Gender differences in episodic memory and visual working memory including the effects of age

REFERENCES

• Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). Age-related changes in the episodic simulation of future events. Psychological Science, 19, 33–41. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02043.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreano, J., & Cahill, L. (2009). Sex inluences on the neurobiology of learning and memory. Learning and Memory, 16, 248–266. 10.1101/lm.918309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astur, R. S., Ortiz, M. L., & Sutherland, R. J. (1998). A characterization of performance by men and women in a virtual Morris water task: A large and reliable sex difference. Behavioural Brain Research, 93, 185–190. 10.1016/S0166-4328(98)00019-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D. (2000). The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? Trends in Cognitive Science, 4, 417–422. 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01538-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 89–195). New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bjorklund, D. F. (1987). How age changes in knowledge base contribute to the development of children's memory: An interpretive review. Developmental Review, 7, 93–130. 10.1016/0273-2297(87)90007-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloise, S. M., & Johnson, M. K. (2007). Memory for emotional and neutral information: Gender and individual differences in emotional sensitivity. Memory, 15, 192–204. 10.1080/09658210701204456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., & James, L. E. (2000). Theoretical approaches to language and aging. In T. Perfect & E. Maylor (Eds.), Models of cognitive aging (pp. 204–237). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burke, D. M., MacKay, D. G., Worthley, J. S., & Wade, E. (1991). On the tip of the tongue: What causes word finding failures in young and older adults? Journal of Memory and Language, 30, 542–579. 10.1016/0749-596X(91)90026-G
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill, L. (2006). Why sex matters for neuroscience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 477–484. 10.1038/nrn1909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Davison, K. K., & Susman, E. J. (2001). Are hormone levels and cognitive ability related during early adolescence? International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 416–428. 10.1080/016502501316934842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., Frustaci, K., Masalehdan, A., … Boring, A. M. (2001). Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 552–557. 10.1093/cercor/11.6.552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Frias, C., Nilsson, L.-G., & Herlitz, A. (2006). Sex differences in cognition are stable over a 10-year period in adulthood and old age. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 13, 574–587. 10.1080/13825580600678418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Sala, S., Gray, C., Baddeley, A. D., Allamano, N., & Wilson, L. (1999). Pattern span: A tool for unwelding visuo-spatial memory. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1189–1199. 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00159-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, S. J., & Hampson, E. (2001). A sex difference on a novel spatial working memory task in humans. Brain and Cognition, 47, 470–493. 10.1006/brcg.2001.1326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epting, L. K., & Overman, W. H. (1998). Sex-sensitive tasks in men and women: A search of performance fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 1304–1317. 10.1037/0735-7044.112.6.1304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuh, J., Wang, S., Lee, S., Lu, S., & Juang, K. (2006). A longitudinal study of cognition change during early menopausal transition in a rural community. Maturitas, 53, 447–453. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuh, J., Wang, S., Lu, S., Juang, K., & Lee, S. (2003). Alterations in cognitive function during the menopausal transition. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 51, 431–432. 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51124.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole, S. E. (2007). The concept of working memory. In Y. Dudai, R. Roediger, E. Tulving, & S. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), Science of memory: Concepts (pp. 33–51). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Geiger, J. F., & Litwiller, R. M. (2005). Spatial working memory and gender differences in science. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 32, 49–57.
   Google Scholar
• Gur, R. C., Mozley, P. D., Resnick, S. M., Gottlieb, G. E., Kohn, M., Zimmerman, R., … Gur, R. E. (1991). Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 88, 2845–2849. 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern, D. F. (1992). Sex differences in cognitive abilities (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Halpern, D. F., & Tan, U. (2001). Stereotypes and steroids: Using a psychobiosocial model to understand cognitive sex differences. Brain and Cognition, 45, 392–414. 10.1006/brcg.2001.1287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartung, J., Knapp, G., & Sinha, B. K. (2008). Statistical meta-analysis with applications, New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Hausmann, M., Slabbekoorn, D., Van Goozen, S. H. M., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Güntürkün, O. (2000). Sex hormones affect spatial abilities during the menstrual cycle. Behavioral Neuroscience, 114, 1245–1250. 10.1037/0735-7044.114.6.1245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heil, M., & Jansen-Osmann, P. (2008). Sex differences in mental rotation with polygons of different complexity: Do men utilize holistic processes whereas women prefer piecemeal ones? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61, 683–689. 10.1080/17470210701822967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., Airaksinen, E., & Nordström, E. (1999). Sex differences in episodic memory: The impact of verbal and visuospatial ability. Neuropsychology, 13, 590–597. 10.1037/0894-4105.13.4.590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., & Lovén, J. (2009). Sex differences in cognitive functions. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 41, 1081–1090. 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2009.01081
   Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., Nilsson, L.-G., & Bäckman, L. (1997). Gender differences in episodic memory. Memory and Cognition, 25, 801–811. 10.3758/BF03211324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., & Rehnman, J. (2008). Sex differences in episodic memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 52–56. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00547.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., Thilers, P., & Habib, R. (2007). Endogenous estrogen is not associated with cognitive performance before, during, and following menopause. Menopause, 14, 425–431. 10.1097/01.gme.0000247019.86748.e3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herlitz, A., & Yonker, J. E. (2002). Sex differences in episodic memory: The influence of intelligence. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 24, 107–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21, 1539–1558. 10.1002/sim.1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdnack, J. A., Zhou, X., Larrabee, G. J., Millis, S. R., & Salthouse, T. A. (2011). Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS-IV/WMS-IV. Assessment, 18, 178–191. 10.1177/1073191110393106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53–69. 10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman, S. B. (2007). Sex differences in mental rotation and spatial visualization ability: Can they be accounted for by differences in working memory capacity? Intelligence, 35, 211–223. 10.1016/j.intell.2006.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemaître, H., Crivello, F., Grassiot, B., Alpérovitch, A., Tzourio, C., & Mazoyer, B. (2005). Age- and sex-related effects on the neuroanatomy of healthy elderly. Neuroimage, 26, 900–911. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepach, A. C., & Petermann, F. (2012). Memory assessment with the German Wechsler Memory Scale - Fourth Edition. Zeitschrift fuer Neuropsychologie, 23, 123–132. 10.1024/1016-264X/a000070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17, 677–689. 10.1037/0882-7974.17.4.677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, C., Wolgers, G., & Herlitz, A. (2001). Sex differences favoring women in verbal but not in visuospatial episodic memory. Neuropsychology, 15, 165–173. 10.1037/0894-4105.15.2.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn, M. C., & Petersen, A. C. (1986). A meta-analysis of gender differences in spatial ability: Implications for mathematics and science achievement. In J. S. Hyde & M. C. Linn (Eds.), The psychology of gender: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 67–101). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacKay, D. G., Abrams, L., & Pedroza, M. J. (1999). Aging on the input versus output side: Theoretical implications of age-linked asymmetries between detecting versus retrieving orthographic information. Psychology and Aging, 14, 3–17. 10.1037/0882-7974.14.1.3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKay, D. G., & James, L. E. (2004). Sequencing, speech production, and selective effects of aging on phonological and morphological speech errors. Psychology and Aging, 19, 93–107. 10.1037/0882-7974.19.1.93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland, S. B., Herlitz, A., Nyberg, L., Bäckman, L., & Nilsson, L.-G. (2004). Selective sex differences in declarative memory. Memory and Cognition, 32, 1160–1169. 10.3758/BF03196889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki, P. M., Rich, J. B., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2002). Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: Estrogen effects in young women. Neuropsychologia, 40, 518–529. 10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00126-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B. S. (2002). Estrogen actions throughout the brain. Recent Progression in Hormone Research, 57, 357–384. 10.1210/rp.57.1.357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKelvie, S. J., Standing, L., St. Jean, D., & Law, J. (1993). Gender differences in recognition memory for faces and cars: Evidence for the interest hypothesis. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31, 447–448.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, P. M., Powell, L. H., Wilson, R. S., Everson-Rose, S. A., Kravitz, H. M., Luborsky, J. L., … Evans, D. A. (2003). A population-based longitudinal study of cognitive functioning in the menopausal transition. Neurology, 61, 801–806. 10.1212/01.WNL.0000079051.91602.E2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millis, S. R., Malina, A. C., Bowers, D. A., & Ricker, J. H. (1999). Confirmatory factor analysis of the WMS-III. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 87–93. 10.1076/jcen.21.1.87.937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. S., & Johnson, S. P. (2008). Mental rotation in human infants: A sex difference. Psychological Science, 19, 1063–1066. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02200.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petermann, F., & Lepach, A. C. (2012). Wechsler Memory Scale: Manual ( 4th ed., German ed.). Frankfurt: Pearson Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Postma, A., Izendoorn, R., & De Haan, E. H. F. (1998). Sex differences in object location memory. Brain and Cognition, 36, 334–345. 10.1006/brcg.1997.0974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma, A., Winkel, J., Tuiten, A., & van Honk, J. (1999). Sex differences and menstrual cycle effects in human spatial memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24, 175–192. 10.1016/S0306-4530(98)00073-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, L. R., Tulsky, D., Millis, S., & Weiss, L. (2002). Redefining the factor structure of the Wechsler Memory Scale–III: Confirmatory factor analysis with cross-validation. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 574–585. 10.1076/jcen.24.5.574.1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, P. C., & Liben, L. S. (2008). A sex difference in mental rotation in young infants. Psychological Science, 19, 1067–1070. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02201.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehnman, J., & Herlitz, A. (2007). Women recognize more faces than men do. Acta Psychologica, 124, 344–355. 10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.04.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Salat, D. H., Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., Greve, D. W., Desikan, R. S., Busa, E., … Fischl, B. (2004). Thinning of the cerebral cortex in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 14, 721–730. 10.1093/cercor/bhh032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saucier, D. M., & Kimura, D. (1998). Interpersonal but not extrapersonal targeting skills is enhanced during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Developmental Neuropsychology, 14, 385–398. 10.1080/87565649809540717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schacter, D. L., & Tulving, E. (1994). What are the memory systems of 1994? In D. L. Schacter & E. Tulving (Eds.), Memory systems 1994 (pp. 1–38). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitter-Edgecombe, M., Vesneski, M., & Jones, D. W. R. (2000). Aging and word finding: A comparison of spontaneous and constrained naming tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 479–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman, I., Choi, J., & Peters, M. (2007). The hunter-gatherer theory of sex differences in spatial abilities: Data from 40 countries. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 261–268. 10.1007/s10508-006-9168-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skuse, D. H. (2005). X-linked genes and mental functioning. Human Molecular Genetics, 14, 27–32. 10.1093/hmg/ddi112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer, I. E., Aleman, A., Bouma, A., & Kahn, R. S. (2004). Do women really have more bilateral language representation than men? A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Brain, 127, 1845–1852. 10.1093/brain/awh207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Kan, E., Woods, R. P., Yoshii, J., Bansal, R., … Toga, A. W. (2007). Sex differences in cortical thickness mapped in 176 healthy individuals between 7 and 87 years of age. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 1550–1560. 10.1093/cercor/bhl066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, E. V., Rosenbloom, M., Serventi, K. L., & Pfefferbaum, A. (2004). Effects of age and sex on volumes of the thalamus, pons, and cortex. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 185–192. 10.1016/S0197-4580(03)00044-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving, E. (2001). Episodic memory and common sense: How far apart? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London: Biological Science, 356B, 1505–1515. 10.1098/rstb.2001.0937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyer, D., Postma, A., Brake, B., & Imperator-McGinley, J. (2007). Gender differences in object location memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14, 23–38. 10.3758/BF03194024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250–270. 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scale: Manual (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, E. M., Kemmler, G., Deisenhammer, E. A., Fleischhacker, W. W., & Delazer, M. (2003). Sex differences in cognitive functions. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 863–875. 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00288-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, R. L., Crook, T. H., & Barron, K. L. (1992). Everyday memory performance across the life span: Effects of age and noncognitive individual differences. Psychology and Aging, 7, 72–82. 10.1037/0882-7974.7.1.72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelinski, E. M., Gilewski, M. J., & Schaie, K. W. (1993). Individual differences in cross-sectional and 3-year longitudinal memory performance across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 8, 176–186. 10.1037/0882-7974.8.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar