Stereotype threat reduces false recognition when older adults are forewarned

REFERENCES

• Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013a). Stereotype threat can reduce older adults’ memory errors. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 66, 1888–1895. doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.840656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2013b). Stereotype threat can enhance, as well as impair, older adults’ memory. Psychological Science, 24, 2522–2529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, S. J., & Mather, M. (2014). Stereotype threat in older adults: When and why does it occur, and who is most affected? In P. Verhaeghen & C. Hertzog (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of emotion, social cognition, and problem solving during adulthood (pp. 302–320). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 256–276. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.2.256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjork, E. L., & Bjork, R. A. (Eds.). (1996). Memory. In E. C. Carterette & M. P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception and cognition, Volume 10. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brink, T. L., Yesavage, J. A., Lum, O., Heersema, P., Adey, M. B., & Rose, T. L. (1982). Screening tests for geriatric depression. Clinical Gerontologist, 1, 37–44. doi:10.1300/J018v01n01_06
   Google Scholar
• Butler, K. M., McDaniel, M. A., McCabe, D. P., & Dornburg, C. C. (2010). The influence of distinctive processing manipulations on older adults’ false memory. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 17, 129–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carneiro, P., & Fernandez, A. (2013). Retrieval dynamics in false recall: Revelations from identifiability manipulations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 488–495. doi:10.3758/s13423-012-0361-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasteen, A. L., Bhattacharyya, S., Horhota, M., Tam, R., & Hasher, L. (2005). How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults’ memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 31, 235–260. doi:10.1080/03610730590948177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp, W. C., & Gazzaley, A. (2012). Distinct mechanisms for the impact of distraction and interruption on working memory in aging. Neurobiology of Aging, 33, 134–148.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, G., & Faulkner, D. (1986). Memory for proper names: Age differences in retrieval. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 187–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desrichard, O., & Kopetz, C. (2005). A threat in the elder: The impact of task instructions, self-efficacy and performance expectations on memory performance in the elderly. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 537–552. doi:10.1002/ejsp.249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-Mental State”: A practical method for grading the mental state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, D. A. (2006). Associative illusions of memory: False memory research in DRM and related tasks. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallo, D. A. (2010). False memories and fantastic beliefs: 15 years of the DRM illusion. Memory & Cognition, 38, 833–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, D. A., Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (2001). Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 579–586. doi:10.3758/BF03196194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady, C. (2012). The cognitive neuroscience of aging. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13, 491–505. doi:10.1038/nrn3256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greatbatch, D. (2006). Prescriptions and prescribing: Coordinating talk- and text-based activities. In J. Heritage & D. W. Maynard (Eds.), Communication in medical care: Interaction between primary care physicians and patients (pp. 313–339). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hasson, U., Nusbaum, H. C., & Small, S. L. (2007). Brain networks subserving the extraction of sentence information and its encoding to memory. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 2899–2913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, T. M., Auman, C., Colcombe, S. J., & Rahhal, T. A. (2003). The impact of stereotype threat on age differences in memory performance. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58B, 3–11
   Google Scholar
• Hess, T. M., Emery, L., & Queen, T. L. (2009). Task demands moderate stereotype threat effects on memory performance. The Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 64B, 482–486. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp044
   Google Scholar
• Hess, T. M., Hinson, J. T., & Hodges, E. A. (2009). Moderators of and mechanisms underlying stereotype threat effects on older adults’ memory performance. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 153–177. doi:10.1080/03610730802716413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. The American Psychologist, 52, 1280–1300. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite, M. E., & Johnson, B. T. (1988). Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 233–244. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.3.3.233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krendl, A., Ambady, N., & Kensinger, E. A. (2015). The dissociable effects of stereotype threat on older adults’ memory encoding and retrieval. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4, 103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacWhinney, B. (1998). Models of the emergence of language. Annual Review of Psychology, 49, 199–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, M., Regner, I., Morisset, P., Rigalleua, F., & Huguet, P. (2012). Stereotype threat strengthens automatic recall and undermines controlled processes in older adults. Psychological Science, 23, 723–727. doi:10.1177/0956797612437607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, D. P., & Smith, A. D. (2002). The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults. Memory & Cognition, 30, 1065–1077. doi:10.3758/BF03194324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M. B., Guerin, S. A., & Wolford, G. L. (2011). The strategic nature of false recognition in the DRM paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, 37, 1228–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilling, M., & Davies, I. R. L. (2004). Linguistic relativism and colour cognition. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 429–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popham, L. E., & Hess, T. M. (2013). Age differences in the underlying mechanisms of stereotype threat effects. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahhal, T. A., Hasher, L., & Colcombe, S. J. (2001). Instructional manipulations and age differences in memory: Now you see them, now you don’t. Psychology & Aging, 16, 697–706. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.16.4.697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz, N. (2005). Ageing and the brain. eLS. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/npg.els.0004063/abstract
   Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803–814. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, D. P., Shimamura, A. P., Butters, N., & Smith, S. (1988). Lexical and semantic priming in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 10, 477–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008). An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance. Psychological Review, 115, 336–356. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.115.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibt, B., & Foörster, J. (2004). Stereotype threat and performance: How self-stereotypes influence processing by inducing regulatory foci. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 38–56. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. E., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Fredrickson, B. L., & Loftus, G. (2003). Atkinson and Hilgard’s introduction to psychology, 14th Edition. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Stadler, M. A., Roediger, H. L., III, & McDermot, K. B. (1999). Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory & Cognition, 27, 494–500. doi:10.3758/BF03211543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797–811. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, A. K., & Dubois, S. J. (2011). Reducing the burden of stereotype threat eliminates age differences in memory distortion. Psychological Science, 22, 1515–1517. doi:10.1177/0956797611425932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tun, P. A., Wingfield, A., Rosen, M. J., & Blanchard, L. (1998). Response latencies for false memories: Gist-based processes in normal aging. Psychology & Aging, 13, 230–241. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.13.2.230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory & Language, 46, 441–517. doi:10.1006/jmla.2002.2864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar