Encoding-phase orientation toward thematic content over perceptual style benefits picture memory

References

• Addis, D. R. (2020). Mental time travel? A neurocognitive model of event simulation. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 11(2), 233–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13164-020-00470-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, F. N., Moscovitch, M., & Hockley, W. E. (2017). Effects of varying presentation time on long-term recognition memory for scenes: Verbatim and gist representations. Memory & Cognition, 45(3), 390–403. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0672-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alba, J. W., & Hasher, L. (1983). Is memory schematic? Psychological Bulletin, 93(2), 203–231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.93.2.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aly, M., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2016). Attention promotes episodic encoding by stabilizing hippocampal representations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(4), E420–E429. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518931113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2017). Is the levels of processing effect language-limited? Journal of Memory and Language, 92, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JML.2016.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, W. P. (1970). Signal detection theory and human memory. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0029531
   Google Scholar
• Bein, O., Reggev, N., & Maril, A. (2020). Prior knowledge promotes hippocampal separation but cortical assimilation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Nature Communications, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18364-1
   Google Scholar
• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-Trace theory and false memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11(5), 164–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, J. C. K. K., McDermott, K. B., Watson, J. M., & Gallo, D. A. (2005). The importance of material-processing interactions in inducing false memories. Memory and Cognition, 33(3), 389–395. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coltheart, V. (1977). Recognition errors after incidental learning as a function of different levels of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 3(4), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.3.4.437
   Google Scholar
• Córdova, N. I., Turk-Browne, N. B., & Aly, M. (2019). Focusing on what matters: Modulation of the human hippocampus by relational attention. Hippocampus, 29(11), 1025–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.23082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F., & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104(3), 268–294. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.104.3.268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craik, F. I. M. (2021). Remembering: An activity of mind and brain. Remembering: An Activity of Mind and Brain, 1–301. https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780192895226.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Davies, G., & Cubbage, A. (1976). Attribute coding at different levels of processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 28(4), 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640747608400591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durso, F. T., & Johnson, M. K. (1980). The effects of orienting tasks on recognition, recall, and modality confusion of pictures and words. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19(4), 416–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(80)90294-7
   Google Scholar
• Elias, C. S., & Perfetti, C. A. (1973). Encoding task and recognition memory: The importance of semantic encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 99(2), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034644
   Google Scholar
• Fallow, K. M., & Lindsay, D. S. (2022). Subjective experiences of recognizing and not recognizing paintings and words. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/CEP0000291
   Google Scholar
• Fawcett, J. M., Quinlan, C. K., & Taylor, T. L. (2012). Interplay of the production and picture superiority effects: A signal detection analysis. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.693510
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, A. (1979). Framing pictures: The role of knowledge in automatized encoding and memory for gist. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108(3), 316–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii, T., Okuda, J., Tsukiura, T., Ohtake, H., Suzuki, M., Kawashima, R., Itoh, M., Fukuda, H., & Yamadori, A. (2002). Encoding-related brain activity during deep processing of verbal materials: A PET study. Neuroscience Research, 44(4), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-0102(02)00160-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghetti, S., & Angelini, L. (2008). The development of recollection and familiarity in childhood and adolescence: Evidence from the dual-process signal detection model. Child Development, 79(2), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01129.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilboa, A., & Marlatte, H. (2017). Neurobiology of schemas and schema-mediated memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21(8), 618–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2017.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Günseli, E., Aly, M., Gunseli, E., Aly, M., Günseli, E., & Aly, M. (2019). Preparation for upcoming attentional states in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. ELife, 9, 1–39. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.53191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasson, U., Chen, J., & Honey, C. J. (2015). Hierarchical process memory: Memory as an integral component of information processing. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(6), 304. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TICS.2015.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockley, W. E. (2008). The picture superiority effect in associative recognition. Memory and Cognition, 36(7), 1351–1359. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.36.7.1351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff, M. J., Bodner, G. E., & Gretz, M. R. (2021). Distinctive encoding of a subset of DRM lists yields not only benefits, but also costs and spillovers. Psychological Research, 85(1), 280–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-019-01241-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intraub, H., & Nicklos, S. (1985). Levels of processing and picture memory. The physical superiority effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(2), 284–298. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.11.2.284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby, L. L., Shimizu, Y., Velanova, K., & Rhodes, M. G. (2005). Age differences in depth of retrieval: Memory for foils. Journal of Memory and Language, 52(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapur, S., Craikt, F. I. M., Tulving, E., Wilson, A. A., Houle, S., & Brown, G. M. (2008). Neuroanatomical correlates of encoding in episodic memory: Levels of processing effect. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.6.2008
   Google Scholar
• Kole, J. A., & Healy, A. F. (2007). Using prior knowledge to minimize interference when learning large amounts of information. Memory and Cognition, 35(1), 124–137. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde-Domingo, J., Treder, M. S., Kerrén, C., & Wimber, M. (2019). Evidence that neural information flow is reversed between object perception and object reconstruction from memory. Nature Communications, 10(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-08080-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lockhart, R. S. (2002). Levels of processing, transfer-appropriate processing, and the concept of robust encoding. Memory (Hove, England), 10(5–6), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupyan, G. (2008). From chair to “chair”: A representational shift account of object labeling effects on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(2), 348–369. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, W. (1991). Effects of encoding the perceptual features of pictures on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17(3), 566–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.17.3.566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, C. B., Douglas, D., Newsome, R. N., Man, L. L. Y., & Barense, M. D. (2018). Integrative and distinctive coding of visual and conceptual object features in the ventral visual stream. ELife, 7, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.31873
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade, M. E., & Fernandes, M. A. (2017). Semantic and visual relatedness of distractors impairs episodic retrieval of pictures in a divided attention paradigm. Visual Cognition, 25(7-8), 825–840. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2017.1344341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscovitch, M., & Craik, F. I. M. (1976). Depth of processing, retrieval cues, and uniqueness of encoding as factors in recall. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 15(4), 447–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(76)90040-2
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, D. L., Reed, V. S., & McEvoy, C. L. (1977). Learning to order pictures and words: A model of sensory and semantic encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 3(5), 485–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.3.5.485
   Google Scholar
• Neuschatz, J. S., Lampinen, J. M., Preston, E. L., Hawkins, E. R., & Toglia, M. P. (2002). The effect of memory schemata on memory and the phenomenological experience of naturalistic situations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(6), 687–708. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieznański, M. (2020). Levels-of-processing effects on context and target recollection for words and pictures. Acta Psychologica, 209, 103127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTPSY.2020.103127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odegard, T. N., Holliday, R. E., Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). Attention to global gist processing eliminates age effects in false memories. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99(2), 96–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otgaar, H., Smeets, T., & van Bergen, S. (2010). Picturing survival memories: Enhanced memory after fitness-relevant processing occurs for verbal and visual stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 38(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.1.23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovalle-Fresa, R., Uslu, A. S., & Rothen, N. (2021). Levels of processing affect perceptual features in visual associative memory. Psychological Science, 32(2), 267–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkin, A. J. (1983). The relationship between orienting tasks and the structure of memory traces – evidence from false recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 74(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01843.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Preston, A. R., & Eichenbaum, H. (2013). Interplay of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in memory. Current Biology, 23(17), 764–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.05.041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reder, L. M., Victoria, L. W., Manelis, A., Oates, J. M., Dutcher, J. M., Bates, J. T., Cook, S., Aizenstein, H. J., Quinlan, J., & Gyulai, F. (2013). Why it’s easier to remember seeing a face we already know than one we don’t: Preexisting memory representations facilitate memory formation. Psychological Science, 24(3), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612457396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. G., & Anastasi, J. S. (2000). The effects of a levels-of-processing manipulation on false recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(1), 158–162. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03210735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richler, J. J., Gauthier, I., & Palmeri, T. J. (2011). Automaticity of basic-level categorization accounts for labeling effects in visual recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 37(6), 1579–1587. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roediger, H. L., & Gallo, D. (2013). Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging. In M. Naveh-Benjamin, M. Moscovitch, & I. Roediger (Eds.), Perspectives on human memory and cognitive aging. Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203759707.
   Google Scholar
• Schlichting, M. L., & Preston, A. R. (2015). Memory integration: Neural mechanisms and implications for behavior. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.07.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schott, B. H., Wüstenberg, T., Wimber, M., Fenker, D. B., Zierhut, K. C., Seidenbecher, C. I., Heinze, H. J., Walter, H., Düzel, E., & Richardson-Klavehn, A. (2013). The relationship between level of processing and hippocampal-cortical functional connectivity during episodic memory formation in humans. Human Brain Mapping, 34(2), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, H., & Reingold, E. M. (2012). Levels of processing influences both recollection and familiarity: Evidence from a modified remember-know paradigm. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(1), 438–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.09.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staresina, B. P., Gray, J. C., & Davachi, L. (2009). Event congruency enhances episodic memory encoding through semantic elaboration and relational binding. Cerebral Cortex, 19(5), 1198–1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhn165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenberg, G. (2006). Conceptual and perceptual factors in the picture superiority effect. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 18(6), 813–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440500412361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symons, C. S., & Johnson, B. T. (1997). The self-reference effect in memory: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 121(3), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.121.3.371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., & Buckner, R. L. (1998). Building memories: Remembering and forgetting of verbal experiences as predicted by brain activity. Science, 281(5380), 1188–1191. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.281.5380.1188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wammes, J. D., Jonker, T. R., & Fernandes, M. A. (2019). Drawing improves memory: The importance of multimodal encoding context. Cognition, 191, 103955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, M. W., Hughes, A. T., & TOBIAS Randolph-Macon College, S. B. (1985). Autobiographical elaboration a n d memory for adjectives. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 60(1), 55–58. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1985.60.1.55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, C. E., Turney, I. C., & Dennis, N. A. (2016). What’s the gist? The influence of schemas on the neural correlates underlying true and false memories. Neuropsychologia, 93(July), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilburn, C., & Feeney, A. (2008). Do development and learning really decrease memory? On similarity and category-based induction in adults and children. Cognition, 106(3), 1451–1464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, X., Zhao, Y., Zhao, P., & Yang, J. (2011). Effects of level of processing on emotional memory: Gist and details. Cognition & Emotion, 25(1), 53–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931003633805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441–517. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2002.2864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar