815
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Investigating the variability of memory distortion for an analogue trauma

&
Pages 991-1000 | Received 09 Apr 2014, Accepted 14 Jul 2014, Published online: 08 Aug 2014

REFERENCES

  • Alter, A. L., & Oppenheimer, D. M. (2009). Uniting the tribes of fluency to form a metacognitive nation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13, 219–235. doi:10.1177/1088868309341564
  • Bennett, H., & Wells, A. (2010). Metacognition, memory disorganization and rumination in posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 318–325. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.004
  • Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2005). The science of false memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveria, R. A., Rohenkohl, G., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories? Psychological Science, 19, 919–925. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02177.x
  • Bryant, R. A., & Guthrie, R. M. (2005). Maladaptive appraisals as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress. Psychological Science, 16, 749–752. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01608.x
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., & Kao, C. F. (1984). The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 306–307. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_13
  • Christianson, S.-Å., & Loftus, E. F. (1991). Remembering emotional events: The fate of detailed information. Emotion and Cognition, 5(2), 81–108. doi:10.1080/02699939108411027
  • Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53, 594–628. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.08.005
  • Dougal, S., & Rotello, C. M. (2007). “Remembering” emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 423–429. doi:10.3758/BF03194083
  • Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., & McNally, R. J. (2008). Memory consistency for traumatic events in Dutch soldiers deployed to Iraq. Memory, 16(1), 3–9. doi:10.1080/09658210701334022
  • Gallo, D. A., Roberts, M. J., & Seamon, J. G. (1997). Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we avoid creating false memories? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 271–276. doi:10.3758/BF03209405
  • Gallo, D. A., Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (2001). Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 579–586. doi:10.3758/BF03196194
  • Garry, M., & Wade, K. A. (2005). Actually, a picture is worth less than 45 words: Narratives produce more false memories than photographs do. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12, 359–366. doi:10.3758/BF03196385
  • Gerrie, M. P., Belcher, L. E., & Garry, M. (2006). ‘Mind the gap’: False memories for missing aspects of an event. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 689–696. doi:10.1002/acp.1221
  • Gerrie, M. P., & Garry, M. (2007). Individual differences in working memory capacity affect false memories for missing aspects of events. Memory, 15, 561–571. doi:10.1080/09658210701391634
  • Gerrie, M. P., & Garry, M. (2011). Warnings reduce false memories for missing aspects of events. Experimental Psychology, 58, 207–216. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000087
  • Giosan, C., Malta, L., Jayasinghe, N., Spielman, L., & Difede, J. (2009). Relationships between memory inconsistency for traumatic events following 9/11 and PTSD in disaster restoration workers. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 557–561. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.11.004
  • Hannigan, S. L., & Reinitz, M. T. (2001). A demonstration and comparison of two types of inference-based memory errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 931–940. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.4.931
  • Holmes, E. A., & Bourne, C. (2008). Inducing and modulating intrusive emotional memories: A review of the trauma film paradigm. Acta Psychologica, 127, 553–566. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.002
  • Horowitz, M., Wilner, N., & Alvarez, W. (1979). Impact of event scale. A measure of subjective stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 41, 209–218. doi:10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
  • Howe, M. L., & Derbish, M. H. (2010). On the susceptibility of adaptive memory to false memory illusions. Cognition, 115, 252–267. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.016
  • Howe, M. L., Wimmer, M. C., Gagnon, N., & Plumpton, S. (2009). An associative-activation theory of children's and adults' memory illusions. Journal of Memory and Language, 60, 229–251. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2008.10.002
  • Hyman, I. E., Jr., & Pentland, J. (1996). The role of mental imagery in the creation of false childhood memories. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 101–117. doi:10.1006/jmla.1996.0006
  • Jenkins, J. J., Wald, J., & Pittenger, J. B. (1986). Apprehending pictorial events: An instance of psychological cohesion. In V. McCabe & G. J. Balzano (Eds.), Event cognition: An ecological perspective (pp. 117–133). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993). Source monitoring. Psychological Bulletin, 114(1), 3–28. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3
  • Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & Cognition, 31, 1169–1180. doi:10.3758/BF03195800
  • Kirsch, I. (1999). How expectancies shape experience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Koenen, K. C., Stellman, S. D., Dohrenwend, B. P., Sommer, J. F., Jr., & Stellman, J. M. (2007). The consistency of combat exposure reporting and course of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(1), 3–13. doi:10.1002/jts.20191
  • Lindsay, D. S., & Johnson, M. K. (1989). The eyewitness suggestibility effect and memory for source. Memory & Cognition, 17, 349–358. doi:10.3758/BF03198473
  • Lindsay, S. (2008). Source monitoring. In H. L. Roediger, III & J. Byrne (Eds.), Cognitive psychology of memory. Vol. [2] of learning and memory: A comprehensive reference (pp. 325–348). Oxford: Elsevier.
  • McNally, R. J., Bryant, R. A., & Ehlers, A. (2003). Does early psychological intervention promote recovery from posttraumatic stress? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 45–79.
  • Nourkova, V., Bernstein, D., & Loftus, E. (2004). Altering traumatic memory. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 575–585. doi:10.1080/02699930341000455
  • Ochsner, K. N. (2000). Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 129, 242–261.
  • Otgaar, H., Candel, I., & Merckelbach, H. (2008). Children's false memories: Easier to elicit for a negative than for a neutral event. Acta Psychologica, 128, 350–354. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.009
  • Porter, S., Bellhouse, S., McDougall, A., ten Brinke, L., & Wilson, K. (2010). A prospective investigation of the vulnerability of memory for positive and negative emotional scenes to the misinformation effect. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 42, 55–61.
  • Porter, S., Spencer, L., & Birt, A. R. (2003). Blinded by emotion? Effect of emotionality of a scene on susceptibility to false memories. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 35, 165–175. doi:10.1037/h0087198
  • Porter, S., & Peace, K. (2007). The scars of memory: A prospective, longitudinal investigation of the consistency of traumatic and positive emotional memories in adulthood. Psychological Science, 18, 435–441.
  • Porter, S., Taylor, K., & ten Brinke, L. (2008). Memory for media: Investigation of false memories for negatively and positively charged public events. Memory, 16, 658–666.
  • Porter, S., Yuille, J. C., & Lehman, D. R. (1999). The nature of real, implanted, and fabricated memories for emotional childhood event: Implications for he recovered memory debate. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 517–537. doi:10.1023/A:1022344128649
  • Reisberg, D., & Heuer, R. (2004). Memory for emotional events. In D. Reisberg & P. Hertel (Eds.), Memory and emotion (pp. 3–41). London: Oxford University Press.
  • Sharot, T., Delgado, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2004). How emotion enhances the feeling of remembering. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1376–1380. doi:10.1038/nn1353
  • Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., III, Nicolaou, A. L., & Charney, D. S. (1997). Consistency in memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of operation desert storm. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 173–177.
  • Strange, D., & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2012). False memories for missing aspects of traumatic events. Acta Psychologica, 141, 322–326. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.08.005
  • Sutherland, R., & Hayne, H. (2001). The effect of postevent information on adults' eyewitness reports. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 249–263. doi:10.1002/acp.700
  • Troyer, A. K., Winocur, G., Craik, F. I. M., & Moscovitch, M. (1999). Source memory and divided attention: Reciprocal costs to primary and secondary tasks. Neuropsychology, 13, 467–474. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.13.4.467
  • Wyshak, G. (1994). The relation between change in reports of traumatic events and symptoms of psychiatric distress. General Hospital Psychiatry, 16, 290–297. doi:10.1016/0163-8343(94)90009-4

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.