One-year retention of general and sequence-specific skills in a probabilistic, serial reaction time task

References

• Allen , R. and Reber , A. S. 1980 . Very long term memory for tacit knowledge . Cognition , 8 ( 2 ) : 175 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , L. A. , Vidoni , E. D. and Daly , J. J. 2007 . Answering the call: The influence of neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence on rehabilitation . Physical Therapy , 87 ( 6 ) : 684 – 703 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Castel , A. D. , Pratt , J. and Drummond , E. 2005 . The effects of action video game experience on the time course of inhibition of return and the efficiency of visual search . Acta Psychologica , 119 ( 2 ) : 217 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , R. E. , Manns , J. R. and Squire , L. R. 2002 . Classical conditioning, awareness, and brain systems . Trends in Cognitive Science , 6 ( 12 ) : 524 – 531 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clawson , D. M. , Healy , A. F. , Ericsson , K. A. and Bourne , L. E. Jr. 2001 . Retention and transfer of Morse code reception skill by novices: Part-whole training . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 7 : 129 – 142 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke , N. J. , Durso , F. T. and Schvaneveldt . 1994 . Retention of skilled search after nine years . Human Factors , 36 : 597 – 605 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbert , T. , Pantev , C. , Wienbruch , C. , Rockstroh , B. and Taub , E. 1995 . Increased cortical representation of the fingers of the left hand in string players . Science , 270 ( 5234 ) : 305 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney , J. J. 2000 . Implicit learning and retention of serial patterns in middle aged adults: A dissertation , Washington, DC : The Catholic University of America .
   Google Scholar
• Fendrich , D. W. , Healy , A. F. and Bourne , L. E. Jr . 1991 . Long-term repetition effects for motoric and perceptual processes . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 17 ( 1 ) : 137 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng , J. , Spence , I. and Pratt , J. 2007 . Playing an action video game reduces gender differences in spatial cognition . Psychological Science , 18 ( 10 ) : 850 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forkstam , C. and Petersson , K. M. 2005 . Towards an explicit account of implicit learning . Current Opinions in Neurology , 18 ( 4 ) : 435 – 441 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green , C. S. and Bavelier , D. 2003 . Action video game modifies visual selective attention . Nature , 423 ( 6939 ) : 534 – 537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , C. S. and Bavelier , D. 2008 . Exercising your brain: A review of human brain plasticity and training-induced learning . Psychology and Ageing , 23 ( 4 ) : 692 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy , A. F. , Fendrich , D. W. and Proctor , J. D. 1990 . Acquisition and retention of a letter-detection skill . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 16 : 270 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy , A. F. , Wohldmann , E. L. and Bourne , L. E. Jr. 2005a . “ The procedural reinstatement principle: Studies on training, retention, and transfer ” . In Experimental cognitive psychology and its applications , Edited by: Healy , A. F. 59 – 71 . Washington, DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Healy , A. F. , Wohldmann , E. L. , Parker , J. T. and Bourne , L. E. Jr. 2005b . Skill training, retention, and transfer: The effects of a concurrent secondary task . Memory & Cognition , 33 : 1457 – 1471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy , A. F. , Wohldmann , E. L. , Sutton , E. M. and Bourne , L. E. Jr. 2006 . Specificity effects in training and transfer of speeded responses . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 32 : 534 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hikosaka , O. , Rand , M. K. , Nakamura , K. , Miyachi , S. , Kitaguchi , K. Sakai , K. 2002 . Long-term retention of motor skill in macaque monkeys and humans . Experimental Brain Research , 147 ( 4 ) : 494 – 504 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard , D. V. and Howard , J. H. Jr. 1989 . Age differences in learning serial patterns: Direct versus indirect measures . Psychology and Ageing , 4 ( 3 ) : 357 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. V. and Howard , J. H. Jr. 1992 . Adult age differences in the rate of learning serial patterns: Evidence from direct and indirect tests . Psychology and Ageing , 7 ( 2 ) : 232 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , D. V. , Howard , J. H. Jr. , Japikse , K. , DiYanni , C. , Thompson , A. and Somberg , R. 2004 . Implicit sequence learning: Effects of level of structure, adult age, and extended practice . Psychology and Ageing , 19 ( 1 ) : 79 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard , J. H. Jr. and Howard , D. V. 1997 . Age differences in implicit learning of higher order dependencies in serial patterns . Psychology and Ageing , 12 ( 4 ) : 634 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karni , A. and Sagi , D. 1993 . The time course of learning a visual skill . Nature , 365 ( 6443 ) : 250 – 252 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knopman , D. 1991 . Long-term retention of implicitly acquired learning in patients with alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 13 ( 6 ) : 880 – 894 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmie , W. R. and Healy , A. F. 1995 . “ The long-term retention of a complex skill ” . In Learning and memory of knowledge and skills: Durability and specificity , Edited by: Healy , A. F. and Bourne , L. E. Jr. 30 – 65 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Nissen , M. J. , Willingham , D. and Hartman , M. 1989 . Explicit and implicit remembering: When is learning preserved in amnesia? . Neuropsychologia , 27 ( 3 ) : 341 – 352 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poldrack , R. A. and Packard , M. G. 2003 . Competition among multiple memory systems: Converging evidence from animal and human brain studies . Neuropsychologia , 41 ( 3 ) : 245 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poldrack , R. A. and Rodriguez , P. 2004 . How do memory systems interact? Evidence from human classification learning . Neurobiology of Learning and Memory , 82 ( 3 ) : 324 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reber , P. J. and Squire , L. R. 1998 . Encapsulation of implicit and explicit memory in sequence learning . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 10 ( 2 ) : 248 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard , T. C. , Cai , D. J. , Rieth , C. A. , Jones , J. and Ard , M. C. 2008 . Sleep does not enhance motor sequence learning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 34 : 834 – 842 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson , E. M. 2007 . The serial reaction time task: Implicit motor skill learning? . Journal of Neuroscience , 27 ( 38 ) : 10073 – 10075 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigue , K. M. , Kennedy , K. M. and Raz , N. 2005 . Ageing and longitudinal change in perceptual-motor skill acquisition in healthy adults . Journal of Gerontology: B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 60 ( 4 ) : P174 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Romano , J. C. , Burns , N. P. , Kranz , E. M. , Howard , D. V. , & Howard , J. H. Jr . 2008 . Old pianists have better working memory, speed of processing and vocabulary, but not implicit sequence learning . Paper presented at the Cognitive Ageing Conference Atlanta GA
   Google Scholar
• Romano , J. C. , Kranz , E. M. , Kramer , L. E. , Howard , D. V. , & Howard , J. H. Jr. 2005 . Implicit sequence learning and spatial contextual cueing in experienced college-age musicians and video gamers . Paper presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society New York NY
   Google Scholar
• Savion-Lemieux , T. and Penhune , V. B. 2005 . The effects of practice and delay on motor skill learning and retention . Experimental Brain Research , 161 ( 4 ) : 423 – 431 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schendan , H. E. , Searl , M. M. , Melrose , R. J. and Stern , C. E. 2003 . An fMRI study of the role of the medial temporal lobe in implicit and explicit sequence learning . Neuron , 37 : 1013 – 1025 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schvaneveldt , R. W. and Gomez , R. L. 1998 . Attention and probabilistic sequence learning . Psychological Research , 61 ( 3 ) : 175 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadmehr , R. and Brashers-Krug , T. 1997 . Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory . Journal of Neuroscience , 17 ( 1 ) : 409 – 419 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. D. , Walton , A. , Loveland , A. D. , Umberger , G. H. , Kryscio , R. J. and Gash , D. M. 2005 . Memories that last in old age: Motor skill learning and memory preservation . Neurobiology of Ageing , 26 ( 6 ) : 883 – 890 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soetens , E. , Melis , A. and Notebaert , W. 2004 . Sequence learning and sequential effects . Psychological Research , 69 : 124 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song , S. , Howard , J. H. Jr. and Howard , D. V. 2007 . Implicit probabilistic sequence learning is independent of explicit awareness . Learning and Memory , 14 ( 3 ) : 167 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , L. R. , Clark , R. E. and Bayley , P. J. 2004 . “ Medial temporal lobe function and memory ” . In The cognitive neurosciences III , Edited by: Gazzaniga , M. 691 – 705 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stefanidis , D. , Korndorffer , J. R. Jr. , Sierra , R. , Touchard , C. , Dunne , J. B. and Scott , D. J. 2005 . Skill retention following proficiency-based laparoscopic simulator training . Surgery , 138 ( 2 ) : 165 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tunney , R. J. 2003 . Implicit and explicit knowledge decay at different rates: A dissociation between priming and recognition in artificial grammar learning . Experimental Psychology , 50 ( 2 ) : 124 – 130 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton , A. , Scheib , J. L. , McLean , S. , Zhang , Z. and Grondin , R. 2008 . Motor memory preservation in aged monkeys mirrors that of aged humans on a similar task . Neurobiology of Ageing , 29 ( 10 ) : 1556 – 1562 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willingham , D. B. and Dumas , J. A. 1997 . Long-term retention of a motor skill: Implicit sequence knowledge is not retained after a one-year delay . Psychological Research , 60 : 113 – 119 .
   Google Scholar