Uncertainties at the European Union's southern borders: actors, policies, and legal frameworks

References

• Argomaniz, J., 2013. A rhetorical spill-over? Exploring the link between the European Union Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and the external dimension in EU counter-terrorism. European foreign affairs review, 17 (2/1), 35–52.
   Google Scholar
• Bajtay, P., 2014. Democratic and efficient foreign policy? Parliamentary diplomacy and oversight in the 21st century and the emerging role of the European parliament in EU foreign policy. Paper presented at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Seminar Series, 3 June 2014, Florence: European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Baldaccini, A., 2010. Extraterritorial border controls in the EU: the role of FRONTEX in operations at sea. In: Bernard Ryan and Valsamis Mitsilegas, eds. Extraterritorial immigration control: legal challenges. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 229–255.
   Google Scholar
• Balfour, R. and Missiroli, A., 2007. Reassessing the European neighbourhood policy. EPC Issue Paper, no. 54. Available from: http://www.epc.eu/pub_details.php?cat_id=2&pub_id=369.
   Google Scholar
• Balibar, E., 2004. Europe as borderland. The Alexander von Humboldt Lecture in Human Geography, University of Nijmegen, 10 November 2004. Available from: http://gpm.ruhosting.nl/avh/Europe%20as%20Borderland.pdf [Accessed 27 March 2015].
   Google Scholar
• Balzacq, T., 2008. The external dimension of justice and home affairs: tools, processes, outcomes. CEPS Working Document No. 303. Brussels: CEPS.
   Google Scholar
• Barbé, E. and Johansson-Nogués, E., 2008. The EU as a modest “force for good”: the European neighborhood policy. International affairs, 84 (1), 81–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, E. and Ehin, P., 2006. What kind of border regime is in the making? Towards a differentiated and uneven border strategy. Cooperation and conflict, 41 (1), 53–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicchi, F., 2006. ‘Our size fits all’: normative power Europe and the Mediterranean. Journal of European public policy, 13 (2), 286–303. 10.1080/13501760500451733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicchi, F., 2010. Dilemmas of implementation: EU democracy assistance in the Mediterranean. Democratization. Democratization, 17 (5), 976–996.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bicchi, F., 2011. The Union for the Mediterranean, or the changing context of Euro-Mediterranean relations. Mediterranean politics, 16 (1), 3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigo, D., 2006. Internal and external aspects of security. European security, 15 (4), 385–404. 10.1080/09662830701305831
   Google Scholar
• Bigo, D. and Guild, E., 2003. Controlling frontiers: free movement into and within Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Biscop, S., 2010. The ENP, security, and democracy in the context of the European security strategy. In: Richard G. Whitman and Sarah Wolff, eds. The European neighborhood policy in perspective. Context, implementation and impact. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 73–88.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell, C., 2003. The “external dimension” of EU immigration and asylum policy. International affairs, 79 (3), 619–638.
   Google Scholar
• Carrera, S., Hernanz, N., and Parkin, J., 2013. The “Lisbonisation” of the European parliament: assessing progress, shortcomings and challenges for democratic accountability in the area of freedom, security and justice. In: CEPS justice and home affairs, liberty and security in Europe papers, 2013 (58), Available from: http://www.ceps.be/book/%E2%80%98lisbonisation%E2%80%99-european-parliament-assessing-progress-shortcomings-and-challenges-democratic-a.
   Google Scholar
• Casas-Cortes, M., Cobarrubias, S., and Pickles, J., 2013. Re-bordering the neighbourhood: Europe's emerging geographies of non-accession integration. European urban and regional studies, 20 (1), 37–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassarino, J.-P., 2006. Approaching borders and frontiers: notions and implications. CARIM Research Report, RR-2006/03. Florence: European University Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Cassarino, J.-P., 2012. Reversing the hierarchy of priorities in Eu-Mediterranean relations. In: J. Peters, ed. The European Union and the Arab spring: promoting democracy and human rights in the middle east. Lanham: Lexington Books, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen, T., Petito, F., and Tonra, B., 2000. Fuzzy politics around fuzzy borders: the European Union's “near Abroad”. Cooperation and conflict, 35 (4), 389–415. 10.1177/00108360021962183
   Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union, 2005, December 1. The European Union counter-terrorism strategy: prevent, protect, pursue, respond. Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, P., 2004. Competence: clarity, conferral, containment and consideration. European law review, 29 (3), 323–334.
   Google Scholar
• Cremona, M., Monar, J., and Poli, S., eds., 2011. The external dimension of the area of freedom, security and justice. Bruxelles/Bern/Berlin/Frankfurt am Main/New York/Oxford/Wien: P.I.E. Peter lang, Cahiers Du Collège d’Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Del Sarto, R.A., 2006. Security and democracy: a reprise. European security, 15 (4), 507–518. ( special issue on ‘Security and Democracy in the European Union,’ eds. R. Del Sarto, C. Kantner, and A. Liberatore).
   Google Scholar
• Del Sarto, R.A., 2010. Borderlands: the middle east and North Africa as the EU's southern buffer zone. In: Dimitar Bechev and Kalypso Nicolaïdis, eds. Mediterranean frontiers: borders, conflicts and memory in a transnational world. London: I.B. Tauris, 149–67.
   Google Scholar
• Del Sarto, R.A., 2013. Normative empire Europe: the European Union, its borderlands, and the “Arab spring”. Paper presented at the 8th Pan-European Conference on International Relations, organised by ECPR-SGIR and EISA, Warsaw, 18–21 September.
   Google Scholar
• Del Sarto, R.A., 2014 Defining borders and people in the borderlands: EU policies, Israeli prerogatives and the Palestinians. Journal of common market studies, 52 (2), 200–216. 10.1111/jcms.12071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Sarto, R.A. and Schumacher, T., 2005. From EMP to ENP: what's at stake with the European neighbourhood policy towards the Southern Mediterranean? European foreign affairs review, 10 (1), 17–38.
   Google Scholar
• Del Sarto, R.A. and Schumacher, T., 2011. From Brussels with love: leverage, benchmarking, and the action plans with Jordan and Tunisia in the EU's democratization policy. Democratization, 18 (4), 932–955. 10.1080/13510347.2011.584733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez, T., 2006. The Paradoxes of Europe's borders. Comparative European politics, 4 (2–3), 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Drent, M., 2011. The EU's comprehensive approach to security: a culture of co-ordination? Studia diplomatica, LXIV (2), 3–16.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira-Pereira, L.C. and Oliveira Martins, B., 2012. The external dimension of the European Union's counter-terrorism: an introduction to empirical and theoretical developments. European security, 21 (4), 459–473.
   Google Scholar
• Fink, M., 2012. Frontex working arrangements: legitimacy and human rights concerns regarding “technical relationships”. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, SSRN Scholarly Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Gauttier, P., 2004. Horizontal coherence and the external competences of the European Union. European law journal, 10 (1), 23–41.
   Google Scholar
• Gebhard, C. and Per Martin, N.-M., 2011. Making sense of EU comprehensive security towards conceptual and analytical clarity. European security, 20 (2), 221–241.
   Google Scholar
• Geddes, A., 2005. Europe's border relationships and international migration relations. Journal of common markets studies, 43 (4), 787–806. 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2005.00596.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, A. and Taylor, A., 2013. How EU capacity Bargains strengthen states: migration and border security in South-East Europe. West European politics, 36 (1), 51–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, A., 2015. Governing migration from a distance: interactions between climate, migration and security in the South Mediterranean. European security, 24 (3), 473–490. doi:10.1080/09662839.2015.1028191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillespie, R. and Youngs, R., eds., 2002. The European Union and democracy promotion: the case of North Africa. London: Frank Cass.
   Google Scholar
• Gravier, M., 2009. ‘The next European empire. European societies, 11 (5), 627–647. 10.1080/14616690902785687
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravier, M., 2011. Empire Vs Federation: which path for Europe? Journal of political power, 4 (3), 413–431. 10.1080/2158379X.2011.628854
   Google Scholar
• Guiraudon, V., and Lahav, G., eds., 2006. Immigration policy in Europe: the politics of control. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hillion, C., 2008. Tous Pour Un, Un Pour Tous! Coherence in EU external relations law. In: Marise Cremona, ed. Developments in EU external relations law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 10–36.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbing, P., 2011, June. Customs cooperation in the area of freedom, security and justice: the role of customs in the management of the EU's external border. The Centre for European Policy Studies. Available from: http://www.ceps.eu/book/customs-cooperation-area-freedom-security-and-justice-role-customs-management-eu%E2%80%99s-external-bor.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, K., 2015. The European Parliament as an actor in EU border policies: its role, relations with the other EU institutions, and impact. European security, 24 (3), 420–437. doi:10.1080/09662839.2015.1028188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeandesboz, J., 2011. Beyond the Tartar Steppe: EUROSUR and the ethics of European border control practices. In: J. Peter Burgess and Serge Gutwirth, eds. A threat against Europe? Security, migration and integration. Brussels: VUB Press, 111–132.
   Google Scholar
• Joffé, G., 2008. The European Union, democracy and counter-terrorism in the Maghreb. Journal of common market studies, 46 (1), 147–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantner, C. and Liberatore, A., 2006. Security and democracy in the European Union: an introductory framework. European security, 15 (4), 363–383. ( special issue on ‘Security and Democracy in the European Union,’ eds. R. Del Sarto, C. Kantner, and A. Liberatore)
   Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C., 2010. Europol and EU counterterrorism: international security Actorness in the external dimension. Studies in conflict & terrorism, 33 (7), 652–671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaunert, C. and Léonard, S., 2011. EU counterterrorism and the European neighbourhood policy: an appraisal of the Southern dimension. Terrorism and political violence, 23 (2), 286–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S., 2004. EU external governance in “wider Europe”. Journal of European public policy, 11 (4), 680–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S., 2006. Shifting up and out: the foreign policy of European immigration control. West European politics, 29 (2), 329–350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S. and Schimmelfennig, F., 2009. EU rules beyond EU borders: theorizing external governance in European politics. Journal of European public policy, 16 (6), 791–812. 10.1080/13501760903087696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S. and Uçarer, E.U., 2002. Migration and the externalities of European integration. Lanham: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S. and Wichmann, N., 2009. The external governance of EU internal security. Journal of European integration, 31 (1), 83–102.
   Google Scholar
• Limam, M., 2014. Periphery under pressure: conditionality under the EU's mobility partnerships with Morocco and Tunisia. Paper presented at the conference ‘Imperial Soft Power and Governance beyond Borders: The EU's Relations with North Africa and the Middle East’, Copenhagen Business School, 23–24 January.
   Google Scholar
• Lutterbeck, D., 2006. Policing migration in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean politics, 11 (1), 59–82. 10.1080/13629390500490411
   Google Scholar
• Manners, I., 2002. Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? Journal of common market studies, 40 (2), 235–258. 10.1111/1468-5965.00353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, J., 1996. High hopes and low motives: the new Euro-Mediterranean partnership initiative. Mediterranean politics, 1 (1), 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Martins, B.O. and Ferreira-Pereira, L.C., 2012. Stepping inside? CSDP missions and EU counter-terrorism. European security, 21 (4), 537–556.
   Google Scholar
• Mounier, G., 2009. Civilian crisis management and the external dimension of JHA: inceptive, functional and institutional similarities. Journal of European integration, 31 (1), 45–64.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, D., 2003. On borders and powers: a theoretical framework. Journal of borderland studies, 18 (1), 13–25. 10.1080/08865655.2003.9695598
   Google Scholar
• Newman, D., 2006. Borders and bordering: towards an interdisciplinary dialogue. European journal of social theory, 9 (2), 171–186. 10.1177/1368431006063331
   Google Scholar
• O’Dowd, L., Anderson, J., and Wilson, T.M., 2004. New borders for a changing Europe: cross-border cooperation and governance. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, M., 2015. Security cooperation, counter-terrorism and EU – North Africa cross border security relations, a legal perspective. European security, 24 (3), 438–453. doi:10.1080/09662839.2015.1028189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pace, M., 2010. The European Union, security and the southern dimension. European security, 19 (3), 431–444.
   Google Scholar
• Pace, M., Cavatorta, F., and Seeberg, P., 2009. The European Union's democratization Agenda in the Mediterranean: a critical inside-out approach. Democratization, 16 (1), 3–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panebianco, S., 2006. The constraints on EU action as a ‘norm exporter’ in the Mediterranean. In: Ole Elgström and Mike Smith, eds. The European Union’s roles in international politics. London/New York: Routledge, 136–154.
   Google Scholar
• Paoletti, E., 2011. Power relations and international migration: the case of Italy and Libya. Political studies, 59 (2), 269–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philippart, E., 2003. The Euro-Mediterranean partnership: a critical evaluation of an ambitious scheme. European foreign affairs review, 8, 201–220.
   Google Scholar
• Rathbun, B.C., 2007. Uncertain about uncertainty: understanding the multiple meanings of a crucial concept in international relations theory. International studies quarterly, 51, 533–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijpma, J.J. and Cremona, M., 2007. The extra-territorialisation of EU migration policies and the rule of law. Working Paper, European University Institute. Available from: http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/6690.
   Google Scholar
• Rijpma, J. and Vermeulen, M., 2015. EUROSUR: Saving lives or building borders? European security, 24 (3), 454–472. doi:10.1080/09662839.2015.1028190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumford, C., 2006. Rethinking European spaces: territory, borders, governance. Comparative European politics, 4 (2–3), 127–140.
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher, T., 2015. Uncertainty at the EU's borders: narratives of EU external relations in the revised European Neighborhood Policy towards the southern borderlands. European security, 24 (3), 381–401. doi:10.1080/09662839.2015.1028186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M., 1996. The European Union and a changing Europe: establishing the boundaries of order. Journal of common market studies, 34 (1), 5–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steindler, C., 2015. Mapping out the institutional geography of external security in the EU. European security, 24 (3), 402–419. doi:10.1080/09662839.2015.1028187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teti, A., 2012. The EU's first response to the ‘Arab spring’: a critical discourse analysis of the partnership for democracy and shared prosperity. Mediterranean politics, 17 (3), 266–284. 10.1080/13629395.2012.725297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tocci, N. and Cassarino, J.-P., 2011, March 25. Rethinking Euro-Med policies in the light of the Arab spring. OpenDemocracy. Available from: https://opendemocracy.net/nathalie-tocci-jean-pierre-cassarino/rethinking-euro-med-policies-in-light-of-arab-spring.
   Google Scholar
• Wolff, S., 2008. Border management in the Mediterranean: internal, external and ethical challenges. Cambridge review of international affairs, 21 (2), 253–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, S., 2009. The Mediterranean dimension of EU counter-terrorism. Journal of European integration, 31 (1), 137–156. 10.1080/07036330802504013
   Google Scholar
• Zielonka, J., 2001. How new enlarged borders will reshape the European Union. Journal of common market studies, 39 (3), 507–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielonka, J., ed., 2002. Europe unbound: enlarging and reshaping the boundaries of the European Union. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zielonka, J., 2008. Europe as a global actor: empire by example? International affairs, 84 (3), 471–484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zielonka, J., 2013. Europe's new civilizing missions: The EU's normative power discourse. Journal of political ideologies, 18 (1), 35–55. 10.1080/13569317.2013.750172
   Google Scholar