References
- Abbott, K.W. and Snidal, D., 1998. Why states act through formal international organizations. Journal of conflict resolution, 42 (1), 3–32.
- Abilov, S., 2018. OSCE Minsk Group: proposals and failure, the view from Azerbaijan. Insight Turkey, 20 (1), 143–163.
- Ambrosio, T., 2011. Unfreezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict? Evaluating peacemaking efforts under the Obama administration. Ethnopolitics, 10 (1), 93–114.
- Åtland, K., 2020. Destined for deadlock? Russia, Ukraine, and the unfulfilled Minsk agreements. Post-Soviet affairs, 36 (2), 122–139.
- Bayramov, A., 2016. Silencing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and challenges of the four-day war. Security and human rights, 27 (1-2), 116–127.
- BBC. 2014. Ukraine crisis. Timeline, 13 November. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-26248275 [Accessed 15 September 2020].
- Bercovitch, J., 2007. Mediation success or failure: the search for the elusive criteria. Cardozo journal of conflict resolution, 7 (2), 289–302.
- Bercovitch, J., 2009. Mediation and conflict resolution. In: J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I.W. Zartman, eds. The Sage handbook of conflict resolution. London: Sage, 340–357.
- Bercovitch, J., 2011. Theory and practice of international mediation: selected essays. London: Routledge.
- Bercovitch, J. and Schneider, G., 2000. Who mediates? The political economy of international conflict management. Journal of peace research, 37 (2), 145–165.
- Boehmer, C., Gartzke, E., and Nordstrom, T., 2004. Do intergovernmental organizations promote peace? World politics, 57 (1), 1–38.
- Böhmelt, T., 2012. Why many cooks if they can spoil the broth? The determinants of multiparty mediation. Journal of peace research, 49 (5), 701–715.
- Broers, L., 2015. From “frozen conflict” to enduring rivalry: reassessing the Nagorny Karabakh conflict. Nationalities papers, 43 (4), 556–576.
- Butler, M., 2009. International conflict management. London: Routledge.
- Carment, D., Nikolko, M., and Belo, D., 2019. Gray zone mediation in the Ukraine crisis: comparing Crimea and Donbas. In: J. Wilkenfeld, K. Beardsley, and D. Quinn, eds. Research handbook on mediating international crises. Northampton: Edward Elgar Press, 124–140.
- Caucasian Node. 2015. Baku experts warn about high probability of escalation in Karabakh conflict zone, 11 September. Available from: http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/32965 [Accessed 20 October 2020].
- De Waal, T. 2013. A new narrative for the Karabakh conflict. Carnegie Europe, 19 June. Available from: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2013/06/19/new-narrative-for-karabakh-conflict-pub-52150 [Accessed 5 October 2020].
- De Waal, T. 2014. Karabakh’s guns of August. Carnegie.ru, 5 August. Available from: http://www.carnegie.ru/eurasiaoutlook/?fa=56322.
- De Waal, T. 2018. Armenia’s revolution and the Karabakh conflict. Carnegie Europe, 22 May. Available from: https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/76414.
- Diehl, P.F., Reifschneider, J., and Hensel, P.R., 1996. United Nations intervention and recurring conflict. International organization, 50 (4), 683–700.
- Dominguez, R., ed. 2014a. The OSCE: soft security for a hard world. Brussels: Peter Lang.
- Dominguez, R., 2014b. Introduction: the OSCE as a security provider. In: R. Dominguez, ed. The OSCE: soft security for a hard world. Brussels: Peter Lang, 17–27.
- Fischer, S. 2019. The Donbas conflict: opposing interests and narratives, difficult peace process, SWP Research Paper 5, Berlin. Available from: https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/research_papers/2019RP05_fhs.pdf.
- Fortna, V.P., 2004. Interstate peacekeeping: causal mechanisms and empirical effects. World politics, 56 (4), 481–519.
- Fortna, V.P. and Howard, L.M., 2008. Pitfalls and prospects in the peacekeeping literature. Annual review of political science, 11, 283–301.
- Freire, M.R., 2018. Conflict and security in the former Soviet Union: the role of the OSCE. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Freizer, S., 2014. Twenty years after the Nagorny Karabakh ceasefire: an opportunity to move towards more inclusive conflict resolution. Caucasus survey, 1 (2), 109–122.
- Galbreath, D., 2007. The organization for security and cooperation in Europe. London: Routledge.
- Galbreath, D., 2015. On reinvigorating European security. OSCE yearbook, 21, 81–90.
- Galbreath, D. and Brosig, M., 2013. OSCE. In: K.E. Jørgensen, and K.V. Laatikainen, eds. Routledge Handbook on the European Union and international institutions. Abingdon: Routledge, 271–281.
- Gasparyan, A., 2019. Understanding the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: domestic politics and twenty-five years of fruitless negotiations 1994–2018. Caucasus survey, 7 (3), 235–250.
- Gawrich, A., 2014. Emerging from the shadows – the Ukrainian-Russian crisis and the OSCE’s contribution to the European security architecture. Die Friedens-Warte, 89 (1-2), 59–80.
- Gawrich, A., 2017. A bridge with Russia? The parliamentary assemblies of the OSCE and of the Council of Europe in the Russia-Ukraine crisis. In: S. Stavridis and D Jancic, eds. Parliamentary diplomacy in European and global governance. Leiden: Brill, 156–173.
- George, A.L. and Bennett, A., 2005. Case studies and theory development. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Guliyev, F. and Gawrich, A. 2020. NATO vs. the CSTO: security threat perceptions and responses to secessionist conflicts in Eurasia. Post-Communist Economies. Forthcoming. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2020.1800316.
- Gutner, T. and Thompson, A., 2012. The performance of international organizations. In: K.E. Jørgensen and K.V. Laatikainen, eds. Routledge handbook on the European Union and international institutions: performance, policy, power. London: Routledge, 5–70.
- Hansen, H.E., McLaughlin, M.S., and Nemeth, S.C., 2008. IO mediation of interstate conflicts: moving beyond the global versus regional dichotomy. Journal of conflict resolution, 52 (2), 295–325.
- Huseynov, T., 2010. Mountainous Karabakh: new paradigms for peace and development in the 21st century. International negotiation, 15 (1), 7–31.
- Hopmann, T., 2010. International organisations and non-state actors, Russia and Eurasia: the OSCE. In: R. Kanet and M.R. Freire, eds. Key players and regional dynamics in Eurasia: the return of the “great game”. Baden-Baden: Palgrave Macmillan, 238–270.
- Hopmann, T., 2016. The OSCE’s role in conflict management: what happened to co-operative security? OSCE yearbook 2016, Baden-Baden, 63–80.
- Interfax-Ukraine. 2014. Kremlin-backed rebels form Novorossiya army, 16 September. Available from: https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/war-against-ukraine/kremlin-backed-rebels-form-novorossiya-army-364887.html [Accessed 10 March 2020].
- International Crisis Group. 2005. Nagorno-Karabakh: a plan for peace. Report No. 167. Available from: https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan/nagorno-karabakh-plan-peace.
- International Crisis Group. 2017. Nagorno-Karabakh’s gathering war clouds. Report No. 244, 1 June. Available from: https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan/244-nagorno-karabakhs-gathering-war-clouds.
- International Crisis Group. 2019. Digging out of deadlock in Nagorno-Karabakh, Report No. 255. Available from: https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/nagorno-karabakh-conflict/255-digging-out-deadlock-nagorno-karabakh.
- International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 2014. The military balance 2014, Ch.5: Russia and Eurasia.
- Keohane, R.O., 1984. After hegemony: cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Krasner, S.D., 1982. Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables. International organization, 36 (2), 185–205.
- Kropatcheva, E., 2012. Russia and the role of the OSCE in European security: a “forum” for dialog or a “battlefield” of interests? European security, 21 (3), 370–394.
- Kropatcheva, E., 2015. The evolution of Russia’s OSCE policy: from the promises of the Helsinki final act to the Ukrainian crisis. Journal of contemporary European studies, 23 (1), 6–24.
- Kucera, J. 2015. Azerbaijan gets 85 percent of its weapons from Russia. Eurasianet, 15 March. Available from: http://www.eurasianet.org/node/72581 [Accessed 25 March 2020].
- Kuzio, T., 2017. Ukraine between a constrained EU and assertive Russia. JCMS: Journal of common market studies, 55 (1), 103–120.
- Lehne, S. 2015. Reviving the OSCE: European security and the Ukraine crisis. Carnegie Europe Paper, 22 September. Available from: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2015/09/22/reviving-osce-european-security-and-ukraine-crisis-pub-61362.
- Lynch, D., 2002. Separatist states and post-Soviet conflicts. International affairs, 78 (4), 831–848.
- Malyarenko, T. and Wolff, S., 2018. The logic of competitive influence-seeking: Russia, Ukraine, and the conflict in donbas. Post-Soviet affairs, 34 (4), 191–212.
- Mearsheimer, J.J., 1994–95. The false promise of international institutions. International security, 19 (3), 5–49.
- Mearsheimer, J.J., 2019. Bound to fail: the rise and fall of the liberal international order. International security, 43 (4), 7–50.
- Meier, L.D., 2016. OSCE peacekeeping – conceptual framework and practical experience. OSCE yearbook, 149–163. Available from: https://ifsh.de/file/publication/OSCE_Yearbook_en/2016/Meier-en.pdf.
- MFA Russia (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). 2020. Statement by the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and the President of the Russian Federation. Available from: https://www.mid.ru/en/web/guest/foreign_policy/international_safety/conflicts/-/asset_publisher/xIEMTQ3OvzcA/content/id/4419267.
- Moscow Times. 2018. Russia ships $200M in military arms to ally Armenia, 23 July. Available from: https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/07/23/russia-ships-200-million-military-arms-ally-armenia-a62318 [Accessed 5 January 2020].
- Mosser, M.W., 2015. Embracing “embedded security”: the OSCE’s understated but significant role in the European security architecture. European security, 24 (4), 579–599.
- Neukirch, C., 2016. The Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine in its second year: ongoing OSCE conflict management in Ukraine. OSCE yearbook, Baden-Baden, 229–239.
- Orttung, R. and Walker, C. 2015. Putin’s frozen conflict. Foreign Policy, 13 February. https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/13/putins-frozen-conflicts/.
- OSCE. 1995. Mandate of the Minsk Group co-chairs. Vienna, 23 March. https://www.osce.org/mg/70125?download=true.
- OSCE. 2014. Permanent Council, Decision No.1117, Deployment of an OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, PC.DEC/1117, 21 March. Available from: www.osce.org/pc/116747.
- OSCE. 2015a. Package of measures for the implementation of the Minsk Agreements, 12 February. Available from: https://www.osce.org/cio/140156.
- OSCE. 2015b. Permanent Council, Decision No.1162, Extension of the mandate of the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, PC.DEC/1162, 12 March. Available from: www.osce.org/pc/144996.
- OSCE. 2015c. OSCE response to the crisis in and around Ukraine (as of 1 June). Available from: https://www.osce.org/home/125575?download=true.
- OSCE Chairmanship. 2014a. Swiss Chairperson-in-Office receives positive responses to OSCE roadmap, says implementation is well underway, 12 May. Available from: https://www.osce.org/cio/118479.
- OSCE Chairmanship. 2014b. A roadmap for concrete steps forward: the OSCE as an inclusive platform and impartial actor for stability in Ukraine, 12 May. Available from: https://www.osce.org/cio/118509.
- OSCE Minsk Group. 2020a. Press statement by the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group and Personal Representative of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office, 24 July. Available from: https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/458068.
- OSCE Minsk Group. 2020b. Statement by the co-chairs, 27 September. Available from: https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/465018.
- OSCE Minsk Group. 2020c. Statement by the co-chairs, 13 October. Available from: https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/466998.
- OSCE Reference Guide. 2014. Mediation and dialogue facilitation in the OSCE, 13 November. Available from: https://www.osce.org/secretariat/126646.
- OSCE Status Report. 2020. Status report as of 27 January 2020. Available from: https://www.osce.org/special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/445225.
- Pesko, M., 2016. The OSCE’s engagement in response to the crisis in Ukraine: meeting new challenges with new solutions. OSCE yearbook, 22, Nomos, 23–32.
- Peters, T. and Shapkina, A. 2019. The grand stalemate of the Minsk agreements. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Country report. February. Kharkiv, Ukraine. Available from: https://www.kas.de/laenderberichte/detail/-/content/die-grosse-sackgasse-der-minsker-abkommen.
- Platise, M.S., Moser, C., and Peters, A., 2019. The legal framework of the OSCE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Russett, B., Oneal, J.R., and Davis, D.R., 1998. The third leg of the Kantian tripod for peace: international organizations and militarized disputes, 1950–85. International organization, 52 (3), 441–467.
- Sahakyan, A. and Novruz, N. 2015. Azerbaijan-Armenia: counting casualties. IWPR, 30 April. Available from: http://go.iwpr.net/1EFxLf8 [Accessed 10 September 2020].
- Shirinyan, A., 2016. The evolving dilemma of the status quo in Nagorno-Karabakh. Security and human rights, 27 (3-4), 467–478.
- Shiriyev, Z. 2019. Azerbaijan’s relations with Russia: closer by default? Chatham House Research Paper, Available from: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2019-03-14-Azerbaijan2.pdf.
- SIPRI, 2013. Trends in international arms transfers. Sweden: Solna. Available from: https://www.sipri.org/publications/2014/sipri-fact-sheets/trends-international-arms-transfers-2013.
- Smolnik, F. and Halbach, U., 2016. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict in light of the crisis over Ukraine. In: S. Fischer, ed. Not frozen! The unresolved conflicts over Transnistria, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Berlin: SWP Research Paper, 61–80.
- Stack, L. and Zraick, K. 2015. Frozen zones: how Russia maintains influence in the post-Cold War era. New York Times, 14 October. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/10/14/world/europe/russia-frozen-zones-syria.html [Accessed 5 November 2020].
- Tanner, F., 2016. The OSCE and the crisis in and around Ukraine: first lessons for crisis management. OSCE yearbook, Baden-Baden, 241–250.
- TASS. 2020. Lavrov expects OSCE Minsk Group to take part in resolving humanitarian issues in Karabakh, 21 November. Available from: https://tass.com/politics/1226391 [Accessed 5 December 2020].
- Van Hoye, E., 1999. The OSCE in the Caucasus: long-standing mediation for long-term resolutions. OSCE yearbook, 247–256.
- Wallensteen, P., 2002. Understanding conflict resolution. London: Sage.
- Wilson, A., 2014. Ukraine crisis: what it means for the West. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Wittke, C., 2019. The Minsk agreements – more than “scraps of paper”? East European politics, 35 (3), 264–290.
- Zartman, I.W., 2008. Negotiation and conflict management. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Zartman, I.W., 2009. Conflict resolution and mediation. In: J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk, and I.W. Zartman, eds. The Sage handbook of conflict resolution. London: Sage, 322–339.
- Zartman, I.W. and Touval, S., 1985. International mediation: conflict resolution and power politics. Journal of social issues, 41 (2), 27–45.
- Zavoli, I., 2017. Peacekeeping in Eastern Ukraine: the legitimacy of a request and the competence of the United Nations general assembly. Journal of conflict and security law, 22 (1), 147–173.
- Zellner, W., 2005. Russia and the OSCE: from high hopes to disillusionment. Cambridge review of international affairs, 18 (3), 389–402.
- Ziyadov, T., 2010. Nagorno-Karabakh negotiations: though the prism of a multi-issue bargaining model. International negotiation, 15 (1), 107–131.