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Original Articles

Challenges to Eastern European security in the 1990s

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Pages 381-411 | Published online: 19 Oct 2007

Notes

  • 1991 . ‘Eastern Europe: Coming Around the First Turn’ . Paper Presented by the CIA to the Technology and National Security Subcommittee of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States . May 16 1991 . pp. 2 – 3 .
  • 1992 . ‘Creating the invisible Hand’ . The Economist , 11 May : 63 – 5 .
  • Lohr , Steve . 1991 . ‘Poland to Privatize Industry By Giving Stake to All Adults’ . New York Times , 28 June : A1 D5
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Economic Development, Policy Explained’ . Joint Publications Research Service, Eastern Europe , 91–084 15 June : 38 – 9 . (henceforce JPRS‐EER)
  • Engelberg , Stephen . 1991 . ‘Factories With Amenities Hinder Poland's Stark Turn to Capitalism’ . New York Times , 3 June : A1 D4
  • 1991 . ‘Poland: Summary of Analysis on Major Economic Changes’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–072 30 May : 31 – 2 .
  • Woodward , Susan . 1992 . ‘The Tyranny of Time’ . Brookings Review , 10 ( 1 ) Winter : 10
  • Gowan , Peter . 1991–92 . ‘Old Medicine, New Bottles: Western Policy Toward East Central Europe’ . World Policy Journal , 9 ( 1 ) : 1 – 34 .
  • Jackson , Marvin . 12 April 1991 . “ ‘Bulgaria: The Dangers of Procrastination in the Transition From Socialism to Capitalism’ ” . In Radio Free Europe, Report on Eastern Europe 12 April , 5 – 6 . (henceforth Report on Eastern Europe)
  • 1991 . ‘Survey Considers 1991 “Great Depression” Year,’ . Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Eastern Europe , 31 Dec. : 5 (henceforth FBIS‐EEU)
  • 1991 . ‘Romania: Foreign Financing Needed to Avert Catastrophe’ . JPRS‐EER , 31 May : 38 – 9 .
  • April 1991 . “ ‘The US & Romania: Facing a Difficult Future, Policy Recommendations’ ” . In The Atlantic Council of the United States April , 13 Washington, DC
  • 1991 . ‘Industrial Output Decreased in First Quarter’ . FBIS‐EEU , 13 June : 23 – 4 .
  • 1991 . ‘Debt Relief Proposal Discussed, Rejected: History, Status Assessed’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–054 26 April : 34
  • 1991 . ‘Eastern Europe's “Severe” Economic Crisis Viewed’ . Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Western Europe , 26 Dec. : 1 (henceforth FBIS‐WEU
  • 1991 . ‘Foreign Minister Dienstbier Continues US Visit: Asks Baker for Arms Conversion Aid’ . FBIS‐EEU , 17 April : 10
  • Martin , Peter . 17 May 1991 . “ ‘An Economic Strategy for 1991–1992’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 17 May , 14
  • 1991 . ‘Poland’ . JPRS‐EER , 13 Sept. : 14 – 16 .
  • Kolocko , Grzegorz W. and Rutkowski , Michael . 1991 . ‘The Problem of Transition from a Socialist to a Free Market Economy: The Case of Poland’ . Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies , 16 ( 2 ) Summer : 159 – 79 .
  • 1991 . ‘Dlouhy on Economic Reform Strategy, Risks’ . FBIS‐EEU , 2 Oct. : 14
  • Komarek , Vatr . 1992 . ‘Shock Therapy and Its Victims’ . New York Times , 5 Jan. : E13
  • Battiata , Mary . 1992 . ‘Poles Strike Against Economic Reform’ . Washington Post , 13 Jan. : A13
  • Bering‐Jensen , Henrik . 1991 . ‘Poles Apart in New Era’ . Insight , 23 Sept. : 17
  • 1991 . ‘Business in Eastern Europe’ . The Economist, Special Survey , 21 Sept. : 3
  • Brada , Josef C. 6 Dec. 1991 . “ ‘The European Community and Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 6 Dec. , 27 – 32 .
  • Brzezinski , Zbigniew . 1992 . ‘Helping the Former communist World Get From There to Here’ . Washington Post Weekly , 9–15 March : 23 – 4 .
  • Lipton , David and Sachs , Jeffrey . 1990 . “ ‘Creating a Market Economy in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland’ ” . In Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 101 – 3 . Washington, DC : Brookings Inst. .
  • 1991 . ‘US‐Polish Trade Treaty Critiqued’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–057 1 May : 6 – 9 .
  • 1991 . ‘Walesa Criticized Closed Western Markets’, and ‘Skubiszewski Ends US Visit, Views Baker Talks,’ . FBIS‐EEU , 2 Oct. : 22
  • 1991 . ‘Poland: Negotiations, Importance of EC Integration’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–098 5 July : 10 – 11 .
  • Pataki , Judith . 26 April 1991 . “ ‘Hungary: By‐Elections Show Voter Apathy and a Shift to the Left’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 26 April , 16 – 18 .
  • Harden , Blaine . 1991 . ‘Ex‐Communists Gain Momentum in Poland’ . Washington Post , 22 Oct. : A19
  • 28 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘The Gathering Storms’ ” . In US News & World Report 28 Oct. , 60
  • Johnson , Boris . 1991 . ‘French Chefs’ . The National Interest , Fall : 59 – 64 .
  • 1991 . ‘Genscher Favors Western Help for “Reform States”,’ . FBIS‐WEU , 29 Aug. : 5 – 6 .
  • 1991 . ‘Speeches Delivered at 4 September Bundestag Session (by Kohl and Genscher,’ . FBIS‐WEU , 5 Sept. : 5 – 12 .
  • 1991 . ‘Beregovoy: Obstacles to Association with EC Gone’ . FBIS‐EEU , 4 Oct. : 8
  • 1992 . ‘FRG's Genscher Makes Address’ . FBIS‐WEU , 25 March : 2
  • Espa , Efision , Lorentzen , Jochen and Uvalic , Milica . 1992 . ‘What Can the European Community Do to Assist the Transition in Central‐Eastern Europe?’ . Executive Summary of the Conference: Impediments to the Transiton. The West European Countries and the Policies of the European Community . Jan. 24–25 1992 . pp. 4 – 5 . Florence, , Italy : European Univ. Inst. .
  • 1991 . ‘Negotiations With EC on Association Status’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–050 18 April : 35
  • 1991 . ‘Walesa Views “Mutual Interdependence” With West’ . FBIS‐EEU , 9 Oct. : 19 – 20 .
  • 1991 . ‘Czech Prime Minister Views EC Association Plan’ . FBIS‐EEU , 16 Dec. : 11
  • Harden , Blaine . 1992 . ‘Poles Sour on Capitalism: Walesa Accuses West of Preying on Country’ . Washington Post , 5 Feb. : A1 24
  • 1991 . ‘Trade With Eastern Europe Continues to Decline’ . FBIS, Soviet Union , 26 Sept. : 12 – 14 . (henceforth FBIS‐SU)
  • Dabrowski , Patrice . 4 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘East European Trade (Part I): The Loss of the Soviet Market’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 4 Oct. , 28 – 37 .
  • 1991 . ‘New Financial Arrangements With East European Partners Needed’ . JPRS, International Affairs, Soviet Union , 91–016 3 Sept. : 35 – 6 . (henceforth JPRS‐UIA)
  • 1991 . ‘Romania: Moldovan Prime Minister Muravschi Interviewd’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–113 1 Aug. : 26
  • 1991 . ‘ “World This Week” on Bush Proposal, Investments,’ . FBIS‐SU , 30 Sept. : 11
  • 1992 . ‘Interview With Vice Admiral Piotr Kolodziejczyk’ . Jane's Defence Weekly , 4 Jan. : 32
  • Schopflin , George . 1991 . ‘Post‐Communism: Constructing New Democracies in Central Europe’ . International Affairs (London) , 67 ( 2 ) Summer : 235 – 50 .
  • Schopflin , George . 1991 . ‘Nationalism and National Minorities in East and Central Europe’ . Journal of International Affairs , 45 ( 1 ) Spring : 51 – 65 .
  • Bernstam , Mikhail S. 1991 . “ ‘Economic Systems, Demographic Change, and Global Conflict” . In Population Change and European Security , Edited by: Freedman , Lawrence and Saunders , John . 150 – 64 . London : Brassey's .
  • 1991 . ‘ “Deep Concern” Over Minority in Lithuania,’ . FBIS‐EEU , 26 Sept. : 18
  • 1991 . ‘Skubiszewski Views Status of Lithuanian Poles’, and ‘Declaration on Minorities Prepared With Lithuania’ . FBIS‐EEU , 7 Oct. : 6
  • 1991 . ‘Polish Press Drops “Restraint” Toward Lithuania’ . FBIS, Soviet Republics , 4 Oct. : 16 (henceforth FBIS‐USR)
  • Battiata , Mary . 1991 . ‘Ethnic Russian Minority is a Test for Emerging Estonia’ . Washington Post , 30 Sept. : A13 17
  • de Weydenthal , Jan B. 11 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘The Polish‐Lithuanian Dispute’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 11 Oct. , 20 – 3 .
  • Weydenthal , De . “ ‘Declaration on Minorities Prepared with Lithuania’ ” . 6
  • 1991 . ‘Ethnic Minorities Look to Emigration’ . FBIS‐USR , 4 Oct. : 23 – 4 .
  • Ionescu , Dan . 11 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘Romania: Transylvania and Romanian‐Polish Relations’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 11 Oct. , 24 – 7 .
  • 1991 . ‘Hungary: Jeszensky Examines Regional Economic Cooperation’ . FBIS‐EEU , 91–201 17 Oct. : 19
  • 1991 . ‘“Extremist” Party Threatens Invasion of Hungary’ . FBIS‐EEU , 91–200 16 Oct. : 25 – 6 .
  • Fischer‐Galati , Stephen . Summer 1991 . “ ‘Rumania in Transition’ ” . American Foreign Policy Center, Dept. of History, Louisiana Tech Univ., Current Issues, No. 1 Summer , 11
  • 1991 . ‘FSN Deputy on Discrimination, Anti‐Semitism Charge’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–146 30 Sept. : 57 – 62 .
  • 1991 . ‘State Council to Defend Rights of Russians’ . FBIS‐SU , 1 Oct. : 52
  • 1992 . ‘Regional Foreign Ministers Issue Joint Statement’ . FBIS‐EEU , 27 March : 2
  • Valkov , Victor . 1991 . ‘Partnership between Bulgaria and NATO: A Promising Development’ . NATO Review , 39 ( 5 ) Oct. : 13 – 17 .
  • 1991 . ‘Hung by The Turks’ . The Economist , 19 Oct. : 59 – 60 .
  • Engelbrekt , Kjell and Perry , Duncan M. 11 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘Bulgaria: The Run‐Up to the National Elections: Politics and Parties’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 11 Oct. , 4 – 9 .
  • 1991 . ‘DPS Says Greeks Intervened in Internal Affairs’ . FBIS‐EEU , 24 Oct. : 6 – 7 .
  • 1991 . ‘Military Security Zone With Turkey Planned’ . FBIS‐EEU , 23 Dec. : 2
  • 1991 . ‘New Balance to Be Established in Balkan Region’ . FBIS, Western Europe , 23 Dec. : 53
  • 1991 . ‘Bulgaria: Macedonian Separatism Threatens National Unity’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–049 16 April : 1 – 2 .
  • 1991 . ‘Protest Note on Macedonian Question Delivered’ . FBIS‐EEU , 16 Oct. : 4
  • Kaplan , Robert D. 1991 . ‘History's Cauldron’ . The Atlantic Monthly , June : 93 – 104 .
  • 1992 . ‘Cetin Returns from “Beneficial” Visit to Bulgaria’ . FBIS‐WEU , 1 April : 36 – 7 .
  • 1992 . ‘Ozal, Demirel, Praise Relations With Bulgaria’ . FBIS‐WEU , 16 March : 45
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Mikolsko Insists on Slovak Role in EC Agreement’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–200 16 Oct. : 9
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Shifts on Slovak Political Scene Noted, View From Prague, Part One,’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–148 3 Oct. : 11 – 14 .
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Interpretation of Slovak History Contested,’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–147 1 Oct. : 14 – 15 .
  • 1991 . ‘Carnogursky Outlines Czech‐Slovak Disputes’ . FBIS‐EEU , 19 Dec. : 12 – 14 .
  • 1991 . ‘Slovaks Accused of Undermining Federation’ . FBIS‐EEU , 16 April : 15 – 16 .
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Slovak Confederative Arrangement Plans Revealed’ . FBIS‐EEU , 17 Oct. : 12 – 13 .
  • 1991 . ‘Calfa Views Progress’ . FBIS‐EEU , 21 Oct. : 6 – 7 .
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Czech Response to Appeal for Slovak Sovereignty, Realistic Approach Urged’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–148 3 Oct. : 8
  • Obrman , Jan . 20 Sept. 1991 . “ ‘Czechoslovakia: Further Discussions on the Future of the Federation’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 20 Sept. , 6 – 10 .
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Pithart Examines Czech‐Slovak Differences’ . FBIS‐EEU , 7 Aug. : 12
  • 1991 . ‘Havel Views Republic, Referendum, Treaty Issues’ . FBIS‐EEU , 8 Oct. : 21
  • 1991 . ‘Havel Addresses Federal Assembly Session’ . FBIS‐EEU , 25 Sept. : 12
  • 1992 . ‘Havel Discusses Arms Trade, Federation’ . FBIS‐EEU , 12 March : 7
  • 1991 . ‘Czechoslovakia: Slovak Hungarian Leaders View Minorities Issues’ . FBIS‐EEU , 18 Oct. : 18 – 19 .
  • 1991 . ‘Defence Concept, Armed Forces Outline Adopted’ . FBIS‐USR , 29 Oct. : 90
  • Solchanyk , Roman . 1 Nov. 1991 . “ ‘Ukraine, the Kremlin, and the Russian White House,’ ” . In Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Report on the USSR 1 Nov. , 13 – 16 .
  • 1992 . ‘Czech Coalition Calls for Border Revision,’ . FBIS‐EEU , 3 Jan. : 8
  • 1991 . ‘Macedonian Issue, Bulgarian Involvement Discussed’ . JPRS‐EER , 91–151 9 Oct. : 1 – 2 .
  • Alcock , Anthony E. 1982 . Geschichte der Suedtirolfrage. Suedtirol seit dem Paket, 1970–1980 Wein
  • Gasteyger , Curt . Winter 1991–92 . “ ‘European Security and the New Arc of Crisis’ ” . Adelphi Papers, No.265 Winter , 71 – 5 . London : IISS .
  • 24 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘Raffay: Army Can Handle ‘Aggression’ from SFRY’ ” . 24 Oct. , 17 Ibid.
  • Joffe , George . Winter 1991–92 . “ ‘European Security and the New Arc of Crisis’ ” . Adelphi Papers, No. 265 Winter , 60 London : IISS .
  • Blank , Stephen . 1991 . “ ‘Winter Storm in the Baltic: the Soviet Armed Forces and Internal Security’ ” . In The Soviet Military Factor in a Changing World , Edited by: Clark , Susan L. 241 – 80 . Boulder, Colorado : Westview Press .
  • Goodby , James E. 1992 . ‘Peacekeeping in the New Europe’ . Washington Quarterly , 15 ( 2 ) Spring : 153 – 71 .
  • Nash , Michael L. 1992 . ‘Hungary: An Aspirant State’ . Contemporary Review , 260 ( 1514 ) March : 115
  • 1992 . ‘"Central European Initiative” Replaces Hexagonale’ . FBIS‐EEU , 27 March : 4
  • 1992 . ‘Details of Organization Explained’ . FBIS‐EEU , 27 March : 4
  • 1992 . ‘Katona on “Scope of Participants'” . FBIS‐EEU , 27 March : 4
  • 1991 . ‘Negotiators Say “EC Bureaucracy” Undermined Talks’ . FBIS‐EEU , 24 Oct. : 21
  • 1991 . ‘No Accord With East Europe’ . FBIS‐WEU , 9 Sept. : 2
  • 1991 . ‘Walesa Interviewed on Tripartite Cooperation’ . FBIS‐EEU , 10 Oct. : 18 – 19 .
  • 1992 . ‘DIW Report Criticizes Slim EC Aid to East’ . FBIS‐WEU , 13 May : 9 – 14 .
  • 28 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘Czech Prime Minister Views Ties With Slovakia’ ” . 28 Oct. , 13 ibid.
  • Sachs , Jeffrey and Lipton , David . 1990 . ‘Poland's Economic Reform’ . Foreign Affairs , 69 ( 3 ) Summer : 47 – 66 .
  • 1991 . ‘Moellemann Criticizes France Veto on East Europe’ . FBIS‐WEU , 23 Sept. : 10
  • Hoffman , David . 1992 . ‘Walesa Asking Bush for $1 Billion Loan Guarantee’ . Washington Post , 18 March : A6
  • Drozdiak , William . 1991 . ‘Lack of an Armed Option Limits EC's Yugoslav Peace Initiative’ . Washington Post , 5 Sept. : A23
  • Lloyd , John and Nicholson , Mark . 1991 . ‘Call for E. Europe Task Force’ . Financial Times (London) , 11 Sept. : 1
  • 1991 . ‘WEU Plans Possible SFRY Troop Deployment’ . FBIS‐WEU , 23 Oct. : 1
  • 28 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘WEU‐Linked Response Force Derided as Fantasy’ ” . 28 Oct. , 7 – 9 . Ibid.
  • Eyal , Jonathan . 1991 . ‘The Yugoslav Crisis and the Search for Security in Eastern Europe’ . Harvard International Review , Fall : 32 – 5 .
  • Morgan , Patrick M. 1991 . ‘Multilateralism and Security Prospects in Europe’ . paper presented to the American Political Science Assoc. Convention . Aug. 30 1991 , Washington, DC. pp. 27 – 890 . ‐2 Sept.
  • Weydenthal , Jan B. 25 Oct. 1991 . “ ‘The Cracow Summit’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 25 Oct. , 27 – 9 .
  • Tokes , Rudolf L. 1991 . ‘From Visegrad to Krakow: Cooperation, Competition, and Coexistence in Central Europe’ . Problems of Communism , 40 ( 6 ) Nov.‐Dec. : 100 – 14 .
  • 1991 . ‘Genscher's Baker's Points on NATO, East Europe’ . FBIS‐WEU , 3 Oct. : 1
  • 1992 . ‘Genscher Proposes USSR Republics Join NATO’ . FBIS‐WEU , 6 Jan. : 1
  • Drozdiak , William . 1991 . ‘NATO Seeks New Identity in Europe’ . Washington Post , 4 Oct. : 19
  • 1992 . ‘NATO, CIS, Ex‐Warsaw Pact Nations Hold Talks: Dobrovsky: “Exceeded” Expectations’ . FBIS‐EEU , 2 April : 2
  • 1992 . ‘NATO, Ex‐Warsaw Pact Defense Minsters Meet’ . FBIS‐WEU , 1 April : 2
  • 1992 . ‘Who'd Think It?’ . Fort‐Worth Star‐Telegram , 4 April : 26
  • Korey , William . 1992 . ‘Helsinki's Uncertain Future’ . The New Leader , 75 ( 3 ) 9 March : 8 – 11 .
  • Longworth , R.C. 1991 . ‘NATO Holds off on Membership for E. Europe . Chicago Tribune , 20 Oct. : 18
  • Nelson , Daniel N. 1991 . ‘Security After Hegemony’ . Bulletin of Peace Proposals , 22 ( 2 ) : 335 – 45 .
  • Kempe , Frederick . 1991 . ‘NATO Leaders Prepare to Expand Ties to Ex‐Warsaw Pact Countries’ . Wall Street Journal , 4 Nov. : 1 14
  • Lewis , Paul . 1992 . ‘UN Chief Opposes Bosnia Action Now’ . New York Times , 25 April : 3
  • Whitney , Craig R. 1992 . ‘Unity on Balkans Eludes Europeans’ . New York Times , 25 April : 3
  • Lewis , Anthony . 1992 . ‘More Than Bosnia’ . New York Times , 26 April : E19
  • Claude , Inis L. Jr. April 1992 . “ ‘Collective Security After the Cold War’ ” . In Collective Security in Europe and Asia , Edited by: Guertner , Gary L. April , 7 – 28 . Carlisle Barracks, Pa. : Strategic Studies Inst., US Army War College .
  • Kovalyov , Sergei . 1991 . ‘The West Turns Down the Soviet Demand for Control’ . New Times , : 22 – 3 .
  • 1991 . ‘Deryabin Views CSCE Human Rights Conferences’ . FBIS‐SU , 26 Sept. : 7 – 8 .
  • 1991 . ‘Kozyrev Envisions CSCE Role for Republics’ . FBIS‐SU , 6 Sept. : 75 – 6 .
  • 1991 . ‘Genscher Addresses CSCE Meeting’ . FBIS‐SU , 11 Sept. : 5 – 6 .
  • 1991 . ‘Kohl Statement on Poland Treaty, Borders’ . FBIS‐WEU , 16 Sept. : 7
  • Slay , Ben . 1 Nov. 1991 . “ ‘The “Mass Privatization” Program Unravels’ ” . In Report on Eastern Europe 1 Nov. , 13 – 18 .
  • Spiroiu , Lt. Gen. Nicolae Constantin . 1991 . ‘The Balkans and European Security: A Romanian Perspective’ . RUSI Journal , 136 ( 3 ) Autumn : 31
  • Stokes , Gale . 1991 . ‘Lessons of the East European Revolutions of 1989,’ . Problems of Communism , 40 ( 5 ) Sept.‐Oct. : 19
  • 18 Nov. 1991 . “ ‘Worldgram: Compromise in Rome’ ” . In US News & World Report 18 Nov. , 68
  • Snyder , Jack . 1990 . ‘Averting Anarchy in the. New Europe’ . International Security , 14 ( 4 ) Spring : 37 – 8 .

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