Legitimacy in municipal experimental governance: questioning the public good in urban innovation practices

References

• Agger, A., and E. Sørensen. 2018. “Managing Collaborative Innovation in Public Bureaucracies.” Planning Theory 17 (1): 53–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095216672500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell, C., and M. Bartenberger. 2016. “Varieties of Experimentalism.” Ecological Economics 130: 64–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.05.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyris, C., and D. A. Schön. 1995. Organizational learning II: Theory, Method and Practice. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Beetham, D. 1991. The Legitimation Of Power. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bekkers, V., G. Dijkstra, A. Edwards, and M. Fenger. 2007. Governance and the Democratic Deficit: Assessing the Democratic Legitimacy of Governance Practices. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Bekkers, V., J. Edelenbos, and B. Steijn. 2011. “Linking Innovation to the Public Sector: Contexts, Concepts and Challenges.” In Innovation in the Public Sector: Linking Capacity and Leadership, edited by V. Bekkers, J. Edelenbos, and B. Steijn, 3–32. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Berglund-Snodgrass, L., and D. Mukhtar-Landgren. 2020. “Conceptualizing Testbed Planning: Urban Planning in the Intersection Between Experimental and Public Sector Logics.” Urban Planning 5 (1): 96–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i1.2528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booher, D. 2004. “Collaborative Governance Practices and Democracy.” National Civic Review 93 (4): 32–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ncr.69.
   Google Scholar
• Bryson, J., B. Crosby, and L. Bloomberg. 2014. “Public Value Governance: Moving Beyond Traditional Public Administration and the New Public Management.” Public Administration Review 74 (4): 445–456. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., and V. Castán Broto. 2013. “Government by Experiment? Global Cities and the Governing of Climate Change.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 38 (3): 361–375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00535.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., L. Coenen, N. Frantzeskaki, C. Hartmann, A. Kronsell, L. Mai, … Y. Voytenko Palgan. 2016. “Urban Living Labs: Governing Urban Sustainability Transitions.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 22: 13–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., S. Marvin, Y. Palgan, K. McCormick, M. Breitfuss-Loidl, L. Mai, … N. Frantzeskaki. 2019. “Urban Living Laboratories: Conducting the Experimental City?” European Urban and Regional Studies 26 (4): 317–335. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776418787222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckstrand, K. 2006. “Multi-stakeholder Partnerships for Sustainable Development: Rethinking Legitimacy, Accountability and Effectiveness.” European Environment 16 (5): 290–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.425.
   Google Scholar
• Castán Broto, V., and H. Bulkeley. 2013. “A Survey of Urban Climate Change Experiments in 100 Cities.” Global Environmental Change 23 (1): 92–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, T., P. Lægreid, and K. Rovik. 2020. Organization Theory and the Public Sector: Instrument, Culture and Myth. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• City of Gothenburg. 2012. Rivercity Gothenburg Vision. Retrieved from https://stadsutveckling.goteborg.se/siteassets/rivercity_vision_summary_web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Gothenburg. 2017. Göteborgs Stads innovationsprogram 2018-2023.
   Google Scholar
• City of Gothenburg. 2018a. Göteborgs Stads näringslivsstrategiska program 2018–2035. Retrieved from https://businessregiongoteborg.se/sites/default/files/downloadable_files/goteborgs_stads_naringslivsstrategiska_program_2018-2035_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Gothenburg. 2018b. Innovation Programme 2018–2023. (English short version). Retrieved from https://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/3d7ef32d-975f-4334-a533-08b5117fba46/180403-004-010+Innovationsprogrammet+popul%C3%A4rversion++Broschyr+eng++h%C3%B6guppl%C3%B6st.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-3d7ef32d-975f-4334-a533-08b5117fba46-mgy2Fou
   Google Scholar
• City of Gothenburg. 2019. Budget 2020 Göteborgs Stad. Retrieved from https://goteborg.se/wps/wcm/connect/2da9cc22-4447-4353-981f-e47d64480472/Beslutad+budget+Gbg+Stad+2020_M_L_C_KD.pdf?MOD=AJPERES
   Google Scholar
• City of Gothenburg. N.D. Göteborgs Stads innovationsarbete. Retrieved from https://goteborg.se/wps/portal/enhetssida/goteborgs-stads-innovationsarbete
   Google Scholar
• City of Stockholm. 2015. Stockholms stads innovationsstrategi. Retrieved from https://start.stockholm/globalassets/start/om-stockholms-stad/politik-och-demokrati/styrande-dokument/stockholm-stads-innovationsstrategi.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Stockholm. 2019. Budget 2020. Retrieved from https://start.stockholm/globalassets/start/om-stockholms-stad/sa-anvands-dina-skattepengar/stadens-budget-ar-fran-ar/stockholms-stads-budget-2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• City of Stockholm. 2020a. Innovation. Retrieved from https://start.stockholm/om-stockholms-stad/sa-arbetar-staden/innovation/
   Google Scholar
• City of Stockholm. 2020b. 2019-12-27). Så arbetar staden. Retrieved from https://start.stockholm/om-stockholms-stad/sa-arbetar-staden/
   Google Scholar
• City of Stockholm. N.D. Strategi för Stockholm som smart och uppkopplad stad Bilaga 1. Strategi. Retrieved from https://smartstad.stockholm/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/09/Bilaga-1-Strategi-for-en-smart-och-uppkopplad-stad-Stockholms-stad.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Czarniawska, B. 2007. Shadowing: and Other Techniques for Doing Fieldwork in Modern Societies. Malmö: Liber.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, D. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Eneqvist, E., and A. Karvonen. 2021. “Experimental Governance and Urban Planning Futures: Five Strategic Functions for Municipalities in Local Innovation.” Urban Planning 6 (1): 183–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i1.3396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eneqvist, E., H. Ernits, M. Jahnke, J. Lööf, and A.-K. Stoltz. 2019. Innovationskapacitet För Att Leda och Organisera Hållbar Samhällsutveckling - Erfarenheter och Rekommendationer Från Innovationsplattformarna. Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-38328.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J., A. Karvonen, and R. Raven. 2016. The Experimental City. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J., T. Vácha, H. Kok, and K. Watson. 2021. “How Cities Learn: From Experimentation to Transformation.” Urban Planning 6 (1): 171–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i1.3545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenger, M., and V. Bekkers. 2007. “The Governance Concept in Public Administration.” In Governance and the Democratic Deficit: Assessing the Democratic Legitimacy of Governance Practices, edited by V. Bekkers, G. Dijkstra, A. Edwards, and M. Fenger, 13–33. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Fred, M. 2018. Projectification: The Trojan Horse of Local Government. [PhD Thesis], Lund University.
   Google Scholar
• Fuenfschilling, L., N. Frantzeskaki, and L. Coenen. 2018. “Urban Experimentation & Sustainability Transitions.” European Planning Studies 27 (2): 219–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1532977.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A. 2015. “Putting the Public Back Into Governance: The Challenges of Citizen Participation and Its Future.” Public Administration Review 75 (4): 513–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung, A., and E. Wright. 2001. “Deepening Democracy: Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance.” Politics & Society 29 (1): 5–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329201029001002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilley, B. 2006. “The Meaning and Measure of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries.” European Journal of Political Research 45 (3): 499–525. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00307.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, R., M. Kornberger, and S. Clegg. 2009. “Power, Rationality and Legitimacy in Public Organizations.” Public Administration 87 (1): 15–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2008.01743.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healey, P. 1998. “Building Institutional Capacity Through Collaborative Approaches to Urban Planning.” Environment and Planning A 30 (9): 1531–1546. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a301531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held, D. 2006. Models of Democracy. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson, D., M. Fred, S. Bailey and P. Hall. 2019. The Projectification of the Public Sector. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Innes, J., and D. Booher. 2003. The impact of collaborative planning on governance capacity. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Baltimore. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/98k72547
   Google Scholar
• Karvonen, A., J. Evans, and B. van Heur. 2014. “The Politics of Urban Experiments: Radical Change or Business as Usual? In: After Sustainable Cities edited by S. Marvin and M. Hodson. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Karvonen, A., and B. Van Heur. 2014. “Urban Laboratories: Experiments in Reworking Cities.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (2): 379–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karvonen, A. 2018. “The City of Permanent Experiments?” In: Innovating Climate Governance: Moving Beyond Experiments edited by B. Turnheim, P. Kivimaa, and F. Berkhout. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, K. 2019. “Cities as Leaders in EU Multilevel Climate Governance: Embedded Upscaling of Local Experiments in Europe.” Environmental Politics 28 (1): 125–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2019.1521979.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kersbergen, K., and F. Waarden. 2004. “‘Governance’ as a Bridge Between Disciplines: Cross-Disciplinary Inspiration Regarding Shifts in Governance and Problems of Governability, Accountability and Legitimacy.” European Journal of Political Research 43 (2): 143–171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00149.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivimaa, P., M. Hildén, D. Huitema, A. Jordan and J. Newig. 2017. “Experiments in Climate Governance – A Systematic Review of Research on Energy and Built Environment Transitions.” Journal of Cleaner Production 169, 17–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klijn, E., and J. Koppenjan. 2016. Governance Networks in the Public Sector. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Klijn, E., and C. Skelcher. 2007. “Democracy and Governance Networks: Compatible or not?” Public Administration 85 (3): 587–608. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2007.00662.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronsell, A. 2013. “Legitimacy for Climate Policies: Politics and Participation in the Green City of Freiburg.” Local Environment 18 (8): 965–982. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2012.748732.
   Google Scholar
• Kronsell, A., and D. Mukhtar-Landgren. 2018. “Experimental Governance: the Role of Municipalities in Urban Living Labs.” European Planning Studies 26 (5): 988–1007. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1435631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, D., B. Martín-López, A. Wiek, E. Bennett, N. Frantzeskaki, A. Horcea-Milcu, and D. Lang. 2020. “Scaling the Impact of Sustainability Initiatives: a Typology of Amplification Processes.” Urban Transformations 2 (1): 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s42854-020-00007-9.
   Google Scholar
• Laakso, S., A. Berg, and M. Annala. 2017. “Dynamics of Experimental Governance: A Meta-Study of Functions and Uses of Climate Governance Experiments.” Journal of Cleaner Production 169: 8–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren, K.-O., and T. Persson. 2010. “Input and Output Legitimacy: Synergy or Trade-off? Empirical Evidence from an EU Survey.” Journal of European Public Policy 17 (4): 449–467. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501761003673591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundgren, A., and H. Westlund. 2017. “The Openness Buzz in the Knowledge Economy: Towards Taxonomy.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 35 (6): 975–989. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0263774X16671312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundquist, L. 1998. Demokratins Väktare: Ämbetsmännen och Vårt Offentliga Etos. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
   Google Scholar
• March, J., and J. Olsen. 1989. Rediscovering Institutions: the Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marvin, S., H. Bulkeley, L. Mai, K. McCormick, and Y. Palgan. 2018. “Introduction.” In Urban Living Labs: Experimenting with City Futures, edited by S. Marvin, H. Bulkeley, L. Mai, K. McCormick, and Y. V. Palgan, 1–17. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• McCann, E. 2011. “Urban Policy Mobilities and Global Circuits of Knowledge: Toward a Research Agenda.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 101 (1): 107–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2010.520219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montin, S. 2007. “Kommunerna och Klimatpolitiken-Ett Exempel på Tredje Generationens Politikområden.” Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift 109 (1): 37–57.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, M. 1995. Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard university press.
   Google Scholar
• Naber, R., R. Raven, M. Kouw, and T. Dassen. 2017. “Scaling up Sustainable Energy Innovations.” Energy Policy 110: 342–354. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, S. P. 2010. “Introduction The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment?” In: The New Public Governance? edited by S. P. Osborne, 17–32. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, C. 1992. “The Antecedents of Deinstitutionalization.” Organization Studies 13 (4): 563–588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069201300403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierre, J., and B. Peters. 2005. Governing Complex Societies: Trajectories and Scenarios. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Pollitt, C., and G. Bouckaert. 2017. Public Management Reform: A Comparative Analysis (Fourth ed. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Raven, R., F. Sengers, P. Spaeth, L. Xie, A. Cheshmehzangi, and M. de Jong. 2019. “Urban Experimentation and Institutional Arrangements.” European Planning Studies 27 (2): 258–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1393047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, M. 1991. “Coming to Terms with the Field: Understanding and Doing Organizational Ethnography.” Journal of Management Studies 28 (1): 1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1991.tb00268.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. 2009. “Creating Political Legitimacy:Electoral Democracy Versus Quality of Government.” American Behavioral Scientist 53 (3): 311–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaap, L. 2007. “Closure and Governance.” In Theories of Democratic Network Governance edited by E. Sørensen and J. Torfing, 111–132. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillian.
   Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F. 1999. Governing in Europe: Effective and Democratic? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, V. 2013. “Democracy and Legitimacy in the European Union Revisited: Input, Output and ‘Throughput’.” Political Studies 61 (1): 2–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00962.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengers, F., A. Wieczorek, and R. Raven. 2019. “Experimenting for Sustainability Transitions: A Systematic Literature Review.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 145: 153–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shove, E., and G. Walker. 2007. “Caution! Transitions Ahead: Politics, Practice, and Sustainable Transition Management.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39 (4): 763–770. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/a39310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl, B., M. Obach, E. Yaghmaei, V. Ikonen, K. Chatfield, and A. Brem. 2017. “The Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) Maturity Model: Linking Theory and Practice.” Sustainability 9 (6): 1036. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su9061036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, E., J. Bryson, and B. Crosby. 2021. “How Public Leaders Can Promote Public Value Through co-Creation.” Policy & Politics 49 (2): 267–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1332/030557321(16119271739728.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, E., and J. Torfing. 2005. “The Democratic Anchorage of Governance Networks.” Scandinavian Political Studies 28 (3): 195–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2005.00129.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, E., and J. Torfing. 2009. “Making Governance Networks Effective and Democratic Through Metagovernance.” Public Administration 87 (2): 234–258. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01753.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, E., and J. Torfing. 2011. “Enhancing Collaborative Innovation in the Public Sector.” Administration & Society 43 (8): 842–868. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399711418768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen, E., and J. Torfing. 2017. “Metagoverning Collaborative Innovation in Governance Networks.” The American Review of Public Administration 47 (7): 826–839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074016643181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torfing, J., B. Peters, J. Pierre, and E. Sørensen. 2012. Interactive Governance: Advancing the Paradigm. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• van Meerkerk, I., J. Edelenbos, and E. Klijn. 2015. “Connective Management and Governance Network Performance: the Mediating Role of Throughput Legitimacy. Findings from Survey Research on Complex Water Projects in the Netherlands.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 33 (4): 746–764. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/c1345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanolo, A. 2014. “Smartmentality: The Smart City as Disciplinary Strategy.” Urban Studies 51 (5): 883–898. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013494427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfram, M., J. van der Heijden, S. Juhola, and J. Patterson. 2018. “Learning in Urban Climate Governance: Concepts, Key Issues and Challenges.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 21 (1): 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908x.2018.1558848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar