The contribution of working memory capacity to foreign language comprehension in children

References

• Adams , A-M. , Bourke , L. and Willis , C. 1999 . Working memory and spoken language comprehension in young children . International Journal of Psychology , 34 : 364 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alloway , T. P. , Gathercole , S. E. and Pickering , S. J. 2006 . Verbal and visuospatial short-term and working memory in children: Are they separable? . Child Development , 77 : 1698 – 1716 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardila , A. 2003 . Language representation and working memory with bilinguals . Journal of Communication Disorders , 36 : 233 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcraft , M. H. 1995 . Cognitive psychology and simple arithmetic: A review and summary of new directions . Mathematical Cognition , 1 : 3 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1986 . Working memory , Oxford, , UK : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1990 . Working memory , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1993 . “ Working memory or working attention? ” . In Attention: Selection, awareness, and control: A tribute to Donald Broadbent , Edited by: Baddeley , A. D. and Weiskrantz , L. 152 – 170 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1996 . Exploring the central executive . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 5 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 1997 . Human memory: Theory and practice , rev. ed. . Hove, , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 2000 . The episodic buffer: A new component of working memory? . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 4 : 417 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. , Gathercole , S. and Papagno , C. 1998 . The phonological loop as a language learning device . Psychological Review , 105 : 158 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. J. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 8 , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. , Thomson , N. and Buchanan , M. 1975 . Word length and the structure of short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 14 : 575 – 589 .
   Google Scholar
• Brauer , M. 1998 . “ Stroop interference in bilinguals: The role of similarity between the two languages ” . In Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies in training and retention , Edited by: Healy , A. F. and Bourne , L. E. J. 317 – 338 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Cain , K. , Oakhill , J. and Lemmon , K. 2004 . Individual differences in the inference of word meanings from context: The influence of reading comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, and memory capacity . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 671 – 681 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvo , M. G. 2001 . Working memory and inferences: Evidence from eye fixations during reading . Memory , 9 : 365 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll , J. B. 1993 . Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , T. and Li , D. 2007 . The roles of working memory updating and processing speed in mediating age related differences in fluid intelligence . Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition , 14 : 631 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung , H. 1996 . Nonword span as a unique predictor of second-language vocabulary learning . Developmental Psychology , 32 : 867 – 873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiappe , P. , Glaeser , B. and Ferko , D. 2007 . Speech perception, vocabulary, and the development of reading skills in English among Korean- and English-speaking children . Journal of Educational Psychology , 99 : 154 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , A. R. A. , Cowan , N. , Bunting , M. F. , Therriault , D. J. and Minkoff , S. R. B. 2002 . A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence . Intelligence , 30 : 163 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler , A. , Mehler , J. , Norris , D. and Segui , J. 1992 . The monolingual nature of speech segmentation by bilinguals . Cognitive Psychology , 24 : 381 – 410 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• DeDe , G. , Caplan , D. , Kemtes , K. and Waters , G. 2004 . The relationship between age, verbal working memory, and language comprehension . Psychology and Aging , 19 : 601 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornic , S. 1980 . Language dominance, spare capacity and perceived effort in bilinguals . Ergonomics , 23 : 369 – 377 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufva , M. and Voeten , M. J. 1999 . Native language literacy and phonological memory as prerequisites for learning English as a foreign language . Applied Psycholinguistics , 20 : 329 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckman , F. R. 2004 . From phonemic differences to constraint rankings: Research on second language phonology . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 26 : 513 – 549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , N. C. and Sinclair , S. G. 1996 . Working memory in the acquisition of vocabulary and syntax: Putting language in good order . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 234 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Tuholski , S. W. , Laughlin , J. E. and Conway , A. R. 1999 . Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable model approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 128 : 309 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flege , J. E. 1995 . “ Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems ” . In Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research , Edited by: Strange , W. 233 – 277 . Timonium, MD : York Press .
   Google Scholar
• French , L. M. and O'Brien , I. 2008 . Phonological memory and children's second language grammar learning . Applied Psycholinguistics , 29 : 463 – 487 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann , N. and Gvion , A. 2003 . Sentence comprehension and working memory limitation in aphasia: A dissociation between semantic-syntactic and phonological reactivation . Brain and Language , 86 : 23 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnham , A. , Oakhill , J. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1982 . Referential continuity and the coherence of discourse . Cognition , 11 : 29 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. E. , Alloway , T. P. , Willis , C. and Adams , A-M. 2006 . Working memory in children with reading disabilities . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 93 : 265 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. E. and Baddeley , A. D. 1993 . Working memory and language , Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. E. , Pickering , S. J. , Ambridge , B. and Wearing , H. 2004 . The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 177 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geary , D. and Hoard , M. 2005 . “ Learning disabilities in arithmetic and mathematics: Theoretical and empirical perspectives ” . In Handbook of mathematical cognition , Edited by: Campbell , J. I. D. 253 – 267 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gernsbacher , M. A. 1990 . Language as structure building , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Gernsbacher , M. A. , Varner , K. R. and Faust , M. E. 1990 . Investigating differences in general comprehension skills . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 16 : 430 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gesi Blanchard , A. T. 1998 . “ Transfer effects of first language proficiency on second language reading ” . In Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies in training and retention , Edited by: Healy , A. F. and Bourne , L. E. J. 291 – 314 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Geva , E. and Ryan , E. B. 1993 . Linguistic and cognitive correlates of academic skills in first and second language . Language Learning , 43 : 5 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs , R. W. 2002 . A new look at literal meaning in understanding what is said and implicated . Journal of Pragmatics , 34 : 457 – 486 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington , M. and Sawyer , M. 1992 . L2 working memory capacity and reading skill . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 14 : 25 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Jongejan , W. , Verhoeven , L. and Siegel , L. S. 2007 . Predictors of reading and spelling abilities in first- and second-language learners . Journal of Educational Psychology , 99 : 835 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just , M. A. and Carpenter , P. A. 1992 . A capacity theory of comprehension . Psychological Review , 99 : 122 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaakinen , J. K. , Hyönä , J. and Keenan , J. M. 2003 . How prior knowledge, WMC, and relevance of information affect eye fixations in expository text . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 29 : 447 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. , Hambrick , D. Z. and Conway , A. R. A. 2005 . Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle . Psychological Bulletin , 131 : 66 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintsch , W. 1998 . Comprehension. A paradigm for cognition , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kolk , H. H. J. , Chwilla , D. J. , van Herten , M. and Oor , P. J. W. 2003 . Structure and limited capacity in verbal working memory: A study with event-related potentials . Brain and Language , 85 : 1 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laufer , B. 1992 . Reading in a foreign language: How does L2 lexical knowledge interact with the reader's general academic ability? . Journal of Research in Reading , 15 : 95 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Laufer , B. and Goldstein , Z. 2004 . Testing vocabulary knowledge: Size, strength, and computer adaptiveness . Language Learning , 54 : 399 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. 1995 . Working memory and school achievement in the ninth form . Educational Psychology , 15 : 271 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. , Juujarvi , P. , Kooistra , L. and Pulkkinen , L. 2003 . Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 21 : 59 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie , R. H. and Baddeley , A. D. 1987 . Cognitive processes in counting . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 13 : 310 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , C. R. , Shelton , J. R. and Yaffee , L. S. 1994 . Language processing and working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for separate phonological and semantic capacities . Journal of Memory and Language , 33 : 83 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoura , E. V. and Gathercole , S. E. 1999 . Phonological short-term memory and foreign language learning . International Journal of Psychology , 34 : 383 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masoura , E. V. and Gathercole , S. E. 2005 . Contrasting contributions of phonological short-term memory and long-term knowledge to vocabulary learning in a foreign language . Memory , 13 : 422 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , J. L. 2006 . Beyond the critical period: Processing-based explanations for poor grammaticality judgment performance by late second language learners . Journal of Memory and Language , 55 : 381 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , B. 1990 . “ The relationship between first and second language: Language proficiency and language aptitude ” . In The development of second language proficiency , Edited by: Harley , B. , Allen , P. and Swain , M . 158 – 174 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McLean , J. F. and Hitch , G. J. 1999 . Working memory impairments in children with specific arithmetic learning difficulties . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 74 : 240 – 260 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meador , D. , Flege , J. E. and MacKay , I. R. 2000 . Factors affecting the recognition of words in a second language . Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , 3 : 55 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Metsala , J. L. 1997 . An examination of word frequency and neighborhood density in the development of spoken-word recognition . Memory & Cognition , 25 : 47 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metsala , J. L. 1999 . Young children's phonological awareness and nonword repetition as a function of vocabulary development . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 3 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Carpenter , P. A. and Just , M. A. 1994 . A capacity approach to syntactic comprehension disorders: Making normal adults perform like aphasic patients . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 11 : 671 – 717 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. and Friedman , N. P. 1998 . “ Individual differences in second language proficiency: Working memory as language aptitude ” . In Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic studies in training and retention , Edited by: Healy , A. F. and Bourne , L. E. J. 339 – 364 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. , Howerter , A. and Wager , T. D. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moser , D. C. , Fridriksson , J. and Healy , E. W. 2007 . Sentence comprehension and general working memory . Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics , 21 : 147 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarra , J. , Sebastián-Gallés , N. and Soto-Faraco , S. 2005 . The perception of second language sounds in early bilinguals: New evidence from an implicit measure . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance , 31 : 912 – 918 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palladino , P. and Cornoldi , C. 2004 . Working memory performance of Italian students with foreign language difficulties . Learning and Individual Differences , 14 : 137 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palladino , P. and Ferrari , M. 2008 . Phonological sensitivity and memory in children with a foreign language learning difficulty . Memory , 16 : 604 – 625 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papagno , C. , Valentine , T. and Baddeley , A. D. 1991 . Phonological short-term memory and foreign-language vocabulary learning . Journal of Memory and Language , 30 : 331 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passolunghi , M. C. and Siegel , L. S. 2001 . Short-term memory, working memory, and inhibitory control in children with difficulties in arithmetic problem solving . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 80 : 44 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlmutter , N. J. and MacDonald , M. C. 1995 . Individual differences and probabilistic constraints in syntactic ambiguity resolution . Journal of Memory and Language , 34 : 521 – 542 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. 1976 . Standard Progressive Matrices , Oxford, , UK : Oxford Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. , & Raven , J. 1996 . Standard Progressive Matrices (Raven manual: section 3) . Oxford, , UK : Oxford Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schoonen , R. , Hulstijn , J. and Bossers , B. 1998 . Language-dependent and language-independent knowledge in native and foreign language reading comprehension: An empirical study among Dutch students in Grades 6, 8 and 10 . Language Learning , 48 : 71 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segalowitz , S. J. , Segalowitz , N. S. and Wood , A. G. 1998 . Assessing the development of automaticity in second language word recognition . Applied Psycholinguistics , 19 : 53 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Service , E. 1992 . Phonology, working memory, and foreign-language learning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 45A : 21 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Service , E. and Kohonen , V. 1995 . Is the relation between phonological memory and foreign language learning accounted for by vocabulary acquisition? . Applied Psycholinguistics , 16 : 155 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Service , E. , Simola , M. , Metsänheimo , O. and Maury , S. 2002 . Bilingual working memory span is affected by language skill . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 14 : 383 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel , L. S. and Ryan , E. B. 1989 . The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of learning disabled children . Child Development , 60 : 973 – 980 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer , M. 1994 . “ Discourse inference processes ” . In Handbook of psycholinguistics , Edited by: Gernsbacher , M. A. San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , R. and Ganschow , L. 1993 . The impact of native language learning problems on foreign language learning: Case study illustrations of the linguistic coding deficit hypothesis . Modern Language Journal , 77 : 58 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1986 . Matthew effects in reading: Some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy . Reading Research Quarterly , 21 : 360 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St Clair-Thompson , H. L. and Gathercole , S. E. 2006 . Executive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 59 : 745 – 759 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg , R. J. and Powell , J. S. 1983 . Comprehending verbal comprehension . American Psychologist , 38 : 878 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. 1992 . Generality and modifiability of working memory among skilled and less skilled readers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 : 473 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. and Beebe-Frankenberger , M. 2004 . The relationship between working memory and mathematical problem solving in children at risk and not at risk for serious math difficulties . Journal of Educational Psychology , 96 : 471 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. and Berninger , W. V. 1996 . Individual differences in children's working memory and writing skill . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 63 : 358 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. and Jerman , O. 2007 . The influence of working memory on reading growth in subgroups of children with reading disabilities . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 96 : 249 – 283 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , L. H. , Sáez , L. and Gerber , M. 2006 . Growth in literacy and cognition in bilingual children at risk or not at risk for reading disabilities . Journal of Educational Psychology , 98 : 247 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swets , B. , Desmet , T. , Hambrick , D. Z. and Ferreira , F. 2007 . The role of working memory in syntactic ambiguity resolution: A psychometric approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 136 : 64 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Towse , J. and Hitch , G. J. 1995 . Is there a relationship between task demand and storage space in tests of working memory capacity? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 48A : 108 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gelderen , A. , Schoonen , R. , Stoel , R. D. , de Glopper , K. and Hulstijn , J. 2007 . Development of adolescent reading comprehension in language 1 and language 2: A longitudinal analysis of constituent components . Journal of Educational Psychology , 99 : 477 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , S. H. , Gunter , T. C. , Kolk , H. H. J. and Mulder , G. 2001 . Working memory constraints on syntactic processing: An electrophysiological investigation . Psychophysiology , 38 : 41 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. K. , Torgesen , J. K. , Rashotte , C. A. , Hecht , S. A. , Barker , T. A. Burgess , S. R. 1997 . Changing relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading as children develop from beginning to skilled readers: A 5-year longitudinal study . Developmental Psychology , 33 : 468 – 479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , C. 2004 . Transfer of reading comprehension skills to L2 is linked to mental representations of text and to L2 working memory . Applied Linguistics , 25 : 315 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , C. 2007 . First- to second-language reading comprehension: Not transfer, but access . International Journal of Applied Linguistics , 17 : 14 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Warren , W. , Nicholas , D. and Trabasso , T. 1979 . “ Event chains and inferences in understanding narratives ” . In New directions in discourse processing , Edited by: Freedle , R. 23 – 52 . Norwood, NJ : Albex .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , G. S. and Caplan , D. 1996 . The capacity theory of sentence comprehension: Critique of Just and Carpenter . Psychological Review , 4 : 761 – 772 .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , G. S. and Caplan , D. 2004 . Verbal working memory and on-line syntactic processing: Evidence from self-paced listening . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology , 57 ( A ) : 129 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Waters , G. and Caplan , D. 2005 . The relationship between age, processing speed, working memory capacity, and language comprehension . Memory , 13 ( 3–4 ) : 403 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werker , J. F. and Tees , R. C. 1984 . Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life . Infant Behavior & Development , 7 : 49 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoelch , C. , Seitz , K. and Schumann-Hengsteler , R. 2005 . “ From rag(bag)s to riches: Measuring the developing central executive ” . In Young children's cognitive development: Interrelationships among executive functions, working memory, verbal ability and theory of mind , Edited by: Schneider , W. , Schumann-Hengsteler , R. and Sodian , B. 39 – 69 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar