United Russia’s Primaries and the Strength of Political Machines in the Regions of Russia: Evidence from the 2016 Duma Elections

References

• Bader, M. & Van Ham, C. (2015) ‘What Explains Regional Variation in Election Fraud? Evidence from Russia: A Research Note’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 31, 6. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2014.969023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaydes, L. (2011) Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt (New York, NY, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Bondarenko, A. (2007) ‘V boi idut doktora nauk’, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 5 October.
   Google Scholar
• Brie, M. (2004) ‘The Moscow Political Regime: The Emergence of a New Urban Political Machine’, in Evans Jr, A. B. & Gel'man, V. (eds) The Politics of Local Government in Russia (Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield).
   Google Scholar
• Brusso, V., Nazareno, M. & Stokes, S. C. (2004) ‘Vote Buying in Argentina’, Latin American Research Review, 39, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, J. M. & Polga-Hecimovich, J. (2006) ‘Primary Elections and Candidate Strength in Latin America’, Journal of Politics, 68, 3. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00443.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chubb, J. (1982) Patronage, Power and Poverty in Southern Italy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Clem, R. S. & Craumer, P. R. (1995) ‘The Politics of Russia’s Regions: A Geographical Analysis of the Russian Election and Constitutional Plebiscite of December 1993’, Post-Soviet Geography, 36, 2. doi: 10.1080/10605851.1995.10640980
   Google Scholar
• Clem, R. S. & Craumer, P. R. (2000) ‘Regional Patterns of Political Preference in Russia: The December 1999 Duma Elections’, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 41, 1. doi: 10.1080/10889388.2000.10641130
   Google Scholar
• Clem, R. S. & Craumer, P. R. (2004) ‘Redrawing the Political Map of Russia: The Duma Election of December 2003’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 45, 4. doi: 10.2747/1538-7216.45.4.241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell Jr, E. E. (1964) ‘Bosses, Machines and Ethnic Groups’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 353. doi: 10.1177/000271626435300104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demchenko, O. & Golosov, G. V. (2016) ‘Federalism, Gubernatorial Power and the Incorporation of Subnational Authoritarianism in Russia: A Theory-Testing Empirical Inquiry’, Acta Politica, 51, 1. doi: 10.1057/ap.2014.37
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, M. S. (2005) Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Fomina, E. (2012) ‘Kak progolosuet bol’nitsa—tak progolosuet strana’, Novaya gazeta, 7 March.
   Google Scholar
• Frye, T., Reuter, O. J. & Szakonyi, D. (2014) ‘Political Machines at Work: Voter Mobilization and Electoral Subversion in the Workplace’, World Politics, 66, 2. doi: 10.1017/S004388711400001X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi, J. & Lust-Okar, E. (2009) ‘Elections Under Authoritarianism’, Annual Review of Political Science, 12. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi, J. & Przeworski, A. (2007) ‘Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats’, Comparative Political Studies, 40, 11. doi: 10.1177/0010414007305817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gel’man, V. & Ross, C. (eds) (2010) The Politics of Sub-National Authoritarianism in Russia (Burlington, VT, Ashgate).
   Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2003) ‘The Vicious Circle of Party Underdevelopment in Russia: The Regional Connection’, International Political Science Review, 24, 4. doi: 10.1177/01925121030244002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2004) Political Parties in the Regions of Russia: Democracy Unclaimed (Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner).
   Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2011) ‘The Regional Roots of Electoral Authoritarianism in Russia’, Europe-Asia Studies, 63, 4. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2011.566427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2012) ‘The 2012 Political Reform in Russia: The Interplay of Liberalizing Concessions and Authoritarian Corrections’, Problems of Post-Communism, 59, 6. doi: 10.2753/PPC1075-8216590601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2013) ‘Machine Politics: The Concept and Its Implications for Post-Soviet Studies’, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 21, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2014) ‘The Territorial Genealogies of Russia’s Political Parties and Transferability of Political Machines’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 30, 6. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2014.882106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. (2016) ‘Voter Volatility in Electoral Authoritarian Regimes: Testing the “Tragic Brilliance” Thesis’, Comparative Sociology, 15, 5. doi: 10.1163/15691330-12341399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golosov, G. V. & Konstantinova, M. (2016) ‘Gubernatorial Powers in Russia: The Transformation of Regional Institutions Under the Centralizing Control of the Federal Authorities’, Problems of Post-Communism, 63, 4. doi: 10.1080/10758216.2016.1146906
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goode, P. J. (2007) ‘The Puzzle of Putin’s Gubernatorial Appointments’, Europe-Asia Studies, 59, 3. doi: 10.1080/09668130701239799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodnow, R., Moser, R. G. & Smith, T. (2014) ‘Ethnicity and Electoral Manipulation in Russia’, Electoral Studies, 36. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2014.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorenburg, D. (1999) ‘Regional Separatism in Russia: Ethnic Mobilisation or Power Grab?’, Europe-Asia Studies, 51, 2. doi: 10.1080/09668139999029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, H. E. (2003) ‘Explaining Machine Politics in Russia’s Regions: Economy, Ethnicity, and Legacy’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 19, 3. doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.19.3.228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, H. E. (2006) Why Not Parties in Russia: Democracy, Federalism, and the State (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Hale, H. E., McFaul, M. & Colton, T. (2004) ‘Putin and the “Delegative Democracy” Trap: Evidence From Russia’s 2003–04 Elections’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 20, 4. doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.20.4.285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, M. (2017) ‘The Strategic Shuffle: Ethnic Geography, the Internal Security Apparatus, and Elections in Kenya’, American Journal of Political Science, 61, 2. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmke, G. & Levitsky, S. (2004) ‘Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda’, Perspectives on Politics, 2, 4. doi: 10.1017/S1537592704040472
   Google Scholar
• Hesli, V. L. & Reisinger, W. M. (2003) The 1999–2000 Elections in Russia: Their Impact and Legacy (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Hicken, A. & Simmons, J. W. (2008) ‘The Personal Vote and the Efficacy of Education Spending’, American Journal of Political Science, 52, 1. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00302.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, M. M. & Roessler, P. G. (2006) ‘Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regime’, American Journal of Political Science, 50, 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00189.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inyutin, V. (2009) ‘Ivan Vasil’ev zastrelilsya v Podmoskov’e’, Kommersant’’ (Voronezh), 24 January.
   Google Scholar
• Inyutin, V. & Chaplin, K. (2010) ‘“Edinaya Rossiya” raspisala kandidatov’, Kommersant’’ (Voronezh), 15 January.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, A. A. (2007) Barriers to Democracy: The Other Side of Social Capital in Palestine and the Arab World (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kalinin, K. (2016) ‘Validating Precinct-Level Measures of Fraud: Evidence from the Russian Electoral Cycle 2011–2012’, in Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 7–10 April, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2767713, accessed 20 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Karklins, R. (1986) ‘Soviet Elections Revisited: Voter Abstention in Noncompetitive Voting’, American Political Science Review, 80, 2. doi: 10.2307/1958268
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, H. & Wilkinson, S. I. (2007) ‘Citizen–Politician Linkages: An Introduction’, in Kitschelt, H. & Wilkinson, S. I. (eds) Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kolesnikov, A. (2011) ‘Vladimir Putin pereshel liniyu fronta’, Kommersant’’, 7 May.
   Google Scholar
• Konitzer, A. & Wegren, S. (2006) ‘Federalism and Political Recentralization in the Russian Federation: United Russia as the Party of Power’, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 36, 4. doi: 10.1093/publius/pjl004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurilla, I. (2002) ‘Civil Activism without NGOs: The Communist Party as a Civil Society Substitute’, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 10, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Kynev, A. (2016) ‘Kak, zachem i pochemu: prichiny i uroki praymeriz “Yedinoj Rossii”—2016’, Moskovskii Tsentr Karnegi, 25 May, available at: http://carnegie.ru/commentary/63656, accessed 22 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Lallemand, J.-C. (1999) ‘Politics for the Few: Élites in Bryansk and Smolensk’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 15, 4. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.1999.10641476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarev, E., Sobolev, A., Soboleva, I. V. & Sokolov, B. (2014) ‘Trial by Fire. A Natural Disaster’s Impact on Support for the Authorities in Rural Russia’, World Politics, 66, 4. doi: 10.1017/S0043887114000215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaloni, B. (2006) Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, C. & Warhola, J. W. (2001) ‘Ethnicity, Ethnoregionalism, and the Political Geography of Putin’s Electoral Support’, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 42, 3. doi: 10.1080/10889388.2001.10641170
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Bravo, M. (2014) ‘The Role of Local Officials in New Democracies: Evidence from Indonesia’, American Economic Review, 104, 4. doi: 10.1257/aer.104.4.1244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuzato, K. (2000) ‘Progressive North, Conservative South? Reading the Regional Elite as a Key to Russian Electoral Puzzles’, in Matsuzato, K. (ed.) Regions: A Prism to View the Slavic Eurasian World (Sapporo, Slavic Research Center).
   Google Scholar
• Matsuzato, K. (2001) ‘From Ethno-Bonapartism to Centralized Caciquismo: Characteristics and Origins of the Tatarstan Political Regime, 1900–2000’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 17, 4. doi: 10.1080/714003590
   Google Scholar
• McFaul, M. & Petrov, N. (1997) ‘Russian Electoral Politics After Transition: Regional and National Assessments’, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 38, 9.
   Google Scholar
• McKean, D. D. (1948) ‘Political Machines and National Elections’, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 259, 46.
   Google Scholar
• Mebane, W. & Kalinin, K. (2010) ‘Electoral Fraud in Russia: Vote Counts Analysis Using Second-Digit Means Tests’, in Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 20–25 April, available at: http://www.personal.umich.edu/~wmebane/mw10B.pdf, accessed 29 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Medina, L. F. & Stokes, S. C. (2007) ‘Monopoly and Monitoring: An Approach to Political Clientelism’, in Kitschelt, H. & Wilkinson, S. I. (eds) Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Mikhailov, V. V. (2010) ‘Authoritarian Regimes of Russia and Tatarstan: Coexistence and Subjection’, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 26, 4. doi: 10.1080/13523279.2010.519187
   Google Scholar
• Mozaffar, S. & Schedler, A. (2002) ‘The Comparative Study of Electoral Governance—Introduction’, International Political Science Review, 23, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Myagkov, M. & Ordeshook, P. C. (2001) ‘The Trail of Votes in Russia’s 1999 Duma and 2000 Presidential Elections’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 34, 3. doi: 10.1016/S0967-067X(01)00014-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myagkov, M. & Ordeshook, P. C. (2008) Russian Elections: An Oxymoron of Democracy (Seattle, WA, National Council for Eurasian and East European Research).
   Google Scholar
• Myagkov, M., Ordeshook, P. & Shakin, D. (2009) The Forensics of Election Fraud. Russia and Ukraine (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• O’Loughlin, J., Shin, M. & Talbot, P. (1996) ‘Political Geographies and Cleavages in the Russian Parliamentary Elections’, Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, 37, 6. doi: 10.1080/10889388.1996.10641023
   Google Scholar
• Orlov, D. (2017) ‘Praimeriz “Edinoi Rossii”: yavka i tochki opory’, Delovaya Gazeta Vzglyad, 30 May, available at: http://vz.ru/opinions/2017/5/30/872452.html, accessed 22 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Panov, P. & Ross, C. (2013) ‘Sub-National Elections in Russia: Variations in United Russia’s Domination of Regional Assemblies’, Europe-Asia Studies, 65, 4. doi: 10.1080/09668136.2013.767581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posada-Carbo, E. (ed.) (1996) Elections Before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America (New York, NY, St. Martin’s Press).
   Google Scholar
• Postnov, G. (2016) ‘Chuvashiya podarila edinorossam record’, Nezavisimaya gazeta, 7 June.
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, W. M. & Moraski, B. J. (2010) ‘Regional Changes and Changing Regional Relations with the Center’, in Gel’man V. & Ross, C. (eds).
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, W. M. & Moraski, B. J. (2013) ‘Deference or Governance? A Survival Analysis of Russia’s Governors Under Presidential Control’, in Reisinger, W. M. (ed.) Russia’s Regions and Comparative Subnational Politics (New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Reisinger, W. M. & Moraski, B. J. (2017) The Regional Roots of Russia’s Political Regime (Ann Arbor, MI, University of Michigan Press).
   Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J. (2010) ‘The Politics of Dominant Party Formation: United Russia and Russia’s Governors’, Europe-Asia Studies, 62, 2. doi: 10.1080/09668130903506847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J. (2013) ‘Regional Patrons and Hegemonic Party Electoral Performance in Russia’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 29, 2. doi: 10.1080/1060586X.2013.780410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J. & Remington, T. F. (2009) ‘Dominant Party Regimes and the Commitment Problem: The Case of United Russia’, Comparative Political Studies, 42, 4. doi: 10.1177/0010414008327426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter, O. J. & Robertson, G. B. (2012) ‘Subnational Appointments in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence From Russian Gubernatorial Appointments’, Journal of Politics, 74, 4. doi: 10.1017/S0022381612000631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, C. (2000) ‘Federalism and Democratization in Russia’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 33, 4. doi: 10.1016/S0967-067X(00)00013-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, M. (2011) ‘Edinorossy tvorcheski peresmotreli praimeriz’, Izvestiya, 25 September.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin, M. (2016) ‘Praimeriz ‘Edinoi Rossii’ proigrali okolo 50 deputatov Gosdumy’, Rosbizneskonsalting, 24 May, available at: http://www.rbc.ru/politics/24/05/2016/574474909a7947060d7c2e82, accessed 22 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Rundlett, A. & Svolik, M. W. (2016) ‘Deliver the Vote! Micromotives and Macrobehavior in Electoral Fraud’, American Political Science Review, 110, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Sakwa, R. (2005) ‘The 2003–2004 Russian Elections and Prospects for Democracy’, Europe-Asia Studies, 57, 3. doi: 10.1080/09668130500073332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. C. (1969) ‘Corruption, Machine Politics, and Political Change’, American Political Science Review, 63, 4. doi: 10.1017/S0003055400263247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sel’tser, D. (2006) Vzlety i padeniya nomenklatury (Tambov, OGUP Tambovpoligrafizdat).
   Google Scholar
• Sharafutdinova, G. (2013) ‘Getting the “Dough” and Saving the Machine: Lessons from Tatarstan’, Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, 21, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Shefter, M. (1994) Political Parties and the State: The American Historical Experience (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B. (2005) ‘Life of the Party: The Origins of Regime Breakdown and Persistence Under Single-Party Rule’, World Politics, 57, 3. doi: 10.1353/wp.2006.0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, S. C. (2005) ‘Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina’, American Political Science Review, 99, 3. doi: 10.1017/S0003055405051683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirmaste, M.-L. (2011) ‘Za Vladimirom Putinym priznali izbiratel’noe pravo’, Kommersant’’, 20 June.
   Google Scholar
• van de Walle, N. (2003) ‘Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa’s Emerging Party Systems’, Journal of Modern African Studies, 41, 2. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X03004269
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald, K. D. (1980) ‘The Electoral Base of Political Machines: A Deviant Case Analysis’, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 16, 1. doi: 10.1177/107808748001600101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinokurova, E. (2011) ‘Chto takoe praimeriz ‘Edinoi Rossii’ i kak oni prohodyat’, gazeta.ru, 21 July, available at: http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2011/07/21_a_3702057.shtml, accessed 23 January 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Wellhofer, S. E. (1979) ‘Strategies of Party Organization and Voter Mobilization: Britain, Norway and Argentina’, Comparative Political Studies, 12, 2. doi: 10.1177/001041407901200203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, A. C. (2015) ‘How Ethnicity Matters in Russian Elections: Ethnic Minorities and Support for the United Russia Party’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 56, 5. doi: 10.1080/15387216.2015.1120680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, K. (2006) ‘Party-System Development Under Putin’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 22, 4. doi: 10.2747/1060-586X.22.4.314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakatnova, A. & Latukhina, K. (2011) ‘Lokal’nyi front’, Rossiiskaya gazeta, 16 May.
   Google Scholar