Seeking pathways for sustainable urban tourism: a critical deconstruction of Berlin's approach for city-compatible tourism

References

• Aall, C., and K. Koens. 2019. “The Discourse on Sustainable Urban Tourism: The Need for Discussing More Than Overtourism.” Sustainability 11 (15): 4228. doi:10.3390/su11154228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajuntament de Barcelona Direcció de Turisme. 2017. Barcelona Tourism for 2020. A Collective Strategy for Sustainable Tourism [Online]. Accessed August 8, 2019. https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/turisme/sites/default/files/barcelona_tourism_for_2020.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Amore, A. 2020. Tourism and Urban Regeneration: Processes Compressed in Time and Space. London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. 2019. Erneuter Übernachtungsrekord in Berlin im Jahr 2018 [Online]. Accessed May 31, 2019. https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2019/19-02-22.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg. 2021. Tourismus Gastgewerbe Lange Reihe 2020 [Online]. Statistik Berlin Brandenburg. Accessed July 5, 2021. https://download.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/377dcc8160416d1a/27c857bc3eaa/tourismus-gastgewerbe-lange-reihe-2020-tourismus.xls.
   Google Scholar
• Barata-Salgueiro, T., L. Mendes, and P. Guimaraes. 2017. “Tourism and Urban Changes. Lessons from Lisbon.” In Tourism and Gentrification in Contemporary Metropolises: International Perspectives, edited by M. Gravari-Barbas and S. Guinand, 255–275. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bellini, N., F. Go, and C. Pasquinelli. 2017. “Urban Tourism and City Development: Notes for an Integrated Policy Agenda.” In Tourism in the City, edited by N. Bellini and C. Pasquinelli, 333–339. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Berlin Tourismus & Kongress GmbH. 2012. Wirtschaftsfaktor für Berlin: Tourismus- und Kongressindustrie [Online]. Accessed May 6, 2021. http://docplayer.org/11937305-Wirtschaftsfaktor-fuer-berlin-tourismus-und-kongressindustrie-visitberlin-de.html
   Google Scholar
• Berner, L., and S. Hernádi. 2011. “Die Stadt als Hotel. Günstige Mietwohnungen Verschwinden, die Gentrifizierung Nimmt zu.” MieterEcho des Berliner MieterGemeinschaft e.V. 348: 7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bizim Kiez. 2018. 5 vor 12 für eine lebenswerte Stadt: Tourismuskonzept 2018+ [online]. Accessed May 31, 2019. https://www.bizim-kiez.de/blog/2018/06/25/5-vor-12-fuer-eine-lebenswerte-stadt-tourismuskonzept-2018/
   Google Scholar
• Bouchon, F., and M. Rauscher. 2019. “Cities and Tourism, A Love and Hate Story; Towards a Conceptual Framework for Urban Overtourism Management.” International Journal of Tourism Cities 5 (4): 598–619. doi:10.1108/IJTC-06-2019-0080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B., and B. Lane. 2012. Tourism Governance: Critical Perspectives on Governance and Sustainability. London New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Burgen, S., and A. Giuffrida. 2020. “How Coronavirus is Reshaping Europe’s Tourism Hotspots.” The Guardian, July 20.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R. 1999. “Sustainable Tourism: A State-of-the-Art Review.” Tourism Geographies 1 (1): 7–25. doi:10.1080/14616689908721291
   Google Scholar
• Butler, R. 2015. “Sustainable Tourism–Paradoxes, Inconsistencies and a Way Forward?” In The Practice of Sustainable Tourism, edited by M. Hughes, D. Weaver, and C. Pforr, 88–102. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cocola Gant, A. 2016. “Holiday Rentals: The New Gentrification Battlefront.” Sociological Research Online 21 (3): 1–9. doi:10.5153/sro.3971
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colomb, C., and J. Novy. 2016. Protest and Resistance in the Tourist City. Abingdon/Oxon/New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Derrida, J., 1977. Of Grammatology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• die Anrainer. 2018. Stellungnahme zum Tourismuskonzept 2018+.
   Google Scholar
• Dodds, R., and R. Butler. 2019. Overtourism: Issues, Realities and Solutions. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• dwif-Consulting GmbH and Humboldt-Innovation GmbH. 2017. 12 mal Berliner Leben, 12 mal Berlin erleben – Konzept für einen stadtverträglichen und nachhaltigen Berlin-Tourismus2018+.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, Directorate General for Regional and Urban Policy, t33, AnySolution, NECSTouR, and Spatial Foresight. 2021. Regional Impacts of the COVID-19 Crisis on the Tourist Sector: Final Report. LU: Publications Office.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. 1995. “Deconstruction.” In Strategies for Interpreting Qualitative Data, edited by M. Feldman, 51–63. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1972. The Archaeology of Knowledge. 1st American ed. New York: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Frisch, T., C. Sommer, L. Stoltenberg, and N. Stors. 2019. Tourism and Everyday Life in the Contemporary City. 1st ed. Abingdon/Oxon/New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Füller, H., and B. Michel. 2014. “Stop Being a Tourist!’ New Dynamics of Urban Tourism in Berlin-Kreuzberg: New Dynamics of Urban Tourism in Berlin.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (4): 1304–1318. doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12124
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemeente Amsterdam. 2018. Stad in Balans 2018-2022 [Online]. Accessed August 8, 2019. https://assets.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/870709/stad_in_balans_definitief_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• González, A., J. Fosse, and R. Santos-Lacueva. 2018. The Integration of Sustainability in Tourism Policies of Major European Cities. Policy report. Barcelona: ecounion, Policy Report.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, H. 2017. “The Challenge of Overtourism.” Responsible Tourism Partnership 4: 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Goodwin, H. 2021. “City Destinations, Overtourism and Governance.” International Journal of Tourism Cities 7 (4): 916–921. doi:10.1108/IJTC-02-2021-0024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotham, K. 2005. “Theorizing Urban Spectacles.” City 9 (2): 225–246. doi:10.1080/13604810500197020
   Google Scholar
• Halkier, H. 2013. “Tourism Policy and Knowledge Processes in European Tourism.” Trends in European Tourism Planning and Organisation, 220–235. doi:10.21832/9781845414122-020
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P. 1993. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25 (3): 275–293. doi:10.2307/422246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1997. “The Work of Representation.” In Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, edited by S. Hall, 13–74. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. 2008. Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships. 2nd ed. Harlow/New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. 2010. “Changing Paradigms and Global Change: From Sustainable to Steady-State Tourism.” Tourism Recreation Research 35 (2): 131–143. doi:10.1080/02508281.2010.11081629
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T., and P. Hubbard. 1996. “The Entrepreneurial City: New Urban Politics, new Urban Geographies?” Progress in Human Geography 20 (2): 153–174. doi:10.1177/030913259602000201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannam, K., and D. Knox. 2010. Understanding Tourism: A Critical Introduction. Los Angeles/London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. 1989. “From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism.” Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 71 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1080/04353684.1989.11879583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häussermann, H., and C. Colomb. 2008. “The New Berlin: Marketing the City of Dreams.” In Cities and Visitors, edited by L. M. Hofman, S. S. Fainstein, and D. R. Judd, 200–218. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Heeg, S. 1998. “Vom Ende der Stadt als Staatlicher Veranstaltung.” PROKLA. Zeitschrift für Kritische Sozialwissenschaft 28 (110): 5–23. doi:10.32387/prokla.v28i110.854
   Google Scholar
• Higgins-Desbiolles, F. 2018. “Sustainable Tourism: Sustaining Tourism or Something More?” Tourism Management Perspectives 25: 157–160. doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2017.11.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildenstab, U. 2015. “Zweckfremdes Verbot – Berlin Kommt Gegen Illegale Ferienwohnungen Nicht an.” MieterMagazin 15 (7+8): 14–18.
   Google Scholar
• Hinch, T. 1996. “Urban Tourism: Perspectives on Sustainability.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 4 (2): 95–110. doi:10.1080/09669589608667261
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, J., and M. Howlett. 2015. Policy Paradigms in Theory and Practice: Discourses, Ideas and Anomalies in Public Policy Dynamics. 1. Publ. Basingstoke/Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kagermeier, A., and E. Erdmenger. 2019. “Overtourismus.” Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft 11 (1): 65–98. doi:10.1515/tw-2019-0005
   Google Scholar
• Koens, K., and M. Smith. 2021. New Directions for Urban Tourism Post-COVID (Call for Papers) [online]. ATLAS Association for Tourism and Leisure Education and Research. Accessed March 25, 2021. http://www.atlas-euro.org/Default.aspx?TabID=381
   Google Scholar
• Krajewski, C. 2006. “Städtetourismus im “Neuen Berlin” Zwischen Authentizität und Inszenierung.” In Postmoderne Freizeitstile und Freizeiträume. Neue Angebote im Tourismus, edited by P. Reuber and P. Schnell, 203–216. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. 2008. “De-Exoticizing Tourist Travel: Everyday Life and Sociality on the Move.” Leisure Studies 27 (1): 21–34. doi:10.1080/02614360701198030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, C. 1993. Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities. New York: Mansell.
   Google Scholar
• Lees, L., T. Slater, and E. Wyly. 2010. The Gentrification Reader. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacLeod, G. 2011. “Urban Politics Reconsidered: Growth Machine to Post-Democratic City?” Urban Studies 48 (12): 2629–2660. doi:10.1177/0042098011415715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mairie de Paris. 2016. 2022 Tourism Strategy – Development Plan.
   Google Scholar
• Maitland, R., and P. Newman. 2009. World Tourism Cities: Developing Tourism off the Beaten Track. London/New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Marcuse, P. 1985. “Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City.” Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 28: 195–236.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, T. 1996. “Barcelona—Fast Forward? City Entrepreneurialism in the 1980s and 1990s.” European Planning Studies 4 (2): 147–165. doi:10.1080/09654319608720337
   Google Scholar
• Mattern, P. 2018. “Die Touristifizierung Berlins.” MieterEcho 395 (May): 4–6.
   Google Scholar
• Maxim, C. 2016. “Sustainable Tourism Implementation in Urban Areas: A Case Study of London.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24 (7): 971–989. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1115511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milano, C., J. Cheer, and M. Novelli. 2019. Overtourism: Excesses, Discontents and Measures in Travel and Tourism. Wallingford/Oxfordshire/Boston, MA: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Münch, S. 2016. Interpretative Policy-Analyse: Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
   Google Scholar
• Novy, J., 2016. The Selling (Out) of Berlin and the De-and Re-Politicization of Urban Tourism in Europe's ‘Capital of Cool’. Protest and resistance in the tourist city, edited by C. Colomb and J. Novy, 52-72. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Novy, J. 2017. “Destination’ Berlin Revisited. From (New) Tourism Towards a Pentagon of Mobility and Place Consumption.” Tourism Geographies 20 (3): 418–442. doi:10.1080/14616688.2017.1357142
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novy, J. 2018. “Urban Tourism as a Bone of Contention: Four Explanatory Hypotheses and a Caveat.” International Journal of Tourism Cities 5 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1108/IJTC-01-2018-0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novy, J., and C. Colomb. 2019. “Urban Tourism as a Source of Contention and Social Mobilisations: A Critical Review.” Tourism Planning & Development 16 (4): 358–375. doi:10.1080/21568316.2019.1577293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. 2020. Tourism Policy Responses to the Coronavirus (COVID-19).
   Google Scholar
• Olt, G., M. Smith, A. Csizmady, and I. Sziva. 2019. “Gentrification, Tourism and the Night-Time Economy in Budapest’s District VII – The Role of Regulation in a Post-Socialist Context.” Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 11 (3): 394–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Regan, M., N. Salazar, J. Choe, and D. Buhalis. 2022. “Unpacking Overtourism as a Discursive Formation Through Interdiscursivity.” Tourism Review 77 (1): 54–71. doi:10.1108/TR-12-2020-0594
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskam, J. 2020. The Overtourism Debate: NIMBY, Nuisance, Commodification. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Öztürk, H., and P. Terhorst. 2012. “Variety of Urban Tourism Development Trajectories: Antalya, Amsterdam and Liverpool Compared.” European Planning Studies 20 (4): 665–683. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.665037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panasiuk, A. 2020. “Policy of Sustainable Development of Urban Tourism.” Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 22 (7): 33–37. doi:10.2478/pjst-2020-0012
   Google Scholar
• Paulauskaite, D., R. Powell, J. Coca-Stefaniak, and A. Morrison. 2017. “Living Like a Local: Authentic Tourism Experiences and the Sharing Economy.” International Journal of Tourism Research 19 (6): 619–628. doi:10.1002/jtr.2134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pechlaner, H., E. Innerhofer, and G. Erschbamer. 2019. Overtourism: Tourism Management and Solutions. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Peeters, P., S. Gössling, J. Klijs, C. Milano, M. Novelli, C. Dijkmans, E. Eijgelaar, et al. 2018. Research for TRAN Committee – Overtourism: Impact and Possible Policy Responses. Brussels: European Parliament, Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies.
   Google Scholar
• Pirillo Ramos, S., and L. Mundet. 2021. “Tourism-phobia in Barcelona: Dismantling Discursive Strategies and Power Games in the Construction of a Sustainable Tourist City.” Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19 (1): 113–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popp, M. 2012. “Positive and Negative Urban Tourist Crowding: Florence, Italy.” Tourism Geographies 14 (1): 50–72. doi:10.1080/14616688.2011.597421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma, A., and D. Schmuecker. 2017. “Understanding and Overcoming Negative Impacts of Tourism in City Destinations: Conceptual Model and Strategic Framework.” Journal of Tourism Futures 3 (2): 144–156. doi:10.1108/JTF-04-2017-0022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. 2007. “FIFA World Cup 2006 and its Legacy on Tourism.” In Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2007, edited by R. Conrady and M. Buck, 83–102. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Ruhanen, L. 2008. “Progressing the Sustainability Debate: A Knowledge Management Approach to Sustainable Tourism Planning.” Current Issues in Tourism 11 (5): 429–455. doi:10.1080/13683500802316030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, A., and A. Scarnato. 2018. “Barcelona in Common”: A New Urban Regime for the 21st-Century Tourist City?” Journal of Urban Affairs 40 (4): 455–474. doi:10.1080/07352166.2017.1373023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarinen, J. 2006. “Traditions of Sustainability in Tourism Studies.” Annals of Tourism Research 33 (4): 1121–1140. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, N., and C. Cooper. 2010. “Innovation for Sustainable Urban Tourism: Some Thoughts on Best Practice.” Revista de Administração Pública 44 (5): 1171–1190. doi:10.1590/S0034-76122010000500008
   Google Scholar
• Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung, Bauen und Wohnen. 2022. Zweckentfremdungsverbot von Wohnraum [Online]. Accessed March 4, 2022. https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/wohnen/zweckentfremdung_wohnraum/
   Google Scholar
• Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Frauen. 2004. Tourismuskonzept Für Die Hauptstadtregion Berlin [online].Accessed 6 May 2021 https://docplayer.org/16449795-Tourismuskonzept-fuer-die-hauptstadtregion-berlin.html.
   Google Scholar
• Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Energie und Betriebe. 2018a. 12 mal Berlin | er | Leben Konzept für einen stadtverträglichen und nachhaltigen Berlin-Tourismus 2018+ [Online]. Accessed May 31, 2019. https://www.berlin.de/sen/web/presse/aktuelles-presseschau/tourismuskonzept_1senatsbefassung.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Energie und Betriebe. 2018b. Tourismuskonzept 2018 + für Berlin [Online]. Accessed April 8, 2022. https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2018/pressemitteilung.671025.php
   Google Scholar
• Senatsverwaltung für Wirtschaft, Technologie und Frauen. 2011. Tourismuskonzept Berlin Handlungsrahmen 2011+ [Online]. Accessed May 6, 2021. https://www.berlin.de/sen/kultur/_assets/kulturpolitik/kulturelle-teilhabe/tourismuskonzept.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sequera, J., and J. Nofre. 2018. “Shaken, Not Stirred: New Debates on Touristification and the Limits of Gentrification.” City 22 (5–6): 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Skogstad, G. 2011. Policy Paradigms, Transnationalism, and Domestic Politics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spaiser, V., S. Ranganathan, R. Swain, and D. Sumpter. 2016. “The Sustainable Development Oxymoron: Quantifying and Modelling the Incompatibility of Sustainable Development Goals.” Political Economy – Development: Environment EJournal 24 (6): 457–470.
   Google Scholar
• SPD Landesverband Berlin, DIE LINKE Landesverband Berlin, and BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN Landesverband Berlin. 2016. Berlin gemeinsam gestalten. Solidarisch. Nachhaltig. Weltoffen. Koalitionsvereinbarung für die Legislaturperiode 2016-2021 [Online]. Accessed December 2, 2021. https://www.spd.berlin/w/files/wahl2016/161116-koalitionsvertrag-final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Spirou, C. 2011. Urban Tourism and Urban Change: Cities in a Global Economy. 1st ed. Abingdon/Oxon/New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stock, M. 2006. “European Cities: Towards a Recreational Turn?” Hagar. Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities 7 (1): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Stors, N., and A. Kagermeier. 2017. “The Sharing Economy and its Role in Metropolitan Tourism.” In Tourism and Gentrification in Contemporary Metropolises: International Perspectives, edited by M. Gravari-Barbas and S. Guinand, 181–206. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Swarbrooke, J. 1999. Sustainable Tourism Management. Wallingford/Oxon: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• UNEP and UNTWO. 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers.
   Google Scholar
• UNTWO. 2017. “Measuring Sustainable Tourism: A Call for Action.” Report of the 6th International Conference on Tourism Statistics: Manila, Philippines. Presented at the international conference on tourism statistics, Madrid, Spain, World Tourism Organization, June 21–23.
   Google Scholar
• UNTWO. 2019. International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition. Madrid: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
   Google Scholar
• UNTWO. 2020. UNWTO Recommendations on Urban Tourism. Madrid: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
   Google Scholar
• UNTWO, Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality, NHTV Breda University of Applied Science, and NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences. 2018. ‘Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth Beyond Perceptions, Executive Summary. Madrid: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).
   Google Scholar
• van der Borg, J. 1992. “Tourism and the City: Some Guidelines for a Sustainable Tourism Development Strategy.” In Tourism and the Environment, edited by H. Briassoulis and J. Straaten, 121–131. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• visitBerlin. 2018a. Chronik | Die Unternehmenschronik von visitBerlin [online]. Chronik. Accessed February 5, 2021. https://about.visitberlin.de/chronik
   Google Scholar
• visitBerlin. 2018b. Sustainable and City-Compatible Berlin Tourism Plan 2018 + Summary [online]. Accessed May 31, 2019. https://about.visitberlin.de/en/berlin-tourism-plan-2018
   Google Scholar
• visitBerlin. 2019. Faszination Berlins für Reisende und Kongressbesucher ungebrochen [online]. Accessed May 31, 2019. https://about.visitberlin.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/faszination-berlins-fuer-reisende-und-kongressbesucher-ungebrochen
   Google Scholar
• Vita, S. 2022. “Cultural Events and Heritage Policy for the Milan Expo 2015: Experimental Intersections Between Mega-Event and City.” European Planning Studies 30 (3): 499–513. doi:10.1080/09654313.2021.1959723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WCED. 1987. Our Common Future. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wight, A. 2019. “Putting Foucault to Work in Tourism Research.” International Journal of Tourism Research 21 (1): 122–133. doi:10.1002/jtr.2246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilder, M. 2015. “What Is a Policy Paradigm? Overcoming Epistemological Hurdles in Cross-Disciplinary Conceptual Adaptation.” In Policy Paradigms in Theory and Practice, edited by J. Hogan and M. Howlett, 19–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Yanow, D. 2007. “Interpretation in Policy Analysis: On Methods and Practice.” Critical Policy Studies 1 (1): 110–122. doi:10.1080/19460171.2007.9518511
   Google Scholar
• Interview sources.
   Google Scholar
• IntA1 Interview with Senate Department for Economy, Energy and Enterprises, Department of Tourism (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int A2 Interview with Economic Development, District Friedrichshain Kreuzberg (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int B1 Interview with Member of Parliament of the LINKE, Spokeswoman for Tourism & Smart City (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int B2 Interview with Member of Parliament of the SPD, Member of the Budget Committee (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int B3 Interview with Member of Parliament of Bündnis 90/GRÜNE, Former Member of the District Parliament, Spokesman for Urban Development, Tourism, and Club Culture (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int C1 Interview with visitBerlin (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int C2 Interview with DeHoGa (2022).
   Google Scholar
• Int E1 Interview with Dwif Consult GmbH (2022).
   Google Scholar