Word length and phonological similarity effects in simple, complex, and delayed serial recall tasks: Implications for working memory

References

• Adams , A. , Bourke , L. and Willis , C. 1999 . Working memory and spoken language comprehension in young children . International Journal of Psychology , 34 : 364 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1966 . Short-term memory for word sequences as a function of acoustic, semantic and formal similarity . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18A : 362 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Spence , K. W. and Spence , J. T. vol 8 , 67 – 89 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Thomson , N. and Buchanan , M. 1975 . Word length and the structure of short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour , 14 : 575 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Brainerd , C. J. and Kingma , J. 1985 . On the independence of short-term memory and working memory in cognitive development . Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 210 – 247 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , G. D. A. and Hulme , C. 1995 . Modeling item length effects in memory span: No rehearsal needed? . Journal of Memory and Language , 34 : 594 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. A. 1958 . Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 10 : 12 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , D. , Rochon , E. and Walters , G. 1992 . Articulatory and phonological determinants of word length effects in span tasks . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 45A : 177 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , N. 1999 . “ An embedded-process model of working memory ” . In Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , Edited by: Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 102 – 134 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cowan , N. , Day , L. , Saults , J. S. , Keller , T. A. , Johnson , T. and Flores , L. 1992 . The role of verbal output time in the effects of word length on immediate memory . Journal of Memory and Language , 31 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan , N. , Wood , N. L. and Borne , D. N. 1994 . Reconfirmation of the short-term storage concept . Psychological Science , 5 : 103 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. 1996 . “ Working memory and retrieval: An inhibition-resource approach ” . In Working memory and cognition , Edited by: Richardson , J. T. E. , Engle , R. , Hasher , L. , Logie , R. , Stolzfus , E. and Zacks , R. 89 – 120 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Kane , M. J. and Tuholski , S. W. 1999 . “ Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex ” . In Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , Edited by: Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 102 – 134 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fallon , A. B. , Groves , K. and Teyhan , G. 1999 . Phonological similarity and trace degradation in the serial recall task: When CAT helps RAT, but not MAN . International Journal of Psychology , 34 : 301 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrand , P. and Jones , D. 1996 . Direction of report in spatial and verbal serial short term memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 140 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , D. , Farrand , P. , Stuart , G. and Morris , N. 1995 . Functional equivalence of verbal and spatial information in serial short-term memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 21 : 1008 – 1018 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPointe , L. B. and Engle , R. W. 1990 . Simple and complex word spans as measures of working memory capacity . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 16 : 1118 – 1133 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. 1996 . Are executive function tests dependent on working memory capacity? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 29 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longoni , A. M. , Richardson , J. T. E. and Aiello , A. 1993 . Articulatory rehearsal and phonological storage in working memory . Memory and Cognition , 21 : 11 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovatt , P. , Avons , S. E. and Masterson , J. 2000 . The word-length effect and disyllabic words . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 53A1 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 1999 . Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nairne , J. S. 1990 . A feature model of immediate memory . Memory and Cognition , 18 : 251 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nairne , J. S. and Kelly , M. R. 1999 . Reversing the phonological similarity effect . Memory and Cognition , 27 : 45 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neath , I. and Crowder , R. G. 1990 . Schedules of presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory . JournalofExperimentalPsychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 16 : 316 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neath , I. and Nairne , J. S. 1995 . Word-length effects in immediate memory: Overwriting trace decay theory . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 2 : 429 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penney , C. G. 1989 . Modality effects and the structure of short-term verbal memory . Memory and Cognition , 17 : 398 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , L. R. and Peterson , M. J. 1959 . Short-term retention of individual items . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poirier , M. and Saint-Aubin , J. 1995 . Memory for related and unrelated words: Further evidence on the influence of semantic factors in immediate serial recall . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A : 384 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Service , E. 1998 . The effect of word length on immediate serial recall depends upon complexity, not articulatory duration . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 51A : 283 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , P. and Miyake , A. 1996 . The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 125 : 4 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. 1996 . Individual differences in chil-dren's working memory . Memory and Cognition , 24 : 70 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehan , G. and Humphreys , M. S. 1995 . Transient phonemic codes and immunity to proactive interference . Memory and Cognition , 23 : 181 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehan , G. and Humphreys , M. S. 1998 . Creating proactive interference in immediate recall: Building a dog from a dart, a mop and a fig . Memory and Cognition , 26 : 477 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolan , G. A. and Tehan , G. 1999 . Determinants of short-term forgetting: Decay . retroactive interference or proactive interference? International Journal of Psychology , 34 : 285 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towse , J. N. , Hitch , G. J. and Hutton , U. 1998 . A reevaluation of working memory capacity in children . Journal of Memory and Language , 39 : 195 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , M. and Engle , R. W. 1989 . Is working memory capacity task dependent? . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 127 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallar , G. and Baddeley , A. D. 1982 . Short-term forgetting and the articulatory loop . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34A : 61 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Walling , J. R. , McEvoy , C. L. , Oth , J. E. and Nelson , D. L. 1984 . The University of South Florida rhyme category norms , University of South Florida . Unpublished manuscript
   Google Scholar