15,008
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Military operations and the EU’s identity as an international security actor

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 513-534 | Received 22 Feb 2019, Accepted 11 Sep 2019, Published online: 19 Sep 2019

References

  • Aggestam, L., 2008. Introduction: ethical power Europe? International affairs, 84 (1), 1–11. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00685.x
  • Bailes, A.J.K., 2008. The EU and a better world: what role for the European security and Defence policy? International affairs, 84 (1), 115–130. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00692.x
  • Bellamy, A.J., 2013. The Responsiblity to protect. In: P.D. Williams, ed. Security studies. An introduction. 2nd edition. London: Routledge, 422–437.
  • Bickerton, C.J., 2011. European Union foreign policy. from effectiveness to functionality. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Biscop, S., 2016. The EU global strategy: realpolitik with European characteristics. In: Security policy brief, no. 75. Brussels: Egmont Institute, 1–6.
  • Björkdahl, A., 2012. Normative and military power in EU peace support operations. In: R.G. Whitman, ed. Normative power Europe. empirical and theoretical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 103–126.
  • Bretherton, C. and Vogler, J., 2005. The EU as global actor. 2nd edition. London: Routledge.
  • Brattberg, E. and Rhinard, M., 2012. The EU as a global counter-terrorism actor in the making. European security, 21 (4), 557–577. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2012.688809
  • COM/HR. 2013. The EU's comprehensive approach to external conflict and crises. Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council, JOIN(2013) 30 final, Brussels, 11.12.2013.
  • Council of the EU. 2003a. Council Joint Action, on the EU military operation in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 2003/92/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2003b. Council Joint Action of 5 June 2003 on the EU military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2003/423/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2003c. Framework for EU action in response to the crisis in Bunia. 9889/3/03 REV 3 EXT 1.
  • Council of the EU. 2003d. EU-led Operation in Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: Master messages. 6916/1/03.
  • Council of the EU. 2003f. Framework for EU action in response to the crisis in Bunia. 9889/3/03 REV 3 EXT 1.
  • Council of the EU. 2004a. Concept for the EU Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)-Operation Althea. 12576/04.
  • Council of the EU. 2004b. Council Joint Action of 12 July 2004 on the EU military operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2004/570/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2006a. Background DRC Elections 2006. EU support to the DRC during the election process. RDC/02/EN.
  • Council of the EU. 2006b. Council Joint Action of 27 April 2006 on the EU military operation in support of the United Nations Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) during the election process. 2006/319/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2007a. Council Joint Action of 15 October 2007 on the EU military operation in the Republic of Chad in the Central African Republic. 2007/677/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2007b. Council confirms decision on transition. 6896/07.
  • Council of the EU. 2008b. Council Joint Action of November 2008 on a EU military operation to contribute to the deterrence, prevention and repression of acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast. 2008/851/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2010. Council Decision of 15 February 2010 on a EU Military mission to contribute to the training of Somali security forces. 2010/96/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2011a. Council Conclusions on the Horn of Africa. 16858/11.
  • Council of the EU. 2011b. Council Decision of 8 December 2011 appoint the EU Special Representative for the Horn of Africa. 2011/819/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2012. Council Decision of 23 March 2012 amending JA 2008/851/CFSP on a EU military operation to contribute to the deterrence, prevention and repression of acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast. 2012/174/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2013. Council Decision of 17 January 2013 on a EU military mission to contribute to the training of Malian Armed Forces (EUTM Mali) 2013/34/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2014. Council Decision of 10 February 2014 on a EU military mission in the Central African Republic (EUFOR RCA). 2014/73/CFSP.
  • Council of the EU. 2015a. Council Decision of 18 May 2015 on a European military operation in the Southern Central Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR MED). 2015/778.
  • Council of the EU. 2015b. Council Decision of 19 January 2015 on a EU CSDP Military Advisory Mission in the Central African Republic (EUMAM RCA) 2015/78.
  • Council of the EU. 2016. Council Decision of 20 June 2016 amending Decision (CFSP) 2015/778 on a EU military operation in the Southern Central Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR MED operation Sophia) 2016/993.
  • Council Secretariat. 2009. Final Factsheet: EU military operation in Eastern Chad and North Eastern CAR (EUFOR Tchad/RCA). Tchad-RCA/9.
  • Cross, M.K., 2013. The military dimension of European security: an epistemic community approach. Millennium, 42 (10), 45–64. doi: 10.1177/0305829813497821
  • Damro, C., 2012. Market power Europe. Journal of european public policy, 19 (5), 682–699. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2011.646779
  • Destradi, S., 2017. Reluctance in international politics: a conceptualization. European journal of international relations, 23 (2), 315–340. doi: 10.1177/1354066116653665
  • Diez, T., 2013. Normative power as hegemony. Cooperation & conflict, 48 (2), 194–210. doi: 10.1177/0010836713485387
  • Dijkstra, H., 2013. Policy-making in EU security and defense: an institutional perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Duchêne, F., 1972. Europe’s role in the world. In: R Mayne, ed. Europe tomorrow. Fontana: Chatham House, 32–47.
  • EEAS. 2011. Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel.
  • EEAS. 2016. About EUTM Mali. Mission Background. http://www.eutmmali.eu/?page_id=222.
  • EEAS. 2019. Military and civilian missions and operations. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/430/military-and-civilian-missions-and-operations_en (July 2019).
  • Ehrhart, H.G. and Petretto, K., 2012. The EU, the Somalia challenge and counter-piracy: towards a comprehensive approach? European foreign affairs review, 17 (2), 261–284.
  • Engberg, K., 2014. The EU and military operations: a comparative analysis. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • European Commission. 2006a. An EU regional political partnership for peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa. COM(2006) 601 final.
  • European Commission. 2006b. Strategy for Africa: An EU regional political partnership for peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa {SEC(2006)1307}.
  • European Commission. 2008. Somalia Joint Strategy Paper for the period 2008–2013.
  • European Commission. 2015. Press release: Joint Foreign and Home Affairs Council: ten-point action plan on migration. IP/15/4813.
  • Fereday, J. and Muir-Cochrane, E., 2006. Demonstrating rigor using thematic analysis: a hybrid approach of inductive and deductive coding and theme development. International journal of qualitative methods, 5 (1), 80–92. doi: 10.1177/160940690600500107
  • Gegout, C., 2005. Causes and consequences of the EU’s military intervention in the democratic Republic of Congo: a realist explanation. European foreign affairs review, 10, 427–443.
  • Geis, A. and Müller, H., 2013. Investigating democratic wars as the flipside of democratic peace. In: A. Geis, H. Müller, and N Schörnig, ed. The militant face of democracy. Liberal forces for good. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3–23.
  • Germond, B. and Smith, M.E., 2009. Re-thinking European security interests and the ESDP: explaining the EU’s anti-piracy operation. Contemporary security policy, 30 (3), 573–593. doi: 10.1080/13523260903327741
  • Ginsberg, R. and Penksa, S., 2012. The EU in global security. Houndmills: Palgrave.
  • Glasius, M. and Kaldor, M., 2006. A human security vision for Europe and beyond. In: M. Glasius and M Kaldor, ed. A human security Doctrine for Europe. Project, principles, practicalities. London: Routledge, 3–19.
  • Grevi, G., Helly, D., and Keohane, D., 2009. ESDP: the first 10 years (1999–2009). Paris: EUISS.
  • Haine, J.Y., 2009. The European crisis of liberal internationalism. International Journal, 64 (2), 453–479. doi: 10.1177/002070200906400208
  • Haine, J.Y., 2011. The failure of a European strategic culture – EUFOR Chad: the last of its kind? Contemporary security policy, 32 (2), 582–603. doi: 10.1080/13523260.2011.623060
  • Helly, D. and Galeazzi, G. 2015. Avant la lettre? The EU’s comprehensive approach (to crises) in the Sahel, ECDPM Briefing Note. Maastricht: European Centre for Development Policy Management.
  • Henökl, T. and Webersik, C., 2014. The impact of institutional change on foreign policy-making: EU Horns of Africa strategy. European foreign affairs review, 19 (4), 519–538.
  • Howorth, J., 2011. The new faces of Lisbon: assessing the performance of Catherine Ashton and Herman van Rompuy on the global stage. European foreign affairs review, 16 (3), 303–323.
  • Howorth, J., 2014. Security and defence policy in the EU. 2nd edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Hyde-Price, A., 2006. Normative power Europe: a realist critique. Jouranl of european public policy, 13 (2), 217–234. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451634
  • Hyde-Price, A., 2008. A tragic actor? A realist perspective on ethical power Europe. International affairs, 84 (1), 29–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2008.00687.x
  • Hyde-Price, A., 2013. Realism. A dissident voice in the study of CSDP. In: S. Biscop, and R.G. Whitman, ed. The Routledge Handbook of European security. London: Routledge, 18–27.
  • Ikenberry, G.J., Parmar, I., and Stokes, D., 2018. Introduction: Ordering the world? Liberal internationalism in theory and practice. International affairs, 94 (1), 1–5. doi: 10.1093/ia/iix277
  • Janusch, H., 2016. Normative power and the logic of arguing: rationalization of weakness or relinquishment of strength? Cooperation and conflict, 51 (4), 504–521. doi: 10.1177/0010836716640836
  • Jegen, M. and Mérand, F., 2014. Constructive ambiguity: Comparing the EU’s Energy and Defence policies. West European politics, 37 (1), 182–203. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2013.818325
  • Keukeleire, S. and Raube, K., 2013. Security-development nexus and securitization in EU’s policies towards developing countries. Cambridge review of international affairs, 26 (3), 556–572. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2013.822851
  • Kirchner, E., 2013. CSDP peace operations in the Western Balkans: impact & lessons learned. European security, 22 (1), 36–54. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2012.749865
  • Klein, N., 2010. European agents out of control/ delegation and agency in the civil-military crisis management of the EU 1999–2008. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
  • Knutsen, B.O., 2009. ESDP and the challenges of CMCO: the case of DRC. European security, 18 (4), 441–459. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2010.498421
  • Koenig, N., 2016. EU security policy and crisis Management: a quest for coherence. London: Routledge.
  • Koutrakos, P., 2013. The EU common security and defence policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Laïdi, Z., 2010. Is Europe a risk averse actor? European foreign affairs review, 15, 411–426.
  • Larsen, H., 2002. The EU: a global military power? Cooperation & conflict, 37 (2), 283–302. doi: 10.1177/0010836702037003673
  • Lerch, M. and Schwellnus, G., 2006. Normative by nature? The role of coherence in justifying the EU’s external human rights policy. Journal of european public policy, 13 (2), 304–321. doi: 10.1080/13501760500452665
  • Major, C. 2008. EU-UN cooperation in military crisis management: the experience of EUFOR RD Congo in 2006, Occasional Paper 72, EUISS.
  • Manners, I., 2002. Normative power Europe: a contradiction in terms? Journal of common market studies, 40 (2), 235–258. doi: 10.1111/1468-5965.00353
  • Manners, I., 2006a. Normative power Europe reconsidered: beyond the crossroads. Journal of european public policy, 13 (2), 182–199. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451600
  • Manners, I., 2006b. European Union normative power and the security challenge. European security, 15 (4), 405–421. doi: 10.1080/09662830701305880
  • Manners, I. 2009. The concept of Normative Power in World Politics, DIIS Brief, Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.
  • Mattelaer, A., 2013. The politico-military dynamics of European crisis response operations. planning, friction, strategy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
  • Mcdonagh, K., 2015. Talking the talk or walking the walk: understanding the EU’s security identity. Journal of common market studies, 53 (3), 627–641. doi: 10.1111/jcms.12195
  • Merlingen, M., 2012. EU security policy. what it is, how it works and why it matters. Boulder: Lynne Riener.
  • Merlingen, M. and Ostrauskaité, R. eds. 2008. European security and Defence policy. An implementation perspective. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Moravcsik, A., 1998. The choice for Europe. New York: Routledge.
  • Norheim-Martinsen, P.M., 2013. The EU and military force. Governance and strategy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Noutcheva, G., 2009. Fake, partial and imposed compliance: the limits of the EU’s normative power in the Western Balkans. Journal of european public policy, 16 (7), 1065–1084. doi: 10.1080/13501760903226872
  • Nováky, N., 2016. From EUFOR to EUMAM: The EU in the CAR. European foreign affairs review, 21 (1), 95–114.
  • Nováky, N., 2018a. European Union military operations. A collective action perspective. London: Routledge.
  • Nováky, N., 2018b. The road to Sophia: explaining the EU’s naval operation in the Mediterranean. European view, 17 (2), 197–209. doi: 10.1177/1781685818810359
  • Orbie, J., 2009. A civilian power in the world? instruments and objectives in European Union external policies. In: J Orbie, ed. Europe’s global role. external policies of the EU. Surrey: Ashgate, 1–34.
  • Orbie, J. and Del Biondo, K., 2015. The European Union’s “comprehensive approach” in Chad: securitisation and/or Compartmentalisation? Global society, 29 (2), 243–259. doi: 10.1080/13600826.2015.1024620
  • Pace, M., 2007. The construction of EU normative power. Journal of common market studies, 45 (5), 1041–1064. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00759.x
  • Palm, T.P., 2014. Normative power and military means: the case of the EU in FYR Macedonia. In: M. Wilga and I. P. Karolewski, eds. New approaches to EU foreign policy. Abingdon: Routledge, 145–162.
  • Palm, T.P., 2017. The changing character of EUFOR Althea: power politics or learning? Cambridge review of international affairs, 30 (1), 67–86. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2016.1256947
  • Palm, T.P., 2019. Cooperative bargaining in the EU's common security and defence policy: EUNAVFOR Atalanta. Contemporary politics, 25 (2), 129–149. doi: 10.1080/13569775.2018.1477463
  • Pardo, R.P., 2011. Normal power Europe: non-proliferation and the normalization of EU’s foreign policy. Journal of european integration, 34 (1), 1–18. doi: 10.1080/07036337.2011.566334
  • Parker, O. and Rosamond, B., 2013. Normative power Europe meets economic liberalism: complicating cosmopolitanism inside/outside the EU. Cooperation and conflict, 48 (2), 229–246. doi: 10.1177/0010836713485388
  • Peen Rodt, A., 2011. Taking stock of EU military conflict management. JCER, 7 (1), 41–60.
  • Peterson, J. 2007. José Manuel Barroso=political scientist: John Peterson interviews the European Commission President, 17 July 2007, complete manuscript: EU Consent.
  • Pohl, B., 2013. The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations. European security, 22 (3), 307–325. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2012.726220
  • Pohl, B., 2014. EU foreign policy and Crisis Management operations: power, purpose and domestic politics. London: Routledge.
  • Plank, F., 2017. The effectiveness of interregional security cooperation: evaluating the joint engagement of the EU and the AU in response to the 2013 crisis in the Central African Republic. European security, 26 (4), 485–506. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2017.1327849
  • Quille, G., 2010. The European External Action Service and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In: E. Greco et al, eds. EU crisis managment: institutions and capabilities in the making. Rome: Istituto Affari Internazionali, 55–78.
  • Raik, K., 2012. The EU and mass protests in the neighbourhood: models of normative (in)action. European foreign affairs review, 17 (4), 553–575.
  • Riddervold, M., 2011. Finally flexing its muscles? Atalanta – the European Union’s naval operation against piracy. European security, 20 (3), 385–404. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2011.592979
  • Riddervold, M., 2014. New threats – different response: EU and NATO and Somali piracy. European security, 23 (4), 546–564. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2014.937337
  • Riddervold, M., 2015. (Not) in the hands of the member states. How the commission influences EU foreign and security policies. Journal of common market studies, 54 (2), 353–369. doi: 10.1111/jcms.12288
  • Riddervold, M., 2018. A humanitarian mission in line with human rights? assessing Sophia, the EU’s naval response to the migration crisis. European security, 27 (2), 158–174. doi: 10.1080/09662839.2018.1451842
  • Rynning, S., 2011. Realism and common security and defence policy. Journal of common market studies, 49 (1), 23–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02127.x
  • Sangiovanni, M.E., 2003. Why a common security and defence policy is bad for Europe. Survival, 45 (4), 193–206. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2003.9687571
  • Schroeder, U.C., 2007. Governance of EU crisis management. In: M. Emerson and E. Gross, ed. Evaluating the EU’s crisis missions in the Balkans. Brussels: CEPS, 17–45.
  • Seibert, B.H., 2010. Operation EUFOR Tchad/RCA and the EU’s CSDP. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute.
  • Sjursen, H., 2006. The EU as a normative power: how can this be? Journal of european public policy, 13 (2), 235–251. doi: 10.1080/13501760500451667
  • Smith, K.E., 2005. Beyond the civilian power debate. Politique europeenne, 1 (17), 63–82. doi: 10.3917/poeu.017.0063
  • Smith, K.E., 2008. European Union foreign policy in a changing world. 2nd edition. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Smith, M.E., 2017. Europe’s common security and defence policy. Capacity-building, experiential Learning, and institutional change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stavridis, S., 2001. Militarising the EU: the concept of CPE revisited. International spectator, 4, 43–50. doi: 10.1080/03932720108456945
  • Törö, C., 2015. EU bridging operation in support of AU and UN missions in the Central African Republic. European foreign affairs review, 20 (4), 517–534.
  • Ulriksen, S., Gourlay, C., and Mace, C., 2004. Operation artemis: the shape of things to come? International peacekeeping, 11, 3.
  • Wendt, A., 1999. Social Theory of international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wagner, W., 2017. Liberal power Europe. Liberal identities and institutional constraints in EU crisis management. Journal of common market studies, 55 (6), 1398–1414. doi: 10.1111/jcms.12572
  • Waltz, K., 1979. Theory of international politics. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
  • Whitman, R.G., 2013. The neo-normative turn in theorising the EU’s international presence. Cooperation and conflict, 48 (2), 171–193. doi: 10.1177/0010836713485538
  • Whitman, R.G. and Wolff, S. eds. 2008. The European Union as a global conflict Manager. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Wood, S., 2009. The EU: a normative or normal power. European foreign affairs review, 14, 113–128.