15,750
Views
249
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Familiar and unfamiliar face recognition: A review

&
Pages 577-596 | Received 15 May 2008, Published online: 22 Jun 2009

References

  • Bartlett , J. C. , Hurrey , S. and Thorley , W. 1984 . Typicality and familiarity of faces . Memory and Cognition , 12 : 219 – 228 .
  • Bauer , R. M. 1984 . Autonomic recognition of names and faces in prosopagnosia – a neuropsychological application of the guilty knowledge test . Neuropsychologia , 22 : 457 – 469 .
  • Benson , P. J. and Perrett , D. I. 1991 . Perception and recognition of photographic quality facial caricatures: Implications for the recognition of natural images . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 105 – 135 .
  • Benson , P. J. and Perrett , D. I. 1994 . Visual processing of facial distinctiveness . Perception , 23 : 75 – 93 .
  • Bentin , S. , Allison , T. , Puce , A. , Perez , E. and McCarthy , G. 1996 . Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 8 : 551 – 565 .
  • Bentin , S. and Deoull , L. Y. 2000 . Structural encoding and identification in face processing: ERP evidence for separate mechanisms . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 17 : 35 – 54 .
  • Benton , A. L. and Van Allen , M. W. 1972 . Prosopagnosia and facial discrimination . Journal of Neurological Science , 15 : 167 – 172 .
  • Bindemann , M. , Burton , A. M. , Leuthold , H. and Schweinberger , S. R. 2008 . Brain potential correlates of face recognition: Geometric distortions and the N250r brain response to stimulus repetitions . Psychophysiology , 45 : 535 – 544 .
  • Bonner , L. and Burton , A. M. 2004 . 7–11-year-old children show an advantage for matching and recognizing the internal features of familiar faces: Evidence against a developmental shift . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 57A : 1019 – 1029 .
  • Bonner , L. , Burton , A. M. and Bruce , V. 2003 . Getting to know you: How we learn new faces . Visual Cognition , 10 : 527 – 536 .
  • Bourne , V. J. , Vladeanu , M. and Hole , G. J. 2009 . Lateralised repetition priming for featurally and configurally manipulated faces . Laterality , 14 : 287 – 299 .
  • Bruce , V. 1979 . Searching for politicians: An information processing approach to face recognition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 31 : 373 – 395 .
  • Bruce , V. 1982 . Changing faces – visual and non-visual coding processes in face recognition . British Journal of Psychology , 73 : 105 – 116 .
  • Bruce , V. 1986 . Influences of familiarity on the processing of faces . Perception , 15 : 387 – 397 .
  • Bruce , V. 1994 . Stability from variation: The case of face recognition. The M.D. Vernon Memorial Lecture . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A , 47 : 5 – 28 .
  • Bruce , V. , Doyle , T. , Dench , N. and Burton , M. 1991 . Remembering facial configurations . Cognition , 38 : 109 – 144 .
  • Bruce , V. , Henderson , Z. , Greenwood , K. , Hancock , P. J. B. , Burton , A. M. and Miller , P. 1999 . Verification of face identities from images captured on video . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 5 : 339 – 360 .
  • Bruce , V. , Henderson , Z. , Newman , C. and Burton , A. M. 2001 . Matching identities of familiar and unfamiliar faces caught on CCTV images . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 7 : 207 – 218 .
  • Bruce , V. and Langton , S. 1994 . The use of pigmentation and shading information in recognising the sex and identities of faces . Perception , 23 : 803 – 822 .
  • Bruce , V. and Valentine , T. 1985 . Identity priming in the recognition of familiar faces . British Journal of Psychology , 76 : 373 – 383 .
  • Bruce , V. , Valentine , T. and Baddeley , A. D. 1987 . The basis of the ¾ advantage in face recognition . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 1 : 109 – 120 .
  • Bruce , V. and Young , A. 1986 . Understanding face recognition . British Journal of Psychology , 77 : 305 – 327 .
  • Bruyer , R. , Laterre , C. , Seron , X. , Feyereisen , P. , Strypstein , E. Pierrard , E. 1983 . A case of prosopagnosia with some preserved covert remembrance of familiar faces . Brain & Cognition , 2 : 257 – 284 .
  • Burton , A. M. , Bruce , V. and Hancock , P. J. B. 1999 . From pixels to people: A model of familiar face recognition . Cognitive Science , 23 : 1 – 31 .
  • Burton , A. M. , Bruce , V. and Johnston , R. A. 1990 . Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model . British Journal of Psychology , 81 : 361 – 380 .
  • Burton , A. M. , Jenkins , R. , Hancock , P. J. B. and White , D. 2005 . Robust representations of face recognition: The power of averages . Cognitive Psychology , 51 : 256 – 284 .
  • Burton , A. M. , Wilson , S. , Cowan , M. and Bruce , V. 1999 . Face recognition in poor-quality video: Evidence from security surveillance . Psychological Science , 10 : 243 – 248 .
  • Caharel , S. , Fiori , N. , Bernard , C. , Lalonde , R. and Rebai , M. 2006 . The effects of inversion and eye displacements of familiar and unknown faces on early and late-stage ERPs . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 62 : 141 – 151 .
  • Caharel , S. , Poiroux , S. , Bernard , C. , Thibaut , F. , Lalonde , R. and Rebai , M. 2002 . ERPs associated with familiarity and degree of familiarity during face recognition . International Journal of Neuroscience , 112 : 1499 – 1512 .
  • Calder , A. J. and Young , A.W. 2005 . Understanding facial identity and facial expression recognition . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 6 : 641 – 651 .
  • Christie , F. and Bruce , V. 1998 . The role of dynamic information in the recognition of unfamiliar faces . Memory & Cognition , 26 : 780 – 790 .
  • Clutterbuck , R. and Johnston , R. A. 2002 . Exploring levels of face familiarity by using an indirect face-matching measure . Perception , 31 : 985 – 994 .
  • Clutterbuck , R. and Johnston , R. A. 2004 . Demonstrating the acquired familiarity of faces by using a gender-decision task . Perception , 33 : 159 – 168 .
  • Clutterbuck , R. and Johnston , R. A. 2005 . Demonstrating how unfamiliar faces become familiar using a face matching task . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 17 : 97 – 116 .
  • Collishaw , S. M. and Hole , G. J. 2000 . Featural and configurational processes in the recognition of faces of different familiarity . Perception , 20 : 893 – 909 .
  • Dalton , P. 1993 . The role of stimulus familiarity in context-dependent recognition . Memory & Cognition , 21 : 223 – 234 .
  • Davies , G. and Milne , A. 1982 . Recognising faces in and out of context . Current Psychological Research , 2 : 235 – 246 .
  • Deffenbacher , K. A. , Johanson , J. , Vetter , T. and O'Toole , A. J. 2000 . The face typicality–recognisability relationship: Encoding or retrieval locus? . Memory & Cognition , 28 : 1173 – 1182 .
  • DeHaan , E. H. F. and Hay , D. 1986 . “ The effect of unilateral brain lesions on the matching of famous and unknown faces given either the internal or external features ” . In Aspects of face processing [NATO ASI series] , Edited by: Ellis , H. D. , Jeeves , M. A. , Newcombe , F. and Young , A.W. 302 – 309 . Dordrecht : Martinus Nijhoff .
  • DeHaan , E. H. F. and van Kollenburg , E. N. M. 2005 . Lateralised processing of the internal and the external facial features of personally familiar and unfamiliar faces: A visual half-field study . Cognitive Processing , 6 : 189 – 195 .
  • Desimone , R. 1991 . Face-selective cells in the temporal cortex of monkeys . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 3 : 1 – 8 .
  • Dubois , S. , Rossion , B. , Schiltz , C. , Bodart , J. M. , Michel , C. Bruyer , R. 1999 . Effect of familiarity on the processing of human faces . Neuroimage , 9 : 278 – 289 .
  • Eger , E. , Schweinberger , S. R. , Dolan , R. J. and Henson , R. N. 2005 . Familiarity enhances invariance of face representations in human ventral visual cortex: fMRI evidence . Neuroimage , 26 : 1128 – 1139 .
  • Eimer , M. 2000 . Effects of face inversion on the structural encoding and recognition of faces. Evidence from event-related brain potentials . Cognitive Brain Research , 10 : 145 – 158 .
  • Ellis , A. W. , Young , A. W. , Flude , B. M. and Hay , D. C. 1987 . Repetition priming of face recognition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 39A : 195 – 210 .
  • Ellis , H.D. 1975 . Recognising faces . British Journal of Psychology , 66 : 409 – 426 .
  • Ellis , H. D. , Quayle , A. H. and Young , A. W. 1999 . The emotional impact of faces (but not names): Face specific changes in skin conductance responses to familiar and unfamiliar people . Current Psychology , 18 : 88 – 97 .
  • Ellis , H. D. , Shepherd , J. W. and Davies , G. M. 1979 . Identification of familiar and unfamiliar faces from internal and external features; some implications for theories of face recognition . Perception , 8 : 431 – 439 .
  • Ellis , H. D. , Shepherd , J. W. , Gibling , F. and Shepherd , J. 1988 . “ Stimulus factors in face learning ” . In Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues. Vol 1: memory in everyday life , Edited by: Gruneberg , M. M. , Morris , P. E. and Sykes , R. N. 136 – 143 . Chichester, , UK : Wiley .
  • Ellis , H. D. , Young , A. W. and Koenken , G. 1993 . Covert face recognition without prosopagnosia . Behavioural Neurology , 6 : 27 – 32 .
  • Ewbank , M. P. and Andrews , T. J. 2008 . Differential sensitivity for viewpoint between familiar and unfamiliar faces in human visual cortex . Neuroimage , 40 : 1857 – 1870 .
  • Ewbank , M. P. , Smith , W. A. P. , Hancock , E. R. and Andrews , T. J. 2008 . The M170 reflects a viewpoint dependent representation for both familiar and unfamiliar faces . Cerebral Cortex , 18 : 364 – 370 .
  • Galper , R. E. 1970 . Recognition of faces in photographic negative . Psychonomic Science , 19 : 207 – 208 .
  • Ganel , T. and Goshen-Gottstein , Y. 2004 . Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: The parallel-route hypothesis revisited . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 30 : 583 – 597 .
  • Going , M. and Read , J. D. 1974 . The effect of uniqueness, sex of subject and sex of photograph on facial recognition . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 39 : 109 – 110 .
  • Goldstein , A. G. 1965 . Learning of inverted and normally orientated faces and children and adults . Psychonomic Science , 3 : 447 – 448 .
  • Hanley , J. R. , Pearson , N. A. and Young , A. W. 1990 . Impaired memory for new visual forms . Brain , 113 : 1131 – 1148 .
  • Haxby , J. V. , Hoffman , E. A. and Gobbini , M. I. 2000 . The distributed human neural system for face perception . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 223 – 233 .
  • Hay , D. C. and Young , A. W. 1982 . “ The human face ” . In Normality and pathology in cognitive functions , Edited by: Ellis , A. W. 173 – 202 . London; Academic Press .
  • Henderson , Z. , Bruce , V. and Burton , A. M. 2001 . Matching the faces of robbers captured on video . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 445 – 464 .
  • Hill , H. and Bruce , V. 1996 . Effects of lighting on the perception of facial surfaces . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 22 : 986 – 1004 .
  • Hill , H. , Schyns , P. G. and Akamatsu , S. 1997 . Information and viewpoint dependence in face recognition . Cognition , 62 : 201 – 222 .
  • Hochberg , J. and Galper , R.E. 1967 . Recognition of faces: 1. An exploratory study . Psychonomic Science , 9 : 619 – 620 .
  • Hole , G. J. 1994 . Configurational factors in the perception of unfamiliar faces . Perception , 23 : 65 – 74 .
  • Hole , G. J. , George , P. A. , Eaves , K. and Rasek , A. 2002 . Effects of geometric distortions on face-recognition performance . Perception , 31 : 1221 – 1240 .
  • Jeffreys , D. A. 1996 . Evoked potential studies of face and object processing . Visual Cognition , 3 : 1 – 38 .
  • Jemel , B. , Pisani , M. , Calabria , M. , Crommelinck , M. and Bruyer , R. 2003 . Is the N170 for faces cognitively penetrable? Evidence from repetition priming of Mooney faces of familiar and unfamiliar persons . Cognitive Brain Research , 17 : 431 – 446 .
  • Jenkins , R. and Burton , A. M. 2008 . 100% accuracy in automatic face recognition . Science , 319 : 912
  • Johnston , A. , Hill , H. and Carman , N. 1992 . Recognising faces: Effects of lighting direction, inversion, and brightness reversal . Perception , 21 : 365 – 375 .
  • Johnston , R. A. and Barry , C. 2001 . Best face forward: Similarity effects in repetition priming of face recognition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54A : 383 – 396 .
  • Johnston , R. A. and Ellis , H. D. 1995 . Age effects in the processing of typical and distinctive faces . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A : 447 – 465 .
  • Kanwisher , N. , McDermott , J. and Chun , M. M. 1997 . The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialised for face perception . Journal of Neuroscience , 17 : 4302 – 4311 .
  • Kapur , N. , Friston , K. J. , Young , A. , Frith , C. D. and Frackowiak , R. S. 1995 . Activation of human hippocampal formation during memory for faces: A PET study . Cortex , 31 : 99 – 108 .
  • Kaufmann , J. M. and Schweinberger , S. R. 2004 . Expression influences the recognition of familiar faces . Perception , 33 : 399 – 408 .
  • Kemp , R. , Pike , G. , White , P. and Musselman , A. 1996 . Perception and recognition of normal and negative faces: The role of shape from shading and pigmentation cues . Perception , 25 : 37 – 52 .
  • Kloth , N. , Dobel , C. , Schweinberger , S. R. , Zwitserlood , P. , Bolte , J. and Junghofer , M. 2006 . Effects of personal familiarity on early neuromagnetic correlates of face perception . European Journal of Neuroscience , 24 : 3317 – 3321 .
  • Knight , B. and Johnston , A. 1997 . The role of movement in face recognition . Visual Cognition , 4 : 265 – 273 .
  • Lander , K. and Bruce , V. 2003 . The role of motion in learning new faces . Visual Cognition , 10 : 897 – 912 .
  • Lander , K. and Bruce , V. 2004 . Repetition priming from moving faces . Memory & Cognition , 32 : 640 – 647 .
  • Lander , K. , Bruce , V. and Hill , H. 2001 . Evaluating the effectiveness of pixelation and blurring on masking the identity of familiar faces . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 15 : 101 – 116 .
  • Lander , K. , Christie , F. and Bruce , V. 1999 . The role of movement in the recognition of famous faces . Memory & Cognition , 27 : 974 – 985 .
  • Lander , K. and Davies , R. 2007 . Exploring the role of characteristic motion when learning new faces . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 60 : 519 – 526 .
  • Leveroni , C. L. , Seidenberg , M. , Mayer , A. R. , Mead , L. A. , Binder , J. R. and Rao , S. M. 2000 . Neural systems underlying the recognition of familiar and newly learned faces . Journal of Neuroscience , 20 : 878 – 886 .
  • Lewis , M. B. and Johnston , R. A. 1999 . A unified account of the effects of caricaturing faces . Visual Cognition , 6 : 1 – 42 .
  • Light , L. L. , Kayra-Stuart , F. and Hollander , S. 1979 . Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory , 5 : 212 – 228 .
  • Liu , C. H. , Collin , C. A. , Burton , A. M. and Chaudhuri , A. 1999 . Lighting direction affects recognition of untextured faces in photographic positive and negative . Vision Research , 39 : 4003 – 4009 .
  • Longmore , C.A. , Liu , C. H. and Young , A. W. 2008 . Learning faces from photographs . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance , 34 : 77 – 100 .
  • Malone , D. R. , Morris , H. H. , Kay , M. C. and Levin , H. S. 1982 . Prosopagnosia; a double dissociation between the recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces. Journal of Neurology . Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 45 : 820 – 822 .
  • McMullen , P. A. , Shore , D. I. and Henderson , R. B. 2000 . Testing a two-component model of face identification: Effects of inversion, contrast reversal, and direction of lighting . Perception , 29 : 609 – 619 .
  • Megreya , A. M. and Burton , A. M. 2006 . Unfamiliar faces are not faces: Evidence from a matching task . Memory & Cognition , 34 : 865 – 876 .
  • Megreya , A. M. and Burton , A. M. 2007 . Hits and false positives in face matching: A familiarity-based dissociation . Perception & Psychphysics , 69 : 1175 – 1184 .
  • Memon , A. , & Bruce , V. 1985 . Context effects in episodic studies of verbal and facial memory: A review . Current Psychological Research & Reviews , 349 – 369 .
  • Newcombe , F. 1979 . “ The processing of visual information in prosopagnosia and acquired dyslexia: Functional versus physiological interpretation ” . In Research in psychology and medicine, Vol 1 , Edited by: Oborne , D. J. , Gruneberg , M. M. and Eiser , J. F. 315 – 322 . London : Academic Press .
  • Newell , F. N. , Chiroro , P. and Valentine , T. 1999 . Recognizing unfamiliar faces: The effects of distinctiveness and view . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 52A : 509 – 534 .
  • O'Donnell , C. and Bruce , V. 2001 . Familiarisation with faces selectively enhances sensitivity to changes made to the eyes . Perception , 30 : 755 – 754 .
  • Osborne , C. D. and Stevenage , S. V. 2008 . Internal feature saliency as a marker of familiarity and configural processing . Visual Cognition , 16 : 23 – 43 .
  • O'Toole , A. J. , Edelman , S. and Bülthoff , H. H. 1998 . Stimulus-specific effects in face recognition over changes in viewpoint . Vision Research , 38 : 2351 – 2363 .
  • O'Toole , A. J. , Roark , D. A. and Abdi , H. 2002 . Recognizing moving faces: A psychological and neural synthesis . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 6 : 261 – 266 .
  • Phillips , R. J. 1972 . Why are faces hard to recognise in photographic negative? . Perception & Psychophysics , 12 : 425 – 426 .
  • Pike , G. E. , Kemp , R. I. , Towell , N. A. and Phillips , K. C. 1997 . Recognising moving faces: The relative contribution of motion and perspective view information . Visual Cognition , 4 : 409 – 437 .
  • Pilz , K. S. , Thornton , I. M. and Bulthoff , H. H. 2006 . A search advantage for faces learned in motion . Experimental Brain Research , 171 : 436 – 447 .
  • Pourtois , G. , Schwartz , S. , Seghier , M. L. , Lazeyras , F. O. and Vuilleumier , P. 2005 . View-independent coding of face identity in frontal and temporal cortices is modulated by familiarity: An event-related fMI study . Neuroimage , 24 : 1214 – 1224 .
  • Rhodes , G. 1996 . Superportraits: Caricatures and recognition , Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Rhodes , G. , Brennan , S. and Carey , S. 1987 . Identification and ratings of caricatures: Implications for mental representations of faces . Cognitive Psychology , 190 : 473 – 497 .
  • Rhodes , G. , Byatt , G. , Tremewan , T. and Kennedy , A. 1996 . Facial distinctiveness and the power of caricatures . Perception , 25 : 207 – 223 .
  • Roark , D. A. , O'Toole , A. J. , Abdi , H. and Barrett , S. E. 2006 . Learning the moves: The effect of familiarity and facial motion on person recognition across large changes in viewing format . Perception , 35 : 761 – 773 .
  • Roberts , T. and Bruce , V. 1988 . Feature saliency in judging the sex and familiarity of faces . Perception , 17 : 475 – 481 .
  • Rossion , B. , Schiltz , C. and Crommelinck , M. 2003 . The functionally defined right occipital and fusiform “face areas” discriminate novel from visually familiar faces . Neuroimage , 19 : 877 – 883 .
  • Rossion , B. , Schiltz , C. , Robaye , L. , Pirenne , D. and Crommelinck , M. 2001 . How does the brain discriminate familiar and unfamiliar faces?: A PET study of categorical perception . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 13 : 1019 – 1034 .
  • Russell , R. , Sinha , P. , Biederman , I. and Nederhouser , M. 2006 . Is pigmentation important for face recognition? Evidence from contrast negation . Perception , 35 : 749 – 759 .
  • Russo , R. , Ward , G. , Geurts , H. and Scheres , A. 1999 . When unfamiliarity matters: Changing environmental context between study and test affects recognition memory for unfamiliar stimuli . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 25 : 488 – 499 .
  • Ryu , J. J. and Chaudhuri , A. 2006 . Representations of familiar and unfamiliar faces as revealed by viewpoint-aftereffects . Vision Research , 46 : 4059 – 4063 .
  • Scapinello , K. F. and Yarmey , A. D. 1970 . The role of familiarity and orientation in immediate and delayed recognition of pictorial stimuli . Psychonomic Science , 21 : 329 – 330 .
  • Schwaninger , A. , Lobmaier , J. and Collishaw , S. M. 2002 . Role of featural and configural information in familiar and unfamiliar face recognition . Lecture Notes in Computer Science , 2525 : 643 – 650 .
  • Searcy , J. H. and Bartlett , J. C. 1996 . Inversion and processing of component and spatial-relational information of faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 22 : 904 – 915 .
  • Sergent , J. , Ohta , S. and MacDonald , B. 1992 . Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing: A positron emission tomography study . Brain , 115 : 15 – 36 .
  • Sergent , J. , Ohta , S. , MacDonald , B. and Zuck , E. 1994 . Segregated processing of facial identity and emotion in the human brain: A PET study . Visual Cognition , 1 : 349 – 369 .
  • Shepherd , J. W. , Gibling , F. and Ellis , H. D. 1991 . The effects of distinctiveness, presentation time and delay on face recognition . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 137 – 145 .
  • Sinha , P. , Balas , B. , Ostrovsky , Y. and Russell , R. 2006 . Face recognition by humans: Nineteen results all computer vision researchers should know about . Proceedings of the IEEE , 94 : 1948 – 1962 .
  • Sinha , P. and Poggio , T. 1996 . I think I know that face . Nature , 384 : 404
  • Stevenage , S. V. 1995 . Can caricatures really produce distinctiveness effects? . British Journal of Psychology , 86 : 127 – 146 .
  • Stone , A. , Valentine , T. and Davis , R. 2001 . Face recognition and emotional valence:Processing without awareness by neurologically intact participants does notsimulate covert recognition in prosopagnosia. Cognitive . Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience , 1 : 183 – 191 .
  • Tanaka , J. , Giles , M. , Kremen , S. and Simon , V. 1998 . Mapping attractor fields in face space: The atypicality bias in face recognition . Cognition , 68 : 199 – 220 .
  • Tanaka , J. W. and Simon , V. B. 1996 . Caricature recognition in a neural network . Visual Cognition , 3 : 305 – 324 .
  • Tranel , D. , Damasio , A. R. and Damasio , H. 1988 . Intact recognition of facial expression, sex, and age in patients with impaired recognition of facial identity . Neurology , 28 : 690 – 696 .
  • Tranel , D. , Fowles , D. C. and Damasio , A. R. 1985 . Electrodermal discrimination of familiar and unfamiliar faces: A methodology . Psychophysiology , 22 : 403 – 408 .
  • Troje , N. F. and Kersten , D. 1999 . Viewpoint-dependent recognition of familiar faces . Perception , 28 : 483 – 487 .
  • Tzarvaras , A. , Hécaen , H. and LeBras , H. 1970 . Le problème de la specificité du déficit de la reconnaissance du visage humain lors des lésions hémisphériques unilaterales . Neuropsychologica , 8 : 403 – 416 .
  • Valentine , T. 1991 . A unified account of distinctiveness, inversion and race in face recognition . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 43A : 161 – 204 .
  • Valentine , T. and Bruce , V. 1986a . Recognising familiar faces: The role of distinctiveness and familiarity . Canadian Journal of Psychology , 40 : 300 – 305 .
  • Valentine , T. and Bruce , V. 1986b . The effects of distinctiveness in recognising and classifying faces . Perception , 15 : 525 – 536 .
  • Valentine , T. and Bruce , V. 1986c . The effect of race, inversion and encoding activity on face recognition . Acta Psychologica , 61 : 259 – 273 .
  • Vladeanu , M. and Bourne , V. J. 2009 . Examining the hemispheric distribution of semantic information using lateralised priming of familiar faces . Brain and Cognition , 69 : 420 – 425 .
  • Warrington , E. K. and James , M. 1967 . An experimental investigation of facial recognition in patients with unilateral cerebral lesions . Cortex , 3 : 317 – 326 .
  • White , M. 2001 . Effect of photographic negation on matching the expressions and identities of faces . Perception , 30 : 969 – 981 .
  • Winograd , E. 1981 . Elaboration and distinctiveness in memory for faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory , 7 : 181 – 190 .
  • Yarmey , A. D. 1971 . Recognition memory for familiar ‘public’ faces: Effects of orientation and delay . Psychonomic Science , 24 : 286 – 288 .
  • Yin , R. K. 1969 . Looking at upside-down faces . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 81 : 141 – 145 .
  • Young , A. W. and Ellis , H. D. 1989 . Childhood prosopagnosia . Brain & Cognition , 9 : 16 – 47 .
  • Young , A. W. , Hay , D. C. , McWeeny , K. H. , Flude , B. M. and Ellis , A. W. 1985 . Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on internal and external features . Perception , 14 : 737 – 746 .
  • Young , A. W. , Hellawell , D. and Hay , D. C. 1987 . Configural information in face perception . Perception , 16 : 747 – 759 .
  • Young , A. W. , McWeeny , K. H. , Hay , D. C. and Ellis , A. W. 1986 . Matching familiar and unfamiliar faces on identity and expression . Psychological Research , 48 : 63 – 68 .
  • Young , A. W. , Newcombe , F. , DeHaan , E. H. F. , Small , M. and Hay , D. C. 1993 . Face perception after brain injury. Selective impairments affecting identity and expression . Brain , 116 : 941 – 959 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.