Coinciding practices of exception in urban development: mega-events and special economic zones in Tbilisi, Georgia

References

• Aaron Richmond, M., & Garmany, J. (2016). ‘Post-Third-World city’ or neoliberal ‘city of exception'? Rio de Janeiro in the Olympic Era. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 40(3), 621–639. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.12338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abesadze, I. (2017, 27 Jan 2017). Personal interview/interviewer: The authors. Tbilisi.
   Google Scholar
• Agamben, G. (2005). State of exception. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Agenda.ge. (2018). International Olympic Committee applauds Georgia’s initiative to host the 2030 winter olympic games. Agenda.ge.
   Google Scholar
• Archuadze, Z. (2017, 12 Jan 2017). Personal interview/interviewer: The authors. Tbilisi.
   Google Scholar
• Bach, J. (2011). Modernity and the urban imagination in economic zones. Theory, Culture & Society, 28(5), 98–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, C. J., & Haggerty, K. D. (2011). Introduction: Security games: Surveillance and control at mega-events. In C. J. Bennett & K. D. Haggerty (Eds.), Security Games: Surveillance and control at mega-events (pp. 1–19). Oxon, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Black, D. (2014). Megas for strivers: The Politics of second-order events. In J. Grix (Ed.), Leveraging legacies from sports mega-events: Concepts and cases (pp. 13–23). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Bottero, M., Sacerdotti, S. L., & Mauro, S. (2012). Turin 2006 Olympic Winter Games: Impacts and legacies from a tourism perspective. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10(2), 202–217. doi: 10.1080/14766825.2012.683954
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boykoff, J. (2013). Celebration capitalism and the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Olympika, 22, 39–70.
   Google Scholar
• Boykoff, J. (2014). Celebration capitalism and the Olympic Games. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, P., Clément, D., & Haggerty, K. D. (2015). Iterations of Olympic security: Montreal and Vancouver. Security Dialogue, 46(2), 109–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brannagan, P., & Giulianotti, R. (2015). Soft power and soft disempowerment: Qatar, global sport and football’s 2022 World Cup finals. Leisure Studies, 34(6), 703–719. doi: 10.1080/02614367.2014.964291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bräutigam, D., & Tang, X. (2014). “Going global in groups”: Structural transformation and Chinàs special economic zones overseas. World Development, 63, 78–91. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X13002222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner, N., & Theodore, N. (2005). Neoliberalism and the urban condition. City, 9(1), 101–107. doi: 10.1080/13604810500092106
   Google Scholar
• Brooker, P. (2013). Non-Democratic regimes. Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Chalkley, B., & Essex, S. (2010). Urban transformation from hosting the Olympic Games. CEO-UAB Series University Lectures, 11, 24.
   Google Scholar
• Coaffee, J. (2014). The uneven geographies of the Olympic carceral: From exceptionalism to normalisation. The Geographical Journal, n/a-n/a, doi: 10.1111/geoj.12081
   Google Scholar
• Colliers International. (2015). Tbilisi real estate market overview 2015. Tbilisi: Colliers International.
   Google Scholar
• Dansero, E., & Puttilli, M. (2010). Mega-events tourism legacies: The case of the Torino 2006 Winter Olympic Games – a territorialisation approach. Leisure Studies, 29(3), 321–341. doi: 10.1080/02614361003716966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. K. (2011). International events and mass evictions: A longer view. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 35(3), 582–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delladestsima, P. (2003). The Olympic village: A redevelopment marathon in greater Athens. In F. Moulaert, A. Rodriguez, & E. Swyngedouw (Eds.), The globalized city: Economic restructuring and social polarisation in European cities (pp. 65–90). Oxford, New York: Oxford Unviersity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Easterling, K. (2016). Extrastatecraft: The power of infrastructure space. London, New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Eick, V. (2010). A neoliberal sports event? FIFA from the Estadio Nacional to the fan mile. City, 14(3), 278–297. doi: 10.1080/13604813.2010.482275
   Google Scholar
• Eick, V. (2011). Lack of legacy? Shadows of surveillance after the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. Urban Studies, 48(15), 3329–3345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (2010). Olympic Games: Catalyst of urban change. Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206.
   Google Scholar
• Farole, T., & Akinci, G. (2011). Introduction. In T. Farole & G. Akinci (Eds.), Special economic zones: Progress, emerging challenges, and future directions (pp. 1–21). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Flyvbjerg, B. (2011). Over budget, over time, over and over again: Managing major projects. In P. Morris, J. Pinto, & J. Söderlund (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of project management (pp. 321–344). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Follmann, A. (2015). Urban mega-projects for a ‘world-class’ riverfront – the interplay of informality, flexibility and exceptionality along the Yamuna in Delhi, India. Habitat International, 45, 213–222. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2014.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G., & Hobbs, D. (2012). The regeneration games: Purity and security in the Olympic city. The British Journal of Sociology, 63(2), 260–284. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22670647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffney, C. (2010). Mega-events and socio-spatial dynamics in Rio de Janeiro, 1919–2016. Journal of Latin American Geography, 9(1), 7–29. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25765282
   Google Scholar
• Gaffney, C. (2011). The mega-event city as neo-liberal laboratory: the case of Rio de Janeiro. Paper presented at the the Second Mega-event Think Tank, Vancouver.
   Google Scholar
• GeoStat. (2018). Geostat. Tbilisi: National Statistics Office of Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• Gezici, F., & Er, S. (2014). What has been left after hosting the Formula 1 Grand Prix in Istanbul? Cities, 41, 44–53. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2014.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goduadze, L. (2012). თბილისი 2015: ნაბიჯი მომავლისკენ! - ინტერვიუ არჩილ გეგენავასთან. ტაბულა(115). Retrieved from http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00—off-0period–00-1—-0-10-0—0—0prompt-10—4——-0-1l–11-ka-50—20-about—00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL4.1&d=HASH0198863d0f6b0e0425eb1042.22
   Google Scholar
• Gogishvili, D. (2018). Baku Formula 1 city circuit: Exploring the temporary spaces of exception. Cities, 74, 169–178. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275117307126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gogishvili, D., & Coppola, A. (2018). Researching Georgian cities: Structural changes, emerging issues and promising paths of enquiry. iQuaderni di U3, 15, 5–15.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, R., & Gold, M. (2011). Introduction. In J. R. Gold & J. M. Gold (Eds.), Olympic cities: City agendas, planning, and the World's Games, 1896-2016 (2nd ed.) (pp. 1–20). Oxfordshire, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gold, R., & Gold, M. (2008). Olympic cities: Regeneration, city rebranding and changing urban agendas. Geography Compass, 2(1), 300–318. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00080.x
   Google Scholar
• Gray, N., & Porter, L. (2015). By any means necessary: Urban regeneration and the “state of exception” in Glasgow's Commonwealth Games 2014. Antipode, 47(2), 380–400. doi: 10.1111/anti.12114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grix, J. (2014). Leveraging legacies from sports mega-events: Concepts and cases. Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Grix, J., & Brannagan, P. (2016). Of mechanisms and myths: Conceptualising states’ “soft power” strategies through sports mega-events. Diplomacy & Statecraft, 27(2), 251–272. doi: 10.1080/09592296.2016.1169791
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grix, J., Brannagan, P., & Lee, D. (2019). Entering the global arena: Emerging states, soft power strategies and sports mega-events. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, M. (2006). Urban entrepreneurship, corporate interests and sports mega-events: The thin policies of competitiveness within the hard outcomes of neoliberalism. In J. Horne & W. Manzenreiter (Eds.), Sports mega-events: Social scientific analyses of a global phenomenon (pp. 59–70). Malden, Oxford, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Harris-Brandts, S. (2016). Decentralize, desecularize, and deregulate! The transformation of Kutaisi, Georgia. MONU Journal, 25, 124–135.
   Google Scholar
• Harris-Brandts, S. (2018). The role of architecture in the Republic of Georgia’s European aspirations. Nationalities Papers, 46(6), 1118–1135. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2018.1488827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, G., & Karamichas, J. (2011). Introduction: Sports mega-events, Sustainable development and Civil Societies. In J. Karamichas & G. Hayes (Eds.), Olympic Games, mega-events and civil societies: Globalization, environment, resistance (pp. 1–31). Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse-Biber, S. (2010). Mixed methods research: Merging theory with practice. New York, London: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, H. (2007). Post-event outcomes and the post-modern turn - the Olympics and urban transformations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4), 317–332. doi: 10.1080/16184740601154458
   Google Scholar
• Horne, J., & Manzenreiter, W. (2006). An introduction to the sociology of sports mega-events. The Sociological Review, 54, 1–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00650.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hualing, P. (2017, 19 Jan 2017). Personal interview/interviewer: The authors. Tbilisi: Hualing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Invest in Georgia. (2015). Free Industrial Zones. Retrieved from https://investingeorgia.org/en/keysectors/manufacturing/access-to-finance/free-industrial-zones
   Google Scholar
• Invest in Georgia. (2016). Government Incentives. Retrieved from https://investingeorgia.org/en/keysectors/manufacturing/access-to-finance/free-industrial-zones
   Google Scholar
• Jakob, D. (2012). The eventification of place: Urban development and experience consumption in Berlin and New York City. European Urban and Regional Studies, 20(4), 447–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R., & Onwuegbuzie, A. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research Paradigm whose time Has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14–26. doi: 10.3102/0013189X033007014
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R., Onwuegbuzie, A., & Turner, L. (2007). Toward a definition of mixed methods research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112–133. doi: 10.1177/1558689806298224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassens-Noor, E. (2013). Transport legacy of the Olympic Games, 1992–2012. Journal of Urban Affairs, 35(4), 393–416. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2012.00626.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khachidze, G. (2017, 20 Jan 2017). Personal interview/interviewer: The authors. Tbilisi.
   Google Scholar
• Kleibert, J. M. (2017). Exclusive development(s): Special economic zones and enclave urbanism in the Philippines. Critical Sociology, 1–17. doi: 10.1177/0896920517698538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land Purchase and Investment Agreement. (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Law of Georgia on Free Industrial Zones. (2007).
   Google Scholar
• Law of Georgia on Supporting an Olympic Movement. (2012).
   Google Scholar
• Lefebvre, S., & Roult, R. (2013). Territorial and touristic branding: Urban history and the festive and economic perspectives of Montreal's Formula One Grand Prix. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 36(1), 43–59. doi: 10.1080/07053436.2013.805569
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitsky, S. (2002). The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 13(2), 51–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde, J., & Ekman, J. (2011). Patterns of stability and performance in post-communist hybrid regimes. In B. Elisabeth & P. Ingo (Eds.), 20 years since the fall of the Berlin Wall: Transitions, state-Breakup and democratic politics in Central Europe and Germany (pp. 97–120). Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Lorusso, M. (2018). The Panorama Tbilisi project: A monster in town. OBC Transeuropa. Retrieved from https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Georgia/The-Panorama-Tbilisi-project-a-monster-in-town-186839
   Google Scholar
• Marrero-Guillamón, I. (2012). Olympic state of exception. In H. Powell & I. Marrero-Guillamón (Eds.), The Art of dissent: Adventures in London's Olympic state (pp. 20–29). London: Marshgate Press.
   Google Scholar
• McGillivray, D. (2019). Sport events, space and the ‘live city’. Cities, 85, 196–202. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2018.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, G. (2005). Evolutionary model of free economic zones - different generations and structural features. Chinese Geographical Science, 15(2), 103–112. doi: 10.1007/s11769-005-0002-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulaert, F., Rodriguez, A., & Swyngedouw, E. (2003). The globalized city: Economic restructuring and social polarization in European cities. Oxford, New York: Oxford Unviersity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Munoz, F. (2015). Urbanalisation and city mega-events: From ‘copy&paste’ urbanism to urban creativity. In V. Viehoff & G. Poynter (Eds.), Mega-event cities: Urban legacies of global sports events (pp. 11–31). Abingdon, New York: Ashgate Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, M. (2015). What makes an event a mega-event? Definitions and sizes. Leisure Studies, 1–16. doi: 10.1080/02614367.2014.993333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M., & Gaffney, C. (2018). Comparing the urban impacts of the FIFA World Cup and Olympic Games from 2010 to 2016. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 42(4), 247–269. doi: 10.1177/0193723518771830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, M., & Pickles, J. (2015). Global games, local rules: Mega-events in the post-socialist world. European Urban and Regional Studies, 22(2), 121–127. doi: 10.1177/0969776414560866
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, M. (2017). The urbanism of exception: The Dynamics of global city building in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, Delhi: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, B. (2014). Zones: Beyond the logic of exception? Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies, 40(2), 11–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, W. (2013). Triangulation in social research: Qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed. Developments in Sociology, 20, 103–118.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, A. (2004). The Chinese axis: Zoning technologies and variegated sovereignty. Journal of East Asian Studies, 4, 69–96.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, A. (2006). Neoliberalism as exception: Mutations in citizenship. Durham, London: Duke University Press Books.
   Google Scholar
• Paton, K., Mooney, G., & McKee, K. (2012). Class, citizenship and regeneration: Glasgow and the Commonwealth Games 2014. Antipode, 44(4), 1470–1489. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2011.00966.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, L., Jaconelli, M., Cheyne, J., Eby, D., & Wagenaar, H. (2009). Planning displacement: The real legacy of major sporting events “just a person in a wee flat”; (i) Being displaced by the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow's East End; (ii) Masterplanning in London Closing Ceremonies; (iii) How Law, policy and the Winter Olympics are Displacing an Inconveniently located Low-Income community in Vancouver; (iv) Commentary: Recovering public Ethos: Critical analysis for policy and planning. Planning Theory & Practice, 10(3), 395–418.
   Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. (2004). The economics of staging the Olympic Games. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Raco, M. (2012). The privatisation of urban development and the London Olympics 2012. City, 16(4), 452–460.
   Google Scholar
• Salukvadze, J., & Golubchikov, O. (2016). City as a geopolitics: Tbilisi, Georgia — A globalizing metropolis in a turbulent region. Cities, 52, 39–54. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samatas, M. (2011). Surveillance in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008: A comparison of the Olympic surveillance modalities and legacies in two different Olympic host regimes. Urban Studies, 48(15), 3347–3366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, F., & Broudehoux, A. (2013). Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: Planning in a state of emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132–153. doi: 10.1080/19463138.2013.839450
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2010). The development of “sports-city” zones and their potential value as tourism resources for urban areas. European Planning Studies, 18(3), 385–410. doi: 10.1080/09654310903497702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2012). Events and urban regeneration: The strategic use of events to revitalise cities. Abingdon, New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2013a). ‘Borrowing’ public space to stage major events: The Greenwich Park controversy. Urban Studies, 51(2), 247–263. Retrieved from http://usj.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/06/03/0042098013489746.abstract
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2013b). “De-risking” East London: Olympic regeneration planning 2000–2012. European Planning Studies, 22(9), 1919–1939. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2013.812065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, T., & Cooper, R. (2013). Olympics everywhere: Predictors of multiplatform media uses during the 2012 London Olympics. Mass Communication and Society, 16(6), 850–868. doi: 10.1080/15205436.2013.804936
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Economist. (2015, 4 Apr 2015). Special economic zones - not so special. The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21647615-world-awash-free-trade-zones-and-their-offshoots-many-are-not-worth-effort-not
   Google Scholar
• Vainer, C. (2016). Mega-events and the city of exception: Theoretical explorations of the Brazilian experience. In R. Gruneau & J. Horne (Eds.), Mega-events and globalization: Capital and spectacle in a changing world order (pp. 97–112). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Van Assche, K., & Salukvadze, J. (2012). Tbilisi reinvented: Planning, development and the unfinished project of democracy in Georgia. Planning Perspectives, 27(1), 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche, K., Salukvadze, J., & Duineveld, M. (2012). Speed, vitality and innovation in the reinvention of Georgian planning: Aspects of integration and role formation. European Planning Studies, 20(6), 999–1015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche, K., Verschraegen, G., & Salukvadze, J. (2010). Changing frames: Citizen and expert participation in Georgian planning. Planning Practice & Research, 25(3), 377–395. doi: 10.1080/02697459.2010.503431
   Google Scholar
• Vanolo, A. (2017). City branding: The ghostly politics of representation in globalising cities. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Waitt, G. (2008). Urban festivals: Geographies of hype, helplessnes and hope. Geography Compass, 2(2), 513–537.
   Google Scholar
• Watt, P. (2013). It's not for us. City, 17(1), 99–118.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, D. S. (2019). A new road and rail link from the mountains to the coast: The mixed legacy of Sochi Olympics’ most expensive project. In G. Evans (Ed.), Mega-events: Placemaking, regeneration and city-regional development (1st ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar