References
- Abdesslem, A. B., & Chiappini, R. (2018). Cluster policy and firm performance: A case study of the French optic/photonic industry. Regional Studies, 53(5), 692–705. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1470324
- Asheim, B., Cooke, P., & Martin, R. (2006). Clusters and regional development: Critical reflections and explorations. London: Routledge.
- Audretsch, D. B., & Feldman, M. (1996). R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. American Economic Review, 86, 630–640.
- Baptista, R., & Swann, P. (1998). Do firms in clusters innovate more? Research Policy, 27(5), 525–540. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(98)00065-1
- Bathelt, H., Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2004). Clusters and knowledge: Local buzz, global pipelines and the process of knowledge creation. Progress in Human Geography, 28, 31–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132504ph469oa
- Becattini, G. (1990). The Marshallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion. In F. Pyke, G. Becattini, & W. Sengenberger (Eds.), Industrial districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy (pp. 37–51). Geneva: International Institute for Labour Studies.
- Becattini, G. (2002). From Marshall’s to the Italian “industrial districts”. A brief critical reconstruction. In A. Q. Curzio & M. Fortis (Eds.), Complexity and industrial clusters: Dynamics and models in theory and practice (pp. 82–106). Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag.
- Belussi, F. (2018). New perspectives on the evolution of clusters. European Planning Studies, 26(9), 1796–1814. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1492059
- Brenner, T., & Schlump, C. (2011). Policy measures and their effects in the different phases of the cluster life cycle. Regional Studies, 45(10), 1363–1386. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.529116
- Cooke, P., & Morgan, M. (1998). The associational economy: Firms, regions and innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Cruz, S. C. S., & Teixeira, A. A. C. (2010). The evolution of the cluster literature: Shedding light on the regional studies–regional science debate. Regional Studies, 44(9), 1263–1288. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903234670
- De Leeuw, E. D. (2012). Counting and measuring online: The quality of Internet surveys. BMS: Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin De Méthodologie Sociologique, 114, 68–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0759106312437290
- Dohse, D., Fornahl, D., & Vehrke, J. (2018). Fostering place-based innovation and internationalization – the turn in German technology policy. European Planning Studies, 26(6), 1137–1159. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1458285
- EC. (2007). The European cluster Memorandum – Promoting European innovation through clusters. European Commission.
- EC. (2008). The concept of clusters and cluster policies and their role for competitiveness and innovation. Europe INNOVA/PRO INNO Europe paper 9. European Commission.
- Enright, M. J. (1998). Regional clusters and firm strategy. In A. D. Chandler Jr, Ö Sölvell, & P. Hagström (Eds.), The dynamic firm: The role of technology, strategy, organization and regions (pp. 315–342). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Enright, M. J. (2003). Regional clusters: What we know and what we should know. In J. Bröcker, D. Dohse, & R. Soltwedel (Eds.), Innovation clusters and Interregional competition (pp. 99–129). Berlin: Springer.
- Etxabe, I., & Valdaliso, J. M. (2016). Measuring structural social capital in a cluster policy network: Insights from the Basque country. European Planning Studies, 24(5), 884–903. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1117582
- Foray, D., Goddard, J., Beldarrain, X. G., Landabaso, M., McCann, P., Morgan, K., … Ortega-Argilés, R. (2012). Guide to research and innovation strategies for smart Specialisations (RIS 3). Luxembourg: European Commission.
- Fornahl, D., Hassink, R., & Menzel, M.-P. (2015). Broadening our knowledge on cluster evolution. European Planning Studies, 23(10), 1921–1931. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1016654
- Fromhold-Eisebith, M., & Eisebith, G. (2005). How to institutionalize innovative clusters? Comparing explicit top-down and implicit bottom-up approaches. Research Policy, 34(8), 1250–1268. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.02.008
- Gordon, I. R., & McCann, P. (2000). Industrial clusters: Complexes, agglomeration and/or social networks? Urban Studies, 37, 513–532. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098002096
- Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 9, 481–510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/228311
- Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., & Albors-Garrigos, J. (2014). Are technology gatekeepers renewing clusters? Understanding gatekeepers and their dynamics across cluster life cycles. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 26(56), 431–452. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2014.933489
- Hervas-Oliver, J.-L., Gonzalez, G., Caja, P., & Sempere-Ripoll, F. (2015). Clusters and industrial districts: Where is the literature going? Identifying emerging sub-fields of research. European Planning Studies, 23, 1827–1872. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1021300
- Hoover, E. M. (1937). Location theory and the shoe and leather industries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Hoover, E. M. (1948). The location of economic activity. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
- Huggins, R., & Williams, N. (2011). Entrepreneurship and regional competitiveness: The role and progression of policy. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 23(9–10), 907–932. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2011.577818
- Hungarian Central Statistical Office. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xstadat/xstadat_eves/i_qpt014b.html
- Iammarino, S., & McCann, P. (2006). The structure and evolution of industrial clusters: Transactions, technology and knowledge spillovers. Research Policy, 35(7), 1018–1036. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.05.004
- Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, 577–598. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2118401
- Ketels, C., Lindqvist, G., & Sölvell, Ö. (2006). Cluster initiatives in developing and transition economies. Stockholm: Centre for Strategy and Competitiveness.
- Kim, S.-T. (2015). Regional advantage of cluster development: A case study of the San Diego Biotechnology cluster. European Planning Studies, 23(2), 238–261. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.861807
- Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99, 483–499. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
- Lazzeretti, L., Sedita, S. R., & Caloffi, A. (2014). Founders and disseminators of cluster research. Journal of Economic Geography, 14, 21–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbs053
- Lee, C.-Y. (2009). Do firms in clusters invest in R&D more intensively? Theory and evidence from multi-country data. Research Policy, 38, 1159–1171. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2009.04.004
- Lengyel, I. (2006). A klaszterek előtérbe kerülése és alapvető jellemzőik. In I. Lengyel & J. Rechnitzer (Eds.), Kihívások és válaszok. A magyar építőipari vállalkozások lehetőségei az európai uniós csatlakozás utáni időszakban (pp. 125–158). Győr: Novadat Kiadó.
- Lublinski, A. E. (2003). Does geographic proximity matter? Evidence from clustered and non-clustered aeronautic firms in Germany. Regional Studies, 37(5), 453–467. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000089031
- Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (1999). Localised learning and industrial competitiveness. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 23, 167–185. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/23.2.167
- Malmberg, A., & Maskell, P. (2002). The elusive concept of localization economies: Towards a knowledge-based theory of spatial clustering. Environment and Planning A, 34, 429–449. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/a3457
- Markusen, A. (1996). Sticky places in slippery space: A typology of industrial districts. Economic Geography, 72, 293–313. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/144402
- Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of economics (Revised ed). London: Macmillan. (Reprinted by Prometheus Books, 1st ed., 1890).
- Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2003). Deconstructing clusters: Chaotic concept or policy panacea? Journal of Economic Geography, 3, 5–35. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/3.1.5
- Martin, R., & Sunley, P. (2006). Path dependence and regional economic evolution. Journal of Economic Geography, 6(4), 395–437. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbl012
- McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A. (1999). Bridging ties: A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 1133–1156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199912)20:12<1133::AID-SMJ74>3.0.CO;2-7
- Menzel, M.-P., & Fornahl, D. (2010). Cluster life cycles – dimensions and rationales of cluster evolution. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19(1), 205–238. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtp036
- MKIK. (2013). Magyarország régióinak társadalmi-gazdasági profilja. [The socio-economic profile of the regions of Hungary] MKIK Gazdaság- és Vállalkozáskutató Intézet.
- OECD. (1999). Boosting innovation: The cluster approach. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- OECD. (2007). Competitive regional clusters: National policy approaches. OECD reviews of regional innovation. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- Pecze, M. (2013). Cluster development in two Hungarian regions. In I. Lengyel & Z. Vas (Eds.), Regional growth, competitiveness and development (pp. 90–100). Szeged: University of Szeged, Doctoral School in Economics.
- Piore, M. J., & Sabel, C. F. (1984). The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity. New York, NY: Basic Books.
- Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantages of nations. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 77–90.
- Porter, M. E. (2000). Location, competition and economic development: Local clusters in the global economy. Economic Development Quarterly, 14, 15–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/089124240001400105
- Porter, M. E. (2003). The economic performance of regions. Regional Studies, 37, 549–578. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000108688
- Pólus Programiroda Kht. (2008). Pólus Klaszter kézikönyv [Pole cluster handbook]. Budapest: Pólus Programiroda Kht.
- Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage: Culture and competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Schmitz, H., & Nadvi, K. (1999). Clustering and industrialization: Introduction. World Development, 27(9), 1503–0514. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00072-8
- Scott, A. J. (1988). New industrial spaces: Flexible production organization and regional development in North America and Western Europe. London: Pion.
- Sölvell, Ö, Lindqvist, G., & Ketels, C. (2003). The cluster initiative greenbook. Stockholm: Ivory Tower.
- Storper, M. (1995). The resurgence of regional economies, 10 years later. European Urban and Regional Studies, 2, 191–221. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/096977649500200301
- Storper, M. (1997). The regional world: Territorial development in a Global economy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Storper, M., & Venables, A. J. (2004). Buzz: Face-to-face contact and the urban economy. Journal of Economic Geography, 4, 351–370. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh027
- Su, Y.-S., & Hung, L.-C. (2009). Spontaneous vs. policy-driven: The origin and evolution of the biotechnology cluster. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 76(5), 608–619. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2008.08.008
- Suire, R., & Vicente, J. (2009). Why do some places succeed when others decline? A social interaction model of cluster viability. Journal of Economic Geography, 9(3), 381–404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbn053
- Szanyi, M. (2008). A versenyképesség javítása együttműködéssel: Regionális klaszterek. Budapest: Napvilág Kiadó.
- Ter Wal, A. L. J., & Boschma, R. A. (2011). Co-evolution of firms, industries and networks in space. Regional Studies, 45(7), 919–933. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400802662658
- Trippl, M., Grillitsch, M., Isaksen, A., & Sinozic, T. (2015). Perspectives on cluster evolution: Critical review and future research issues. European Planning Studies, 23(10), 2088–2044. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.999450
- Vernay, A.-L., D’Ippolito, B., & Pinkse, J. (2018). Can the government create a vibrant cluster? Understanding the impact of cluster policy on the development of a cluster. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 30(7-8), 901–919. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1501611
- Zombori, Z. (2010, September 17). Interview by M. Pecze [Tape recording]. Budapest.