The moderating effects of nostalgia on mood and optimism during the COVID-19 pandemic

References

• Abeyta, A. A., Routledge, C., & Kaslon, S. (2020). Combating loneliness with nostalgia: Nostalgic feelings attenuate negative thoughts and motivations associated With loneliness. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1219. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01219
   Google Scholar
• Anet, A., Pike, A., & Robinson, O. J. (2020). COVID-19 resources: COVID_questions_Anet_Pike_Robinson Version: 1. https://osf.io/wz9hv/.
   Google Scholar
• Batcho, K. I. (1995). Nostalgia: A psychological perspective. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80(1), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batcho, K. I. (2013). NOSTALGIA: The bittersweet history of a psychological concept. History of Psychology, 16(3), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batcho, K. I. (2020). When nostalgia tilts to sad: Anticipatory and personal nostalgia. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1186. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. (2020). Mental health – Household pulse survey – COVID-19. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/covid19/pulse/mental-health.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S51–S54. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, W. Y., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016). Induced nostalgia increases optimism (via social-connectedness and self-esteem) among individuals high, but not low, in trait nostalgia. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Autobiographical memory functions of nostalgia in comparison to rumination and counterfactual thinking: Similarity and uniqueness. Memory (Hove, England), 26(2), 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1346129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1484–1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo, D., Suso-Ribera, C., Fernández-Álvarez, J., Cipresso, P., Garcia-Palacios, A., Riva, G., & Botella, C. (2020). Affect recall bias: Being resilient by distorting reality. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(5), 906–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10122-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Brigard, F. (2018). Nostalgia and mental simulation. In A. Gotlib (Ed.), The moral psychology of sadness (pp. 155–181). Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• De Brigard, F., & Parikh, N. (2019). Episodic counterfactual thinking. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418806512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duyser, F. A., van Eijndhoven, P. F. P., Bergman, M. A., Collard, R. M., Schene, A. H., Tendolkar, I., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2020). Negative memory bias as a transdiagnostic cognitive marker for depression symptom severity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 274, 1165–1172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FioRito, T. A., & Routledge, C. (2020). Is nostalgia a past or future-oriented experience? Affective, behavioral, social cognitive, and neuroscientific evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammon, S., & Ramshaw, G. (2020). Distancing from the present: Nostalgia and leisure in lockdown. Leisure Sciences, 43(1-2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1773993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrido, S. (2018). The influence of personality and coping style on the affective outcomes of nostalgia: Is nostalgia a healthy coping mechanism or rumination? Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.07.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giusti, L., Salza, A., Mammarella, S., Bianco, D., Ussorio, D., Casacchia, M., & Roncone, R. (2020). #Everything will be fine. Duration of home confinement and “all-or-nothing” cognitive thinking style as predictors of traumatic distress in young University students on a digital platform during the COVID-19 Italian lockdown. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 574812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.574812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griesinger, W. (1867/1965). Mental pathology and therapeutics. Hafner Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Grömping, U. (2006). Relative importance for linear regression in R: The package relaimpo. Journal of Statistical Software, 17(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v017.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove, J. R., & Prapavessis, H. (1992). Preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of an abbreviated profile of mood states. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23(2), 93–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Ritchie, T. D., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2012). Odyssey’s end: Lay conceptions of nostalgia reflect its original homeric meaning. Emotion, 12(1), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepper, E. G., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Robertson, S., & Routledge, C. D. (2021). Time capsule: Nostalgia shields psychological wellbeing from limited time horizons. Emotion, 21(3), 644–664. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer, J. (1934). Medical dissertation on nostalgia. In Bulletin of the history of medicine (Vol. 2).
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, H. A. (1987). The psychopathology of nostalgia. Psychoanalytic Review, 74(4), 465–486.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kersten, M., Cox, C. R., & Van Enkevort, E. A. (2016). An exercise in nostalgia: Nostalgia promotes health optimism and physical activity. Psychology and Health, 31(10), 1166–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2016.1185524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killgore, W. D. S., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291, 113216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirzinger, A., Kearney, A., Hamel, L., & Brodie, M. (2020). KFF health tracking poll – Early April 2020: The impact of coronavirus on life in America. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-early-april-2020/
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. T., McGraw, A. P., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001). Can people feel happy and sad at the same time? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(4), 684–696. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.81.4.684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. A. (2019). Interactions: Comprehensive, user-friendly toolkit for probing interactions. http://www.cran.r-project.org.
   Google Scholar
• Mak, W. W. S., Ng, I. S. W., & Wong, C. C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing well-being through the positive cognitive triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh, L., Edginton, T., Conway, M. A., & Loveday, C. (2019). Positivity bias in past and future episodic thinking: Relationship with anxiety, depression, and retrieval-induced forgetting. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(3), 508–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818758620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, W. H. (1941). Nostalgia: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 38(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057354
   Google Scholar
• Millstein, R. A., Chung, W. J., Hoeppner, B. B., Boehm, J. K., Legler, S. R., Mastromauro, C. A., & Huffman, J. C. (2019). Development of the state optimism measure. General Hospital Psychiatry, 58, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2019.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, D. B., & Sachs, M. E. (2020). The negative interactive effects of nostalgia and loneliness on affect in daily life. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 2185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, D. B., Sachs, M. E., Stone, A. A., & Schwarz, N. (2020). Nostalgia and well-being in daily life: An ecological validity perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(2), 325–347. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., Russell, B. S., Fendrich, M., Finkelstein-Fox, L., Hutchison, M., & Becker, J. (2020). Americans’ COVID-19 stress, coping, and adherence to CDC guidelines. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(8), 2296–2303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05898-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rees, L., Rothman, N. B., Lehavy, R., & Sanchez-Burks, J. (2013). The ambivalent mind can be a wise mind: Emotional ambivalence increases judgment accuracy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(3), 360–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, C. A., Green, J. D., Short, S. D., Willis, K. D., Moloney, J. M., Collison, E. A., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Gramling, S. (2021). The past as a resource for the bereaved: Nostalgia predicts declines in distress. Cognition and Emotion, 35(2), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2020.1825339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hart, C. M., Juhl, J., Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M., & Schlotz, W. (2011). The past makes the present meaningful: Nostalgia as an existential resource. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety. Self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016). Past forward: Nostalgia as a motivational force. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(5), 319–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2018). Finding meaning in nostalgia. Review of General Psychology, 22(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2019). The motivational potency of nostalgia: The future is called yesterday. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2019.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Solberg Nes, L., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2006). Dispositional optimism and coping: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, M. L., Yin, S., & Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2019). A reason-based explanation for moral dumbfounding. Judgment and Decision Making, 14(2), 120–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijke, M., Leunissen, J. M., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Nostalgia promotes intrinsic motivation and effort in the presence of low interactional justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 150, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2018.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2020). Rolling updates on coronavirus disease (COVID-19). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.
   Google Scholar
• Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Mo, T., Li, W., Hong, E. K., & Wildschut, T. (2021). The restorative power of nostalgia: Thwarting loneliness by raising happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(4), 803–815. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211041830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Gao, D. G. (2008). Counteracting loneliness: On the restorative function of nostalgia. Psychological Science, 19(10), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Chen, X., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2012). Heartwarming memories: Nostalgia maintains physiological comfort. Emotion, 12(4), 678–684. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar