Explicit contrastive instruction facilitates the acquisition of difficult L2 forms

References

• Berman , A.R. 1987 . Productivity in the lexicon: New‐word formation in Modern Hebrew . Folia Linguistica , XXI : 425 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Berman , A.R. 1989 . “ The role of blends in Hebrew word‐formation ” . In Studia Linguistica et Oientalia , Memoriae Haim Blanc Dedicata Edited by: Wexler , P. , Borg , A. and Somekh , S. 45 – 61 . Wiesbaden : OttoHarrassowitz .
   Google Scholar
• Berman , A.R. and Clark , E.V. 1989 . Learning to use compounds for contrast: Data from Hebrew . First Language , 9 : 247 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Biber , D. 1988 . Variation Across Speech and Writing , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , G. 1986 . Preface . Applied Linguistics , 7 : 221 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , E.V. and Berman , A.R. 1987 . Types of linguistic knowledge: Interpreting and producing compound nouns . Child Language , 14 : 547 – 67 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comrie , B. 1989 . Language Universals and Linguistic Typology , 2nd edn , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Doughty , C. 1991 . Second language instruction does make a difference. Evidence from an empirical study of SL relativisation . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 13 : 431 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , N.C. 1995 . Consciousness in second language acquisition: A review of field studies and laboratory experiments . Language Awareness , 4 : 123 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , R. 1994 . The study of second language acquisition , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , R. 1995 . Interpretation tasks for grammar teaching . TESOL Quarterly , 29 : 87 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner , T. 1983 . A Longitudinal Analysis of the Acquisition of English , Ann Arbor, MI : Karoma .
   Google Scholar
• Horrowitz , E.K. and Young , D.J. 1991 . Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• James , C. 1980 . Contrastive analysis , Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Krashen , S.D. 1981 . Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning , Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Krashen , S.D. 1982 . Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Krashen , S.D. 1985 . The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Krashen , S.D. 1994 . “ The input hypothesis and its rivals ” . In Implicit and and Explicit Learning of Languages , Edited by: Ellis , N. 45 – 77 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kupferberg , I. 1995 . Contrastive linguistic input and the acquisition of grammar in the additional language classroom , Tel Aviv University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Kupferberg , I. Is recognition a necessary condition for production in L2 acquisition . Paper presented at the AAAL conference . Chicago, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Kupferberg , I. and Olshtain , E. “ Expert teachers’ practical knowledge and its manifestation in reflective‐narrative discourse ” . In Teaching as a Reflective Profession , Edited by: Silbershtain , M. , Ben‐Peretz , M. and Ziv , S. Tel Aviv : Mofet Institute . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Lado , R. 1957 . Linguistics Across Cultures , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Olshtain , E. 1981 . “ English nominal compounds and the ESL/EFL reader ” . In On TESOL 80: Selected Papers from the 15th Annual Conference of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages , Edited by: Hines , M. and Rutheford , W. 153 – 66 . Washington, DC : TESOL .
   Google Scholar
• Olshtain , E. 1987 . The acquisition of new word formation processes in second language acquisition . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 9 : 221 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Quirk , R. , Greenbaum , S. , Leech , G. and Svartvik , J. 1985 . A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language , USA : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Ringbom , H. 1992 . On L1 transfer in L2 comprehension and production . Language Learning , 42 : 85 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , P. 1995 . Attention, memory and the ‘noticing’ hypothesis . Language Learning , 45 : 283 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R.W. 1990 . The role of consciousness in second language learning . Applied Linguistics , 11 : 129 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R.W. 1994a . “ Implicit learning and the cognitive unconscious: Of artificial grammars and SLA ” . In Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages , Edited by: Ellis , N. 165 – 209 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R.W. 1994b . Deconstructing consciousness in search of useful definitions for applied linguistics . AILA Review , 11 : 11 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R.W. and Frota , S.N. 1986 . “ Developing basic conversational ability in a second language: A case study of an adult learner of Portuguese ” . In Talking to Learn: Conversation in Second Language Acquisition , Edited by: Day , R. R. 237 – 326 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House .
   Google Scholar
• Selinker , L. 1992 . Rediscovering Interlanguage , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Sharwood Smith , M. 1987 . “ Notions and functions in a contrastive pedagogical grammar ” . In Grammar and Second Language Teaching: A Book of Readings , Edited by: Rutheford , W. and Sharwood Smith , M. 156 – 70 . Rowley, MA : Newbury House .
   Google Scholar
• Sharwood Smith , M. 1993 . Input enhancement in instructed SLA . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 15 : 165 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Swain , M. and Lapkin , S. 1995 . Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate: A step towards second language learning . Applied Linguistics , 16 : 371 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlin , R.S. and Villa , V. 1994 . Attention in cognitive science and second language acquisition . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 16 : 183 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• VanPatten , B. and Cadierno , T. 1993 . Explicit instruction and input processing . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 15 : 325 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Wool , R. 1988 . The use of relative clauses in the Hebrew‐English interlanguage of Israeli learners , Tel Aviv University . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar