Four Positions on the Recognition of States in and after the Soviet Union, with Special Reference to Abkhazia

References

• Allison, R. (2013) Russia, the West, and Military Intervention (Oxford, Oxford University Press).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590636.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Beaudouin, B. (2011) Uti possidetis et sécession (Paris, Dalloz).
   Google Scholar
• Bilinsky, Y. (1977) ‘Russian Dissenters and the Nationality Question’, in Kamenetsky, I. (ed.) Nationalism and Human Rights: Processes of Modernization in the USSR (Littleton, CO, Association for the Study of the Nationalities [USSR and East Europe] by Libraries Unlimited).
   Google Scholar
• Bilinsky, Y. (1983) ‘“Russian Dissidents” Attitudes toward the Political Strivings of the Non-Russian Nations in the Soviet Union’, Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 11, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Black, J. (2015) Other Pasts, Different Presents, Alternative Futures (Bloomington & Indianapolis, IN, Indiana University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R. (1994) ‘Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account’, Theory and Society, 23, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, A. (2004) Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Buzan, B. & Gonzalez-Pelaez, A. (2005) ‘“International Community” after Iraq’, International Affairs, 81, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carley, P. (1996) ‘Self-Determination: Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity, and the Right to Secession: Report from a Roundtable Held in Conjunction with the US Department of State’s Policy Planning Staff’, United States Institute of Peace, March, available at: https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/pwks7.pdf, accessed 7 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Carrère d’Encausse, H. (2015) Six années qui ont changé le monde 1985–1991 (Paris, Fayard).
   Google Scholar
• Chayes, A., Olson, L. & Raach, G. (1997) ‘The Development of US Policy toward the Former Soviet Union’, in Arbatov, A., Chayes, A., Handler Chayes, A. & Olson, L. (eds) Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA, Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University).
   Google Scholar
• Chirikba, V. (2013) The International Legal Status of the Republic of Abkhazia (Sukhum, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia).
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, A. K. (2015) Resolving Claims to Self-Determination (London, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters, B. (1998) ‘Georgia in Europe. The Idea of a Periphery in International Relations’, in Coppieters, B., Trenin, D. & Zverev, A. (eds) Commonwealth and Independence in Post-Soviet Eurasia (London, Frank Cass).
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters, B. (2002) ‘In Defence of the Homeland: Intellectuals and the Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict’, in Coppieters, B. & Huysseune, M. (eds) Secession, History and the Social Sciences (Brussels, VUB University Press), available at: http://poli.vub.ac.be/, accessed 13 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters, B. (2003) ‘War and Secession: A Moral Analysis of the Georgian–Abkhazian Conflict’, in Coppieters, B. & Sakwa, R. (eds) Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in a Comparative Perspective (Oxford, Oxford University Press).10.1093/0199258716.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters, B. (2004) ‘The Georgian–Abkhaz Conflict’, in Coppieters, B., Emerson, M., Huysseune, M., Kovziridze, T., Noutcheva, G., Tocci, N. & Vahl, M. (eds) Europeanization and Conflict Resolution: Case Studies from the European Periphery (Gent, Academia Press), available at: http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2004/1-2004Chapter5.pdf, accessed 30 May 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters, B. (2015) ‘The United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) in Abkhazia (August 1993—June 2009)’, in Koops, J. A., MacQueen, N., Tardy, T. & Williams, P. D. (eds) The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (Oxford, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Coppieters, B. & Kashnikov, B. (2008) ‘Right Intentions’, in Coppieters, B. & Fotion, N. (eds) Moral Constraints on War (Lanham MD, Lexington Books).
   Google Scholar
• Corten, O., Delcourt, B., Klein, P. & Levrat, N. (eds) (1999) Démembrements d’etats et délimitations territoriales: L’uti possidetis en question(s) (Brussels, Editions Bruylant—Editions de l’Université de Bruxelles).
   Google Scholar
• Cot, J.-P. (1999) ‘Des limites administratives aux frontières internationales?’, in Corten, O., Delcourt, B., Klein, P. & Levrat, N. (eds).
   Google Scholar
• Dellinger, W. (1996) ‘Memorandum Opinion for Counsel to the President’, Office of Legal Counsel of the United States Department of Justice, 26 June, available at: https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/legacy/2014/01/29/op-olc-20.pdf, accessed 1 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• De Waal, T. (2017) ‘Enhancing the EU’s Engagement with Separatist Territories’, Carnegie Europe, 17 January, available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/DeWaal_EU_Engagement_with_Seperatist_Territories.pdf, accessed 30 May 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Fabry, M. (2010) Recognizing States: International Society and the Establishment of New States Since 1776 (Oxford, Oxford University Press).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199564446.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Fabry, M. (2012) ‘The Contemporary Practice of State Recognition: Kosovo, South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Their Aftermath’, Nationalities Papers, 40, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, T. D. (1999) ‘Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and Its Discontents’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 37, 2, available at: https://www.ilsa.org/jessup/jessup13/Defining%20Statehood,%20The%20Montevideo%20Convention%20and%20its%20Discontents.pdf, accessed 24 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, T. D. (2000) ‘Current Development: Afghanistan Recognizes Chechnya’, American University International Law Review, 15, 4, available at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1276&context=auilr, accessed 24 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Grigas, A. (2015) ‘How Russia Sees Baltic Sovereignty’, The Moscow Times, 14 July, available at: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/how-russia-sees-baltic-sovereignty/525643.html, accessed 15 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Haran, O. (1995) Disintegration of the Soviet Union and the US Position on the Independence of Ukraine, Discussion Paper 95–09, August (Cambridge, MA, Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University), available at: http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/2933/disintegration_of_the_soviet_union_and_the_us_position_on_the_independence_of_ukraine.html, accessed 1 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Harzl, B. (2016) Der Georgisch–Abchasische Konflikt: Eine rechtliche und politische Analyse (Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlag).10.5771/9783845263106
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, G. (ed.) (1999) The Abkhazians (London, Curzon).
   Google Scholar
• Hille, C. (2010) State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus (Brill, Leiden).10.1163/ej.9789004179011.i-350
   Google Scholar
• Juviler, P. (2009) ‘Prospects for Perestroika: New Goals, Old Interests’, in Juviler, P. & Kimura, H. (eds) The Gorbachev Regime: Consolidation to Reform (New Brunswick & London, Aldine Transaction).
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, R. J. (1994) The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R. (2005) Europe and the Recognition of New States in Yugoslavia (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511492105
   Google Scholar
• Kelsen, H. (1969) ‘Sovereignty and International Law’, in Stankiewicz, W. J. (ed.) In Defense of Sovereignty (New York, NY, & London, Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kohen, M. G. (ed.) (2006) Secession: International Law Perspectives (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Lapidus, G. W. (1992) ‘From Democratization to Disintegration: The Impact of Perestroika on the National Question’, in Lapidus, G. W., Zaslavsky, V. with Goldman, P. (eds) From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511559242
   Google Scholar
• Lobjakas, A. (2006) ‘Georgia: Solana Fears Kosovo “Precedent” for Abkhazia, South Ossetia’, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 4 October, available at: http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1071802.html, accessed 13 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lordkipanidze, M. (1994) Essays on Georgian History (Metsniereba, Tbilisi).
   Google Scholar
• Medvedev, D. (2008) ‘Medvedev’s Statement on South Ossetia and Abkhazia’, New York Times, 26 August, available at: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/27/world/europe/27medvedev.html?_r=0, accessed 6 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Menon, P. K. (1994) The Law of Recognition in International Law: Basic Principles (Lewiston, NY, Edwin Mellen).
   Google Scholar
• Milanovic, M. (2015) ‘Arguing the Kosovo Case’, in Milanovic, M. & Wood, M. (eds) The Law and Politics of the Kosovo Advisory Opinion (Oxford, Oxford University Press).10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717515.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Müller, D. (1999) ‘Demography: Ethno-Demographic History, 1886–1989’, in Hewitt, G. (ed.).
   Google Scholar
• Ozhiganov, E. (1997) ‘The Republic of Georgia: Conflict in Abkhazia and South Ossetia’, in Arbatov, A., Chayes, A., Handler Chayes, A. & Olson, L. (eds) Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA, Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University).
   Google Scholar
• Pager, T. (2016) ‘Trump to Look at Recognizing Crimea as Russian Territory, Lifting Sanctions’, Politico, 27 July, available at: http://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/trump-crimea-sanctions-russia-226292, accessed 2 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Pavkovic, A. & Radan, P. (eds) (2011) The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession (Farnham, Ashgate).
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, M. J. (1997) Recognition of Governments: Legal Doctrine and State Practice, 1815–1995 (Basingstoke & London, MacMillan).10.1057/9780230375895
   Google Scholar
• Rich, R. (1993) ‘Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union’, European Journal of International Law, 4, 1, available at: http://www.ejil.org/article.php?article=1207&issue=67, accessed 2 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sakharov, A. (1989) ‘Constitution of the Union of Europe and Asia’, available at: http://www.sakharov-archive.ru/English/Constitution.htm, accessed 2 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sakwa, R. (1998) Soviet Politics in Perspective (London & New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Socor, V. (2008) ‘Steinmeier’s Plan on Abkhazia: Benign Intentions, Limited Relevance, Blocked by Moscow’, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 5, 139, 22 July, available at: https://jamestown.org/program/steinmeiers-plan-on-abkhazia-benign-intentions-limited-relevance-blocked-by-moscow/, accessed 1 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Solovyev, V., Allenova, O., Gotua, G. & Novikov, V. (2006) ‘Kodori Government of Abkhazia’, Kommersant’’, 29 July, available at: http://www.justicefornorthcaucasus.com/jfnc_message_boards/abkhazia.php?page=91, accessed 3 March 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Speetzen, D. D. & Wellman, C. H. (2011) ‘Choice Theories of Secession’, in Pavkovic, A. & Radan, P. (eds).
   Google Scholar
• Starovoitova, G. (1992) ‘Nationality Policies in the Period of Perestroika: Some Comments from a Political Actor’, in Lapidus, G. W., Zaslavsky, V. with Goldman, P. (eds) From Union to Commonwealth: Nationalism and Separatism in the Soviet Republics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Starovoitova, G. (1997) Sovereignty after Empire: Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union (Washington, DC, US Institute of Peace), available at: http://www.usip.org/publications/sovereignty-after-empire-self-determinationa-movements-in-the-former-soviet-union, accessed 15 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Türk, D. (1993) ‘Recognition of States: A Comment’, European Journal of International Law, 4, 1, available at: http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/4/1/1227.pdf, accessed 6 December 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Turmanidze, S. (2010) ‘Status of the De Facto State in Public International Law: A Legal Appraisal of the Principle of Effectiveness’, Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Law of the University of Hamburg, available at: http://ediss.sub.uni-hamburg.de/volltexte/2010/4686/pdf/Doktorarbeit.pdf, accessed 12 October 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, E. W. (2003) Dissolution: Sovereignty and the Breakup of the Soviet Union (Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield).
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, C. H. (2005) A Theory of Secession (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).10.1017/CBO9780511499265
   Google Scholar
• Wellman, C. H. (2010) ‘The Morality of Secession’, in Doyle, D. H. (ed.) Secession as an International Phenomenon (Athens, GA, University of Georgia Press).
   Google Scholar
• Wolczuk, R. (2003) Ukraine’s Foreign and Security Policy 1991–2000 (London & New York, NY, Routledge Curzon).
   Google Scholar
• Zverev, A. (1996) ‘Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988–1994’, in Coppieters, B. (ed.) Contested Borders in the Caucasus (Brussels, VUBPress).
   Google Scholar
• Zhorzholiani, G., Lekishvili, S., Toidze, L. & Khoshtaria-Brosset, E. (1995) Historic, Political and Legal Aspects of the Conflict in Abkhazia (Tbilisi, Samshoblo Publishers).
   Google Scholar