09640569512913
   Google Scholar
• Næss, P., Sandberg, S. L., & Røe, P. G. (1996) Energy use for transportation in 22 Nordic towns, Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research, 13(2), pp. 79–97. doi: 10.1080/02815739608730401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, Ø., Claussen, B., Smith, G. D., & Leyland, A. H. (2008) Life course influence of residential area on cause-specific mortality, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62(1), pp. 29–34. doi: 10.1136/jech.2006.048090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P., Næss, T., & Strand, A. (2011a) Oslo's farewell to urban sprawl, European Planning Studies, 19(1), pp. 113–139. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2011.530395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Næss, P., Strand, A., Næss, T., & Nicolaisen, M. S. (2011b) On their road to sustainability? The challenge of sustainable mobility in urban planning and development in two Scandinavian capital regions, Town Planning Review, 82(3), pp. 287–317.
   Google Scholar
• Pinho, P., Santos, S., Oliveira, V., Barbosa, M., Silva, M., Galera Lindblom, P., Weber, R., Reardon, M., & Schmitt, P. (2011, November 27) Report On Approaches and Strategies for a Metabolically Sustainable City, SUME Working-Paper 3.3, Oporto. Available at www.sume.at/project_downloads
   Google Scholar
• Piro, F. N. (2008) The influence of the physical and the social environment on health: A population based multilevel study in Oslo, Norway, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oslo: University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Røe, P. G. (2001) Storbymenneskets hverdagsreiser. Sammenhenger mellom bosted, livsstil og hverdagsreisepraksis i et senmoderne perspektiv [The everyday trips of the resident of a large city. Relationships between place of residence, lifestyle and everyday practice in a late-modern perspective], Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Trondheim: Norwegian University of Technology and Science.
   Google Scholar
• Røe, P. G., & Jones, K. (1997) Bystruktur og trafikkulykker. Hvilke byplanforhold har betydning for ulykkessituasjonen i norske byer? [Urban structure and traffic accidents. Which urban form conditions influence the traffic accident situation in Norwegian cities?] (Oslo: Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research).
   Google Scholar
• Ross, N. A., Tremblay, S., Khan, S., Crouse, D., Tremblay, M., & Berthelot, J. M. (2007) Body mass index in urban Canada: Neighborhood and metropolitan area effects, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 97(3), pp. 500–508.
   Google Scholar
• Sonne, W. (2009) Dwelling in the metropolis: Reformed urban blocks 1890–1940 as a model for the sustainable compact city, Progress in Planning, 72(2), pp. 53–149. doi: 10.1016/j.progress.2009.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. (2010a, March 11) Forventet gjenstående levetid for kvinner på utvalgte alderstrinn. 2002–2004. Bydeler i Oslo [Expected remaining years of life among women at different age levels. 2002–2004. Urban districts in Oslo]. Available at http://www.ssb.no/ssp/utg/200506/03/tab-2005-12-08-01.html
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. (2010b, March 11) Forventet gjenstående levetid for menn på utvalgte alderstrinn. 2002-2004. Bydeler i Oslo [Expected remaining years of life among men at different age levels. 2002-2004. Urban districts in Oslo] Available at http://www.ssb.no/ssp/utg/200506/03/tab-2005-12-08-02.html
   Google Scholar
• Strømmen, K. (2001) Rett virksomhet på rett sted – om virksomheters transportskapende egenskaper. [Right workplace at the right location – on the transport-generating properties of workplaces], Doctoral dissertation, Trondheim: Norwegian University of Technology and Science.
   Google Scholar
• Troped, P. J., Wilson, J. S., Matthews, C. E., Cromley, E. K., & Melly, S. J. (2010) The built environment and location-based physical activity, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(4), pp. 429–438. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verroen, E. J., Jong, M. A., Korver, W. & Jansen, B. (1990) Mobility Profiles of Businesses and other Bodies. Rapport INRO-VVG 1990-03, Delft: Institute of Spatial Organisation TNO.
   Google Scholar
• Westerink, J., Haase, D., Bauer, A., Ravetz, J., Jarrige, F., & Aalbers, C. B. E. M. (2012) Dealing with sustainability trade-offs of the compact city in peri-urban planning across European city regions, European Planning Studies, 21(4), pp. 473–497
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future (Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar