Rumination and self-reflection in stress narratives and relations to psychological functioning

References

• Adler, J. M. (2012). Living into the story: Agency and coherence in a longitudinal study of narrative identity development and mental health over the course of psychotherapy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 367–389. doi: 10.1037/a0025289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler, J. M., Kissel, E. C., & McAdams, D. P. (2006). Emerging from the CAVE: Attributional style and the narrative study of identity in midlife adults. Cognitive Therapy, 30, 39–51. doi: 10.1007/s10608-006-9005-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of developmental from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baerger D. R., & McAdams D. P. (1999). Life story coherence and its relation to psychological well-being. Narrative Inquiry, 9, 69–96. doi: 10.1075/ni.9.1.05bae
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, M. V., & Salmon, K. (2013). Reasoning about the self in positive and negative ways: Relationship to psychological functioning in young adulthood. Memory, 21, 10–26. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.707213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the good life: Growth memories in the lives of mature, happy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 203–217. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, S. L., Montgomery, M. J., & Kurtines, W. M. (2004). The development and validation of a measure of identity distress. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 4(1), 1–8. doi: 10.1207/S1532706XID0401_1
   Google Scholar
• Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., McAnally, H. M., Wang, Q., & Reese, E. (2013). The coherence of critical event narratives and adolescents’ psychological functioning. Memory, 20, 667–681. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.693934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Fivush, R., Edwards, V. J., & Mennuti-Washburn, J. (2003). Narratives of 911: Relations among personal involvement, narrative content, and memory of the emotional impact over time. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 1099–1111. doi: 10.1002/acp.988
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush, R., Habermas, T., Waters, T. E. A., & Zaman, W. (2011). The making of autobiographical memories: Intersections of culture, narratives, and identity. International Journal of Psychology, 46, 321–345. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.596541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush, R., Marin, K. A., Crawford, M., Brewin, C. R., & Reynolds, M. (2007). Children's narratives and well-being. Cognition & Emotion, 21, 1414–1434. doi: 10.1080/02699930601109531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genet, J. J., & Siemer, M. (2012). Rumination moderates the effects of daily events on negative mood: Results from a diary study. Emotion, 12, 1329–1339. doi: 10.1037/a0028070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhoot, A. F., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Introduction to this special issue meaning in personal memories: Is more always better? Memory, 21, 1–9. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.771927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grysman, A., & Hudson, J. (2013). Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations. Developmental Review, 33, 239–272. doi: 10.1016/j.dr.2013.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748–769. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.126.5.748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, T., Ott, L. M., Schubert, M., Schneider, B., & Pate, A. (2008). Stuck in the past: Negative bias, explanatory style, temporal order, and evaluative perspectives in life narratives of clinically depressed individuals. Depression and Anxiety, 25, 212–132. doi: 10.1002/da.20389
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt, M. A., Austenfeld, J., & Stanton, A. L. (2014). Processing coping methods in expressive essays about stressful experiences: Predictors of health benefit. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepore, S. J., Greenberg, M. A., Bruno, M., & Smyth, J. M. (2002). Expressive writing and health: Self-regulation of emotion-related experience, physiology, and behavior. In S. J. Lepore & J. M. Smyth (Eds.), The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and emotional well being (pp. 99–117). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Lilgendahl, J. P., & McAdams, D. P. (2011). Constructing stories of self-growth: How individual differences in patterns of autobiographical reasoning relate towel-being in midlife. Journal of Personality, 79, 391–428. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00688.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilgendahl, J. P., McLean, K. C., & Mansfield, C. D. (2013). When is meaning making unhealthy for the self? The roles of neuroticism, implicit theories, and memory telling in trauma and transgression memories. Memory, 21, 79–96. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.706615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Berzonsky, M. D., Smits, I., Goosens, L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2007). Information-oriented identity processing, identity consolidation, and well-being: The moderating role of autonomy, self-reflection, and self-rumination. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1099–1111. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., Sousa, L., & Dickerhoof, R. (2006). The costs and benefits of writing, talking, and thinking about life's triumphs and defeats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 692–708. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.4.692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A. (2001). The health benefits of writing about life goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 798–807. doi: 10.1177/0146167201277003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., Scollon, C. K., Ramsey, C. M., & Williams, T. (2000). Stories of life transition: Happy endings, subjective well-being, and ego development in parents of children with Down syndrome. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 509–536. doi: 10.1006/jrpe.2000.2285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, K., Bohanek, J. G., & Fivush, R. (2008). Positive effects of talking about the negative: Family narratives of negative experiences and preadolescents’ perceived competence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(3), 573–593. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00572.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (1992). Unity and purpose in human lives: The emergence of identity as a life story. In R. A. Zucker, A. I. Rabin, J. Aronoff, & S. J. Frank (Eds.), Personality structure in the life course: Essays on personology in the Murray tradition. (pp. 323–375). New York: Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100–122. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.2.100
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P. (2003). Identity and the life story. In R. Fivush and C. A. Haden (Eds.), Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self: Developmental and cultural perspectives (pp. 187–207). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A. H., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narratives and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474–485. doi: 10.1177/0146167201274008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity development: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41, 683–691. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Aldao, A. (2011). Gender and age differences in emotion regulation strategies and their relationship to depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 704–708. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Morrow, J. (1991). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7(6), 561–570. doi: 10.1080/02699939308409206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor, R. C., & Noyce, R. (2008). Personality and cognitive processes: Self-criticism and different types of rumination as predictors of suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 392–401. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pals, J. L. (2006). Narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74, 1079–1109. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00403.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 257–301. doi: 10.1037/a0018301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. R. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50, 85–110.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., & Beall, S. K. (1986). Confronting a traumatic event: Toward an understanding of inhibition and disease. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 9, 274–281.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., & Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing: Connections to physical and mental health. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417–437). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Pillemer, D. B. (1998). Momentous events: Vivid memories. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne, D. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self- image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1997). Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 790–803. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sales, J., Merrill, N., & Fivush, R. (2013). Does making meaning make it better? Narrative meaning making and well-being in at-risk African-American adolescent females. Memory, 21, 97–110. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2012.706614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2010). Brooding and reflection as subtypes of rumination: Evidence from the confirmatory factor analysis in nonclinical samples using the Dutch ruminative response scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 32, 609–617. doi: 10.1007/s10862-010-9182-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited usefulness of Cronbach's alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 107–120. doi: 10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, A. L., Kendis, R. J., Fine, J. T., & Porac, J. (1977). A short measure of Eriksonian ego identity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41(3), 279–284. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4103_9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach's alpha. National Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67–85. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284–304. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. doi: 10.1023/A:1023910315561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinokur, A., & Selzer, M. L. (1975). Desirable versus undesirable life events: Their relationship to stress and mental distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 329–337. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, E. (2004). Appraisals and strategies associated with rumination and worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 679–694. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar