Socioeconomic Transformation in Russia: Where is the Rural Elite?

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• 1998 . Monitoring , 5 : 83 A survey by the Russian Centre for Public Opinion Research in July 1998 asked people of different age groups, education levels and social status in which stratum (or class) (sloi) they would place private farmers. Between 50% and 59% of respondents, across age, education and social status, perceived farmers to be members of the middle class. Another 15-26% perceived farmers to be in the lower class. In general, older respondents with lower education and lower social status think farmers are in the upper class, but this response was generally 10% or less across the different sociological characteristics. See
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• For example, on 1 January 1994 private farmers had over 619 000 head of cattle and 346 500 pigs. By 1 January 1998 those numbers had declined to 500 000 head of cattle and 300 000 pigs. Itogi khozyaistvennoi deyatel'nosti krest'yanskikh (fermerskikh) khozyaistv Rossiiskoi Federatsii v 1994 godu (Moscow, 1995), p. 10; and Rossiya v tsifrakh 1998 (Moscow, 1998), p. 226.
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• Brooks . Agricultural Reform in Russia: A View From the Farm Level 61 The World Bank found in a 1994 survey that these large farms often included 10-15 families, or in a few cases as many as 90 families.
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