A content analysis of involuntary autobiographical memories: Examining the positivity effect in old age

References

• Agren , M. 1998 . Life at 85 and 92: A qualitative longitudinal study of how the oldest old experience and adjust to the increasing uncertainty of existence . International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 47 ( 2 ) : 105 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agresti , A. 1990 . Categorical data analysis , 2nd ed , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. J. , Cohen , G. and Taylor , S. 2000 . Rewriting the past: Some factors affecting the variability of personal memories . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 14 : 435 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. , Emslie , H. and Nimmo-Smith , I. 1993 . The spot-the-word test: A robust estimate of verbal intelligence based on lexical decision . British Journal of Psychology , 32 : 55 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barsalou , L. W . 1988 . “ The content and organisation of autobiographical memories ” . In Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory , Edited by: Neisser , U. and Winograd , W. 193 – 243 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bekerian , D. A. and Dritschel , B. H. 1992 . “ Autobiographical remembering: An integrative approach ” . In Theoretical perspectives on auto biographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 135 – 150 . London : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Berntsen , D. 1996 . Involuntary autobiographical memories . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 10 : 455 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen , D. 1998 . Voluntary and involuntary access to autobiographical memory . Memory , 6 ( 2 ) : 113 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsen , D. 2001 . Involuntary memories of emotional events: Do memories of traumas and extremely happy events differ? . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 : S135 – S158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bower , G. H. 1981 . Mood and memory . American Psychologist , 36 ( 2 ) : 129 – 148 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer , W. G. 1986 . “ What is autobiographical memory? ” . In Autobiographical memory , Edited by: Rubin , D. C. 25 – 49 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Fung , H. H. and Charles , S. T. 2003 . Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life . Motiviation and Emotion , 27 ( 2 ) : 103 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Isaacowitz , D. M. and Charles , S. T. 1999 . Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity . American Psychologist , 54 ( 3 ) : 165 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carstensen , L. L. , Pasupathi , M. , Mayr , U. and Nesselroade , J. R. 2000 . Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 79 ( A ) : 644 – 655 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charles , S. T. , Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2003 . Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology General , 132 ( 2 ) : 310 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. 1996 . “ The effects of ageing on autobiographical memory ” . In Autobiographical memory, theoretical and applied perspectives , Edited by: Thompson , C. P. , Herrman , D. J. , Bruce , D. , Payne , J. G. and Toglia , M. P. Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , G. and Faulkner , D. 1988 . “ Lifespan changes in autobiographical memory ” . In Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues , Edited by: Gunebery , M. M. , Morris , P. E. and Sykes , R. N. Vol. 1 , 277 – 282 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. 1990 . Autobiographical memory: An introduction. Milton Keynes , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. 1997 . “ Past and present: Recovered memories and false memories ” . In False and recovered memories , Edited by: Conway , M. A. 150 – 191 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. and Bekerian , D. A. 1987 . Organisation in autobiographical memory . Memory & Cognition , 15 ( 2 ) : 119 – 132 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. and Haque , S. 1999 . Overshadowing the reminiscence bump: Memories of a struggle for independence . Journal of Adult Development , 6 ( 1 ) : 35 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. and Pleydell-Pearce , C. W. 2000 . The construction of autobiographical memories in the self memory system . Psychological Review , 107 ( 2 ) : 261 – 288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , M. A. and Rubin , D. C. 1993 . “ The structure of autobiographical memory ” . In Theories of memory , Edited by: Collins , A. C. , Gathercole , S. E. , Conway , M. A. and Morris , P. E. M. 103 – 1370 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Diener , E. and Suh , M. E. 1998 . Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis , Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics, Vol. 17 Edited by: Warner , S. K. and Powell , L. M. 304 – 324 . New York : Springer Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Eich , E. 1995 . Searching for mood dependent memory . Psychological Science , 6 ( 2 ) : 67 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson , E. H. 1982/1997 . The life cycle completed , New York : W. W. Norton & Company . [originally published by Rikan Enterprises Ltd]
   Google Scholar
• Erskine , J. , Kvavilashvili , L. and Kornbrot , D. E. Psychological well-being in old age: Are elderly genuinely happier than young people? . Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society . April , London : Imperial College .
   Google Scholar
• Field , D. 1981 . Retrospective reports by healthy intelligent older people of personal events of their adult lives . International Journal of Behavioural Development , 4 : 77 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald , J. M. 1988 . Vivid memories and the reminiscence phenomenon: The role of a self narrative . Human Development , 31 : 261 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush , R. 1988 . “ The functions of event memory: Some comments on Nelson and Barsalou ” . In Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory , Edited by: Neisser , U. and Winograd , W. 277 – 282 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gross , J. J. , Carstensen , L. L. , Pasupathi , M. , Tsai , J. , Goetestam-Skorpen , C and Hsu , A. Y. C. 1997 . Emotion and aging: Experience, expression and control . Psychology and Aging , 12 ( 4 ) : 590 – 599 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque , S. and Conway , M. A. 2001 . Sampling the process of autobiographical memory construction . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 13 ( 4 ) : 529-457
   Google Scholar
• Holmes , A. and Conway , M. A. 1999 . Generation identity and the reminiscence bump: Memory for public and private events . Journal of Adult Development , 6 ( 1 ) : 21 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtgraves , T. and Hall , R. 1995 . Repressors: What do they repress and how do they repress it? . Journal of Research in Personality , 29 ( 3 ) : 306 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman , I. E. and Faries , J. M. 1992 . “ The functions of autobiographical memory ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 207 – 222 . London : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy , Q. , Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2004 . The role of motivation in the age-related positivity effect in autobiographical memory . Psychological Science , 15 ( 3 ) : 208 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvavilashvili , L. , Kornbrot , D. , Mash , V. , Cockburn , J. and Milne , A. Remembering event-, time- and activity-based prospective memory tasks in young, young-old and old-old people Manuscript in preparation
   Google Scholar
• Kvavilashvili , L. and Mandler , G. 2004 . Out of one's mind: A study of involuntary semantic memories . Cognitive Psychology , 48 : 47 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvavilashvili , L. and Schlagman , S. Eliciting involuntary autobiographical memories in the laboratory: Developing a new method of investigation . Paper presented at the 5th Biennial Meeting of The Society of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition . July , University of Aberdeen .
   Google Scholar
• Larsen , S. F. 1992 . “ Personal context in autobiographical and narrative memories ” . In Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory , Edited by: Conway , M. A. , Rubin , D. C. , Spinnler , H. and Wagenaar , W. A. 53 – 73 . London : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Lawton , M. P. , Kleban , M. H. and Dean , J. 1993 . Affect and age: Cross-sectional comparisons of structure and prevalence . Psychology and Aging , 8 ( 2 ) : 165 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine , L. J. and Bluck , S. 1997 . Experienced and remembered emotional intensity in older adults . Psychology & Aging , 12 ( 3 ) : 514 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linton , M. 1986 . “ Ways of searching and the contents of memory ” . In Autobiographical memory , Edited by: Rubin , D. C. 50 – 66 . Cambridge : ; Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mandler , G. 1986 . “ Reminding, recalling, recognizing; Different memories? ” . In Human memory and cognitive capabilities , Edited by: Klix , F. and Hagendorf , H. 289 – 297 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Mandler , G. 1994 . Hypermnesia, incubation, and mind popping: On remembering without really trying , Attention and performance XV Edited by: Umilta , C. and Moscovitch , M. 3 – 33 . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mather , M. Oxford 2004 . “ Aging and emotional memory ” . In Memory and emotion , Edited by: Reisberg , D. and Hertel , P. Oxford , 272 – 307 . Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mather , M. and Carstensen , L. L. 2003 . Aging and attentional biases for emotional faces . Psychological Science , 14 ( 5 ) : 409 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams , D. P. 1982 . Experiences of intimacy and power: Relationships between social motives and autobiographical memory . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 42 ( 2 ) : 292 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mroczek , D. K. 2001 . Age and emotion in adulthood . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 10 ( 3 ) : 87 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mroczek , D. K. and Kolarz , C. M. 1998 . The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A development perspective on happiness . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 75 ( 5 ) : 1333 – 1349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , L. B. 2000 . Repressive coping style: Deceiving others or deceiving themselves? . The Psychologist , 13 : 400 – 403 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , L. B. and Brewin , C. R. 1994 . Repressive coping style and the recall of emotional experience . Cognition and Emotion , 9 ( 6 ) : 637-462
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman , L. S. and Hedberg , D. A. 1999 . Repressive coping and the inaccessibility of negative autobiographical memories: Converging evidence . Personality and Individual Differences , 27 ( 1 ) : 45 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. 1976 . Sampling autobiographical memory . Cognitive Psychology , 8 : 578 – 595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. and Swanson , K. L. 1990 . Autobiographical memory: The next phase . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 4 : 321 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C. , ed. 1986 . Autobiographical memory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C and Schulkind , M. D. 1997 . Distribution of important and word-cued autobiographical memories in 20-, 35-, and 70-year old adults . Psychology and Aging , 12 ( 3 ) : 524 – 535 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , D. C , Wetzler , S. E. and Nebes , R. D. 1986 . “ Autobiographical memory across the lifespan ” . In Autobiographical memory , Edited by: Rubin , D. C. 202 – 221 . Cambridge : ; Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Salaman , E. 1970 . A collection of moments: A study of involuntary memories , London : Longman Group Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. P. 2000 . “ Content analysis and narrative analysis ” . In Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology , Edited by: Reis , H. T. and Judd , C. M. New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , W. R. , Vogl , R. J. and Thompson , C. P. 1997 . Autobiographical memory: Unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 11 : 399 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winograd , E. 1993 . “ Memory in the laboratory and everyday memory: The case for both ” . In Mechanisms of everyday cognition , Edited by: Puckett , J. M. and Reese , H. W. 55 – 70 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Woike , B. , Gershkovich , I. , Piorkowski , R. and Polo , M. 1999 . The role of motives in the content and structure of autobiographical memory . Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 76 ( 4 ) : 600 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar