Short-term memory and working memory as indices of children's cognitive skills

References

• Ashcraft , M. H. 1995 . Cognitive psychology and simple arithmetic: A review and summary of new directions . Mathematical Cognition , 1 ( 1 ) : 3 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson , R. C. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1968 . “ Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Spence , K. W. and Spence , J. T. Vol 2 , 89 – 195 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. J. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In the psychology of learning and motivation. Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol 8 , 47 – 89 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Scott , D. 1971 . Short-term forgetting in the absence of proactive inhibition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 23 : 275 – 283 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor , J. , Engle , R. W. and Hamilton , G. 1991 . Shortterm memory . working memory and verbal abilities: How do they relate? Intelligence , 15 : 229 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Case , R. , Kurland , M. D. and Goldberg , J. 1982 . Operational efficiency and the growth of short-term memory span . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 33 : 386 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark-Carter , D. 1997 . Doing quantitative psychological research: From design to report , Hove , , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , R. L. and Sandberg , T. 1980 . Intelligence and short-term memory: A clandestine relationship . Intelligence , 4 : 319 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , A. R. A. and Engle , R. W. 1996 . Individual differences in working memory capacity: More evidence for a general capacity theory . Memory , 4 : 577 – 590 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Blennerhassett , A. 1984 . How to assess the listening comprehension skills of prereaders . Journal of Educational Psychology , 76 ( 6 ) : 1372 – 1381 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1983 . Individual differences in integrating information between and within sentences . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 9 : 561 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Tardif , T. 1987 . “ Working memory and reading skill reexamined ” . In Attention and performance XII: The psychology of reading , Edited by: Coltheart , M. 491 – 508 . Hove , , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , C. D. 1983 . British Abilities Scale, Technical manual , Windsor , , UK : NFER-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , C. D. , Smith , P. and McCulloch , K. 1997 . British Ability Scales II. Technical manual , Windsor , , UK : NFER-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Cantor , J. and Carullo , J. J. 1992 . Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: A test of four hypotheses . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 18 : 972 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Kane , M. J. and Tuholski , S. W. 1999 . “ Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex ” . In Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and active control , Edited by: Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 102 – 134 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Tuholski , S. W. , Laughlin , J. E. and Conway , A. R. A. 1999b . Working memory, short-term memory and general fluid intelligence: A latent variable approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 128 : 309 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field , A. 2000 . Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. 1999 . Cognitive approaches to the development of short-term memory . Trends in Cognitive Science , 3 ( 11 ) : 410 – 418 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. E. and Pickering , S. J. 2000 . Working memory deficits in children with low achievements in the national curriculum at 7 years of age . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 70 : 177 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groeger , J. A. , Field , D. and Hammond , S. M. 1999 . Measuring memory span . International Journal of Psychology , 34 ( 5/6 ) : 359 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry , L. A. and Millar , S. 1993 . Why does memory span improve with age? A review of the evidence for two current hypotheses . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 5 ( 3 ) : 241 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch , G. J. , Halliday , M. S. , Schaafstal , A. M. and Schraagen , J. M. C. 1988 . Visual working memory in young children . Memory and Cognition , 16 : 120 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitch , G. J. , Towse , J. N. and Hutton , U. in press . What limits working memory span? Theoretical accounts and applications for scholastic development . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , J. and Just , M. A. 1991 . Individual differences in syntactic processing: The role of working memory . Journal of Memory and Language , 30 : 580 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , K. and Fiss , W. H. 1999 . The reliability and stability of the Turner and Engle working memory task . Behavior, Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , 37 ( 3 ) : 429 – 432 .
   Google Scholar
• Kyllonen , P. C. and Christal , R. E. 1990 . Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?! . Intelligence , 14 : 389 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laming , D. 1999 . Testing the idea of distinct storage mechanisms in memory . International Journal of Psychology , 34 ( 5/6 ) : 419 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leather , C. V. and Henry , L. A. 1994 . Working memory span and phonological awareness tasks as predictors of early reading ability . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 58 , 58 ( 1 ) : 88 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie , R. H. , Gilhooly , K. J. and Wynn , V. 1994 . Counting on working memory in mental arithmetic . Memory and Cognition , 22 : 395 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , J. M. A. , Just , M. A. and Carpenter , P. A. 1992 . Working memory constraints on the processing of syntactic ambiguity . Cognitive Psychology , 24 : 56 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton , A. W. 1963 . Implications of short-term memory for a general theory of memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 2 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 1999 . “ Toward unified theories of working memory: Emerging general consensus, unresolved theoretical issues and future directions ” . In Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , Edited by: Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 442 – 481 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perfetti , C. A. and Lesgold , A. M. 1977 . “ Discourse comprehension and sources of individual differences ” . In Cognitive processes in comprehension , Edited by: Just , M. A. and Carpenter , P. A. Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. F. and Raven , J. 1990 . Standard progressive matrices , Oxford : Oxford Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , V. M. and Engle , R. W. 1997 . The role of working memory capacity in retrieval . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 126 : 211 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towse , J. N. and Hitch , G. J. 1995 . Is there a relationship between task demand and storage space in tests of working memory? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A ( 1 ) : 108 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towse , J. N. , Hitch , G. J. and Button , U. 1998 . A reevaluation of working memory capacity in children . Journal of Memory and Language , 39 : 195 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towse , J. N. , Hitch , G. J. and Hutton , U. 2000 . On the interpretation of working memory span in adults . Memory and Cognition , 28 : 341 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towse , J. N. and Houston-Price , C. M. T. in press . Combining representations in working memory: A brief report . British Journal of Developmental Psychology ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , M. L. and Engle , R. W. 1989 . Is working memory capacity task dependent ? . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 127 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Warrington , E. K. 1970 . Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 22 : 261 – 273 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , G. S. and Caplan , D. 1996 . The measurement of verbal working memory capacity and its relation to reading comprehension . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A ( 1 ) : 51 – 70 .
   Google Scholar