Contested statehood, complex sovereignty and the European Union's role in Kosovo

References

• Agnew, J., 1994. The territorial trap: the geographical assumptions of international relations theory. Review of international political economy, 1 (1), 53–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, J., 2005. Sovereignty regimes: territoriality and state authority in contemporary world politics. Annals of the Association of American geographers, 95 (2), 437–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baev, P., 1998. Russia’s policies in secession-ist conflicts in Europe in the 1990s. Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Security Policy Library No. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Baracani, E., 2020. Evaluating EU actorness as a state-builder in ‘contested’ Kosovo. Geopolitics, 25 (2), 362–386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, E., 2009. Re-examining sovereignty claims in changing territorialities: reflections from ‘Kosovo syndrome’. Geopolitics, 14 (2), 219–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergmann, J., 2018. Same table, different menus? A comparison of UN and EU mediation practice in the Kosovo-Serbia conflict. International negotiation, 23 (2), 238–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieber, F., 2011. Building impossible states? State-building strategies and EU membership in the Western Balkans. Europe-Asia studies, 63 (10), 1783–1802.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodin, J., 1992. On sovereignty: four chapters from the six books of the Commonwealth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., 1999. Towards convergence in Europe: institutional adaptation to Europeanization in Germany and Spain. Journal of common market studies, 37 (4), 573–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börzel, T.A., 2011. When Europeanization hits limited statehood. The Western Balkans as a test case for the transformative power of Europe. KFG Working Paper Series, No. 30.
   Google Scholar
• Bouris, D., 2014. The European Union and occupied Palestinian territories: state-building without a state. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bouris, D. and Kyris, G., 2017. Europeanisation, sovereignty and contested states: the EU in Northern Cyprus and Palestine. The British journal of politics and international relations, 19 (4), 755–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouris, D. and Papadimitriou, D. 2020. The EU and contested statehood in its near abroad: Europeanisation, actorness and state-building. Geopolitics, 25 (2), 273–293.
   Google Scholar
• Bouris, D. and Schumacher, T., eds., 2017. The revised European neighbourhood policy: continuity and change in EU foreign policy. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Brosig, M., 2011. The interplay of international institutions in Kosovo between convergence, confusion and niche capabilities. European security, 20 (2), 185–204.
   Google Scholar
• Byman, D. and King, C., 2012. The mystery of phantom states. The Washington quarterly, 35 (3), 43–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N., 2009. Playing the recognition game: external actors and de facto states. The international spectator, 44 (4), 47–60.
   Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N., 2013. Unrecognized states: the struggle for sovereignty in the modern international system. Cambridge: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N., 2015. Degrees of legitimacy: ensuring internal and external support in the absence of recognition. Geoforum, 66, 184–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N., 2018. Recognition, status quo or reintegration: engagement with de facto States. Ethnopolitics, 17 (4), 373–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, M. and Grove, K., 2009. Biopolitics, biopower, and the return of sovereignty. Environment and planning D: society and space, 27 (3), 489–507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union (CoEU) legislative act no. 10728/1/15 of 2 October 2015 on stabilization and association agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, of the one part, and Kosovo*, of the other part.
   Google Scholar
• Diez, T., Stetter, S., and Albert, M., 2006. The European Union and border conflicts: the transformative power of integration. International organization, 60 (3), 563–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eudaily, S. P. and Smith, S., 2008. Sovereign Geopolitics? -Uncovering the “Sovereignty Paradox”. Geopolitics, 13(2), 309–334.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2002. A wider Europe – a proximity policy as key to stability, 5 May. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do?docId=255969&cardId=255969 [Accessed 20 June 2022].
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2009. Kosovo – fulfilling its European perspective, 14 October. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/kosovo_study_en.pdf [Accessed 20 August 2022].
   Google Scholar
• European Commission, 2018. Visa liberalization: Commission confirms Kosovo fulfils all required benchmarks, 18 July. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_18_4562 [Accessed 8 June 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Featherstone, K. and Radaelli, C.M., eds., 2003. The politics of Europeanization. Oxford: OUP Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Florea, A., 2014. De facto states in international politics (1945–2011): a new data set. International interactions, 40 (5), 788–811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsberg, T., 1996. Beyond sovereignty, within territoriality: mapping the space of late-modern (geo) politics. Co-operation and conflict, 31 (4), 355–386.
   Google Scholar
• Gashi, K., 2021. Simulated power and the power of simulations: the European Union in the dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia. JCMS: journal of common market studies, 59 (2), 206–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gashi, K., Musliu, V. and Orbie, J., 2017. Mediation through recontextualization: the European Union and the dialogue between Kosovo and Serbia. European foreign affairs review, 22 (4), 533–550.
   Google Scholar
• Geldenhuys, D., 2009. Contested states in world politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Grande, E. and Pauly, L., 2005a. Complex sovereignty and the emergence of transnational authority (13). In: E. Grande and L Pauly, eds. Complex sovereignty: reconstituting political authority in the twenty-first century. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 285–300.
   Google Scholar
• Grande, E. and Pauly, L., 2005b. Reconstituting political authority: sovereignty, effectiveness, and legitimacy in a transnational order (1). In: E. Grande and L Pauly, eds. Complex sovereignty: reconstituting political authority in the twenty-first century. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 3–21.
   Google Scholar
• Greiçevci, L., 2011. EU actorness in international affairs: the case of EULEX mission in Kosovo. Perspectives on European politics and society, 12 (3), 283–303.
   Google Scholar
• Hehir, A., 2006. Autonomous province building: identification theory and the failure of UNMIK. International peacekeeping, 13 (2), 200–213.
   Google Scholar
• Isachenko, D., 2012. The making of informal states: statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ker-Lindsay, J., 2012. The foreign policy of counter secession: preventing the recognition of contested states. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ker-Lindsay, J., 2015. Engagement without recognition: the limits of diplomatic interaction with contested states. International affairs, 91 (2), 267–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ker-Lindsay, J., 2018. The stigmatisation of de facto states: disapproval and ‘engagement without recognition’. Ethnopolitics, 17 (4), 362–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolosov, V. and O’Loughlin, J., 1999. Pseudo-states as harbingers of a post-modern geopolitics: the example of the Transdniestrian Moldovan Republic. Geopolitics, 3 (1), 151–176.
   Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P., 2006. The sustainability and future of unrecognized quasi-states. Journal of peace research, 43 (6), 723–740.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P. and Blakkisrud, H., 2008. Living with non-recognition: state-and nation-building in South Caucasian quasi-states. Europe-Asia studies, 60 (3), 483–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasner, S.D., 2001. Rethinking the sovereign state model. Review of international studies, 27 (5), 17–42.
   Google Scholar
• Krasniqi, G., 2015. Equal citizens, uneven communities: differentiated and hierarchical citizenship in Kosovo. Ethnopolitics, 14 (2), 197–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratochwil, F. and Ruggie, J.G., 1986. International organization: a state of the art on an art of the state. International organization, 40 (4), 753–775.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtulus, E., 2005. State sovereignty: concept, phenomenon and ramifications. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kuus, M. and Agnew, J., 2008. Theorizing the state geographically: sovereignty, subjectivity, territoriality. In: K. Cox, M. Low and J. Robinson, SAGE handbook of political geography, 95–106. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Kyris, G., 2016. The Europeanisation of contested statehood: the EU in northern Cyprus. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kyris, G., 2018. Sovereignty and engagement without recognition: explaining the failure of conflict resolution in Cyprus. Ethnopolitics, 17 (4), 426–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyris, G., 2020. The European Union in Northern Cyprus: conceptualising the avoidance of contested states. Geopolitics, 25 (2), 346–361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyris, G., 2022. State recognition and dynamic sovereignty. European journal of international relations, 28 (2), 287–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lake, D.A., 2003. The new sovereignty in international relations. International studies review, 5 (3), 303–323.
   Google Scholar
• Lavenex, S. and Uçarer, E.M., 2004. The external dimension of Europeanization: the case of immigration policies. Co-operation and conflict, 39 (4), 417–443.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, G.M. and Mastanduno, M., 1993. International intervention, state sovereignty and the future of international society. International social science journal, 45 (4), 517–532.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, D., 2004. Engaging Eurasia’s separatist states: unresolved conflicts and de facto states. Washington: US Institute of Peace Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mandaville, P., 1999. Territory and translocality: discrepant idioms of political identity. Millennium, 28 (3), 653–673.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musliu, V., 2021. Europeanization and statebuilding as everyday practices: performing Europe in the Western Balkans. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mutluer, D. and Tsarouhas, D., 2018. EU foreign policy and ‘perceived coherence’: the case of Kosovo. Southeast European and Black Sea studies, 18 (3), 419–438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, D., 2010. Territory, compartments and borders: avoiding the trap of the territorial trap. Geopolitics, 15 (4), 773–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, E. and Visoka, G., 2019. Kosovo 20 years on: implications for international order. Brown journal of world affairs, 26, 215.
   Google Scholar
• Noutcheva, G., 2009. Fake, partial and imposed compliance: the limits of the EU’s normative power in the Western Balkans. Journal of European public policy, 16 (7), 1065–1084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noutcheva, G., 2015. Institutional governance of European neighbourhood policy in the wake of the Arab Spring. Journal of European integration, 37 (1), 19–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noutcheva, G., 2018. Whose legitimacy? The EU and Russia in contest for the eastern neighbourhood. Democratization, 25 (2), 312–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noutcheva, G., 2020. Contested statehood and EU actorness in Kosovo, Abkhazia and Western Sahara. Geopolitics, 25 (2), 449–471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oproiu, M., 2015. Current challenges for EU coherence in promoting the rule of law in Kosovo. Europolity-continuity and change in European governance, 9 (2), 147–178.
   Google Scholar
• Osmani, V., 2021. Exchange of letter between the President of the Republic of Kosovo and the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Josep Borrell Fontelles. Available from: https://president-ksgov.net/en/news/president-osmani-extends-the-eu-rule-of-law-mission-in-kosovo-technical-mandate [Accessed 5 July 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou, D. and Phinnemore, D., 2004. Europeanization, conditionality and domestic change: the twinning exercise and administrative reform in Romania. JCMS: journal of common market studies, 42 (3), 619–639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou, D. and Petrov, P., 2012. Whose rule, whose law? Contested statehood, external leverage and the European Union’s Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo. JCMS: journal of common market studies, 50 (5), 746–763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegg, S., 1998. De facto states in the international system. Vancouver: Institute of International Relations, University of British Columbia, Working Paper No. 21.
   Google Scholar
• Popescu, N., 2007. Europe’s unrecognized neighbours: the EU in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. CEPS, Working Paper No. 260.
   Google Scholar
• Radaelli, C.M., 2000. Whither Europeanization? Concept stretching and substantive change. European Integration online Papers (EIoP) 4, no. 8. Available from: http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2000-008a.htm [Accessed 5 May 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Risse, T., 2015. Limited statehood: a critical perspective. In: S. Leibfried, E. Huber, M. Lange, J.D. Levy, F. Nullmeier, and J.D. Stephens, eds. The Oxford handbook of transformation of the state. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 152–168.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S., 2013. When territory deborders territoriality. Territory, politics, governance, 1 (1), 21–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F. and Wagner, W., 2004. Preface: external governance in the European Union. Journal of European public policy, 11 (4), 657–660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmelfennig, F., 2009. Entrapped again: the way to EU membership negotiations with Turkey. International politics, 46 (4), 413–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, P.E., 2009. Sovereignty, territory, and the mapping of mobility: a view from the outside. Annals of the Association of American geographers, 99 (3), 467–495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX), 2018. Joint Rule of Law Coordination Board (JRCB) meeting. Available from: https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/?page=2,56 [Accessed 6 July 2021].
   Google Scholar
• The Government of the Republic of Serbia, 2013. Brussels Agreement, first agreement of principles governing the normalization of relations. Available from: https://www.srbija.gov.rs/specijal/en/120394 [Accessed 2 July 2021].
   Google Scholar
• Tocci, N., 2007. The EU and conflict resolution: promoting peace in the backyard. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly, 2010. Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on whether the unilateral declaration of independence of Kosovo is in accordance with international law, 13 October. Available from: https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/ROL%20A%20RES64%20298.pdf [Accessed 19 July 2022].
   Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen, T. and Wodak, R., 1999. Legitimizing immigration control: a discourse-historical analysis. Discourse studies, 1, 87–118.
   Google Scholar
• Visoka, G., 2018. Acting like a state: Kosovo and the everyday making of statehood. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Visoka, G., 2019. Metis diplomacy: the everyday politics of becoming a sovereign state. Cooperation and conflict, 54 (2), 167–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visoka, G. and Doyle, J., 2016. Neo-functional peace: the European Union way of resolving conflicts. JCMS: journal of common market studies, 54 (4), 862–877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulović, M., 2020. Performing statehood in Northern Kosovo: discursive struggle over contested space. Cooperation and conflict, 55 (3), 326–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz, K.N., 1979. Theory of international politics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, W.G. and De Wilde, J.H., 2001. The endurance of sovereignty. European journal of international relations, 7 (3), 283–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman, R.G. and Wolff, S., eds., 2012. The European Union as a global conflict manager. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Willoughby, W.W., 1924. The fundamental concepts of public law. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Interviews
   Google Scholar
• EU Official A, Interview with Kosovo-based EU official on the effect of contested statehood on the EU’s policy instruments and institutional representation in Kosovo, [online], 1 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• EU Official B, Interview with EULEX officer on the influence of contested statehood on the EULEX’s activities, initiatives and projects, [online], 8 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• EU Official C, Interview with EULEX officer on the influence of contested statehood on the EULEX’s activities, initiatives and projects, [online], 6 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• EU Official D, Interview with EULEX officer on the influence of contested statehood on the EULEX’s activities, initiatives and projects, [online], 14 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• EU Official E, Interview with Brussels-based EU official on the effect of contested statehood on the EU’s policy instruments and institutional representation in Kosovo and the influence of contested statehood on the EULEX’s activities, initiatives and projects, [online], 19 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• EU Official F, Interview with European Commission official on the effect of Kosovo’s contested statehood on the EU’s policy instruments and institutional representation in Kosovo, [online], 6 July 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Interview with Kosovan official on domestic perception of the EU’s engagement in Kosovo amid contested statehood, [online], 14 July 2021.
   Google Scholar