103
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Brief Report

The animacy (bias) effect in recognition: testing the influence of intentionality of learning and retrieval quality

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 18 Dec 2023, Accepted 27 May 2024, Published online: 13 Jun 2024

References

  • Aka, A., Bhatia, S., & McCoy, J. (2023). Semantic determinants of memorability. Cognition, 239, 105497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105497
  • Aka, A., Phan, T. D., & Kahana, M. J. (2021). Predicting recall of words and lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47(5), 765–784. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000964
  • Benders, B. (2007). Spot the difference. Arcturus Publishing Kids.
  • Bonin, P., Gelin, M., & Bugaiska, A. (2014). Animates are better remembered than inanimates: Further evidence from word and picture stimuli. Memory & Cognition, 42(3), 370–382. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0368-8
  • Bonin, P., Gelin, M., Laroche, B., Méot, A., & Bugaiska, A. (2015). The “how” of animacy effects in episodic memory. Experimental Psychology, 62(6), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000308
  • Bonin, P., Thiebaut, G., Bugaiska, A., & Méot, A. (2022). Mixed evidence for a richness-of-encoding account of animacy effects in memory from the generation-of-ideas paradigm. Current Psychology, 41(3), 1653–1662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02666-8
  • Bugaiska, A., Grégoire, L., Camblats, A.-M., Gelin, M., Méot, A., & Bonin, P. (2019). Animacy and attentional processes: Evidence from the Stroop task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 72(4), 882–889. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818771514
  • Bugaiska, A., Méot, A., & Bonin, P. (2016). Do healthy elders, like young adults, remember animates better than inanimates? An adaptive view. Experimental Aging Research, 42(5), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2016.1224631
  • Cameirão, M. L., & Vicente, S. G. (2010). Age-of-acquisition norms for a set of 1749 Portuguese words. Behavior Research Methods, 42(2), 474–480. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.42.2.474
  • Cortese, M. J., McCarty, D. P., & Schock, J. (2015). A mega recognition memory study of 2897 disyllabic words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 68(8), 1489–1501. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.945096
  • Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 163–228). Oxford University Press.
  • Craik, F., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X
  • Daley, M. J., Andrews, G., & Murphy, K. (2020). Animacy effects extend to working memory: Results from serial order recall tasks. Memory (Hove, England), 28(2), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2019.1699574
  • DeYoung, C. M., & Serra, M. J. (2021). Judgments of learning reflect the Animacy advantage for memory, but not beliefs about the effect. Metacognition and Learning, 16(3), 711–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-021-09264-w
  • Dienes, Z. (2014). Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00781
  • Einstein, G. O., & Hunt, R. R. (1980). Levels of processing and organization: Additive effects of individual-item and relational processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(5), 588–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.6.5.588
  • Eldridge, L. L., Sarfatti, S., & Knowlton, B. J. (2002). The effect of testing procedure on remember-know judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(1), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03196270
  • Espinosa-García, M., Vaquero, J. M. M., Milliken, B., & Tudela, P. (2017). Recollection and familiarity for words and faces: A study comparing Remember–Know judgements and the Process Dissociation Procedure. Memory (Hove, England), 25(1), 19–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1120310
  • Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
  • Félix, S. B., & Pandeirada, J. N. S. (2021). Norming studies for lexicosemantic and affective characteristics of European Portuguese words: A literature review. Análise Psicológica, 39(1), 107-131. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.1823
  • Félix, S. B., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Nairne, J. S. (2019). Adaptive memory: Longevity and learning intentionality of the animacy effect. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 31(3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2019.1586716
  • Félix, S. B., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Nairne, J. S. (2020). Animacy norms for 224 European Portuguese concrete words. Análise Psicológica, 38(2), 257–269. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.1690
  • Félix, S. B., Poirier, M., Nairne, J. S., & Pandeirada, J. N. S. (2023). The breadth of animacy in memory: New evidence from prospective memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-023-02406-y
  • Félix, S. B., Poirier, M., & Pandeirada, J. N. S. (2023). Is “earth” an animate thing? Cross-language and inter-age analyses of animacy word ratings in European Portuguese and British English young and older adults. PLoS One, 18, e0289755. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289755
  • Ganis, G., & Kievit, R. (2015). A new set of three-dimensional shapes for investigating mental rotation processes: Validation data and stimulus set. Journal of Open Psychology Data, 3, e3. https://doi.org/10.5334/jopd.ai
  • Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & Cognition, 16(4), 309–313. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197041
  • Gardiner, J. M., & Java, R. I. (1990). Recollective experience in word and nonword recognition. Memory & Cognition, 18(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202642
  • Gardiner, J. M., & Parkin, A. J. (1990). Attention and recollective experience in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 18(6), 579–583. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197100
  • Gelin, M., Bonin, P., Méot, A., & Bugaiska, A. (2018). Do animacy effects persist in memory for context? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(4), 965–974. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307866
  • Gelin, M., Bugaiska, A., Méot, A., & Bonin, P. (2017). Are animacy effects in episodic memory independent of encoding instructions? Memory (Hove, England), 25(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1117643
  • Guttentag, R. E., & Carroll, D. (1997). Recollection-based recognition: Word frequency effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(4), 502–516. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1997.2532
  • Howe, M. L. (2011). The adaptive nature of memory and its illusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(5), 312–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411416571
  • Howe, M. L., & Derbish, M. H. (2010). On the susceptibility of adaptive memory to false memory illusions. Cognition, 115(2), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.12.016
  • IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0 [Computer software]. https://www.ibm.com/uk-en
  • Jacoby, L. L. (1991). A process dissociation framework: Separating automatic from intentional uses of memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 30(5), 513–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-596X(91)90025-F
  • JASP Team. (2022). JASP (Version 0.16.3)[Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org/
  • Kazanas, S. A., Altarriba, J., & O’Brien, E. G. (2020). Paired-associate learning, animacy, and imageability effects in the survival advantage. Memory & Cognition, 48(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-019-01007-2
  • Klein, S. B., Cosmides, L., Tooby, J., & Chance, S. (2002). Decisions and the evolution of memory: Multiple systems, multiple functions. Psychological Review, 109(2), 306–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.2.306
  • Komar, G. F., Mieth, L., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2023a). Animacy enhances recollection but not familiarity: Convergent evidence from the remember-know-guess paradigm and the process-dissociation procedure. Memory & Cognition, 51(1), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-022-01339-6
  • Komar, G. F., Mieth, L., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2023b). The animacy effect on free recall is equally large in mixed and pure word lists or pairs. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 11499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38342-z
  • Komar, G. F., Mieth, L., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2024). Manipulations of richness of encoding do not modulate the animacy effect on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 50, 580–594. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0001249
  • Landauer, T. K., Foltz, P. W., & Laham, D. (1998). An introduction to latent semantic analysis. Discourse Processes, 25(2–3), 259–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638539809545028
  • Lau, M. C., Goh, W. D., & Yap, M. J. (2018). An item-level analysis of lexical-semantic effects in free recall and recognition memory using the megastudy approach. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 71(10), 2207–2222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021817739834
  • Laurino, J., & Kaczer, L. (2019). Animacy as a memory enhancer during novel word learning: Evidence from orthographic and semantic memory tasks. Memory (Hove, England), 27(6), 820–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2019.1572195
  • Leding, J. K. (2020). Animacy and threat in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 48(5), 788–799. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01017-5
  • Li, P., Jia, X., Li, X., & Li, W. (2016). The effect of animacy on metamemory. Memory & Cognition, 44(5), 696–705. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-016-0598-7
  • Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user’s guide (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Madan, C. R. (2021). Exploring word memorability: How well do different word properties explain item free-recall probability? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 28(2), 583–595. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01820-w
  • Mah, E., Grannon, K. E. L., Campbell, A., Tamburri, N., Jamieson, R. K., & Lindsay, S. D. (2023). A direct replication and extension of Popp and Serra (2016, experiment 1): Better free recall and worse cued recall of animal names than object names, accounting for semantic similarity. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1146200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1146200
  • Marques, J. F., Fonseca, F. L., Morais, S., & Pinto, I. A. (2007). Estimated age of acquisition norms for 834 Portuguese nouns and their relation with other psycholinguistic variables. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193013
  • Meinhardt, M. J., Bell, R., Buchner, A., & Röer, J. P. (2020). Adaptive memory: Is the animacy effect on memory due to richness of encoding? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 46(3), 416–426. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000733
  • Mieth, L., Röer, J. P., Buchner, A., & Bell, R. (2019). Adaptive memory: Enhanced source memory for animate entities. Memory (Hove, England), 27(8), 1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2019.1617882
  • Mulligan, N. W., Besken, M., & Peterson, D. (2010). Remember-Know and source memory instructions can qualitatively change old-new recognition accuracy: The modality-match effect in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(2), 558–566. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018408
  • Nairne, J. S., VanArsdall, J. E., & Cogdill, M. (2017). Remembering the living: Episodic memory is tuned to animacy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(1), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416667711
  • Nairne, J. S., VanArsdall, J. E., Pandeirada, J. N. S., Cogdill, M., & LeBreton, J. (2013). Adaptive memory: The mnemonic value of animacy. Psychological Science, 24(10), 2099–2105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613480803
  • New, J., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2007). Category-specific attention for animals reflects ancestral priorities, not expertise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(42), 16598–16603. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703913104
  • Popp, E. Y., & Serra, M. J. (2016). Adaptive memory: Animacy enhances free recall but impairs cued recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 42(2), 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000174
  • Pressley, M., McDaniel, M. A., Turnure, J. E., Wood, E., & Ahmad, M. (1987). Generation and precision of elaboration: Effects on intentional and incidental learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(2), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.13.2.291
  • Rajaram, S. (1993). Remembering and knowing: Two means of access to the personal past. Memory & Cognition, 21(1), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211168
  • Rawlinson, H. C., & Kelley, C. M. (2021). In search of the proximal cause of the animacy effect on memory: Attentional resource allocation and semantic representations. Memory & Cognition, 49(6), 1137–1152. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-021-01154-5
  • Rouder, J. N., Morey, R. D., Verhagen, J., Swagman, A. R., & Wagenmakers, E.-J. (2017). Bayesian analysis of factorial designs. Psychological Methods, 22(2), 304–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000057
  • Rouse, S. V. (2015). A reliability analysis of Mechanical Turk data. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 304–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.004
  • Serra, M. J. (2021). Animate and inanimate words demonstrate equivalent retrieval dynamics despite the occurrence of the animacy advantage. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 661451. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661451
  • Serra, M. J., & DeYoung, C. M. (2023). Within-pair factors might explain the inconsistent effects of animacy on paired-associates recall. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 30(2), 688–699. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-022-02184-z
  • Sherry, D. F., & Schacter, D. L. (1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems. Psychological Review, 94(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.4.439
  • Soares, A. P., Comesaña, M., Pinheiro, A., Simões, A., & Frade, C. (2012). The adaptation of the affective norms for English words (ANEW) for European Portuguese. Behavior Research Methods, 44(1), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0131-7
  • Soares, A. P., Costa, A. S., Machado, J., Comesaña, M., & Oliveira, H. (2017). The Minho word pool: Norms for imageability, concreteness and subjective frequency for 3800 Portuguese words. Behavior Research Methods, 49(3), 1065–1081. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0767-4
  • Soares, A. P., Iriarte, Á., de Almeida, J. J., Simões, A., Costa, A., França, P., Machado, J. F., Comesaña, M. Procura-PALavras (P-PAL): Uma nova medida de frequência lexical do Português Europeu contemporâneo. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 27(1), 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722014000100013
  • Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(1), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03207704
  • VanArsdall, J. E., Nairne, J. S., Pandeirada, J. N. S., & Cogdill, M. (2015). Adaptive memory: Animacy effects persist in paired-associate learning. Memory (Hove, England), 23(5), 657–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.916304
  • Wagenmakers, E.-J., Love, J., Marsman, M., Jamil, T., Ly, A., Verhagen, J., Selker, R., Gronau, Q. F., Dropmann, D., Boutin, B., Meerhoff, F., Knight, P., Raj, A., van Kesteren, E.-J., van Doorn, J., Šmíra, M., Epskamp, S., Etz, A., Matzke, D., … Morey, R. D. (2018). Bayesian inference for psychology. Part II: Example applications with JASP. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7
  • Wagenmakers, E.-J., Wetzels, R., Borsboom, D., & van der Maas, H. L. J. (2011). Why psychologists must change the way they analyse their data: The case of psi: Comment on Bem (2011). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(3), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022790
  • Xiao, X., Dong, Q., Chen, C., & Xue, G. (2016). Neural pattern similarity underlies the mnemonic advantages for living words. Cortex, 79, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.03.016
  • Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441–517. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2002.2864

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.