Transnistria’s Order of Friendship: Legitimacy Through Diplomatic Practice

References

• Adler-Nissen, R. (2008) ‘The Diplomacy of Opting-out: a Bourdieudian Approach to National Integration Strategies’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 46, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert, M. (2017) ‘Beyond Integration and Differentiation? The Holy See and the Pope in the System of World Politics’, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 15, 4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aliyev, H. (2015) ‘Post-Soviet Informality: Towards Theory-Building’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 35, 3–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, C., Hildreth, J. A. D. & Howland, L. (2015) ‘Is the Desire for Status a Fundamental Human Motive? A Review of the Empirical Literature’, Psychological Bulletin, 141, 3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonsich, M. & Skey, M. (2017) ‘Introduction: The Persistence of Banal Nationalism’, in Skey, M. & Antonsich, M. (eds) Everyday Nationhood (London, Palgrave Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Applebaum, R. (2015) ‘The Friendship Project: Socialist Internationalism in the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia in the 1950s and 1960s’, Slavic Review, 74, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakke, K. M., O’Loughlin, J., Toal, G. & Ward, M. D. (2014) ‘Convincing State-Builders? Disaggregating Internal Legitimacy in Abkhazia’, International Studies Quarterly, 58, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmaceda, M. M. (2013) ‘Privatization and Elite Defection in de facto States: The Case of Transnistria, 1991–2012’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 46, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bénabou, R. & Tirole, J. (2006) ‘Incentives and Prosocial Behavior’, American Economic Review, 96, 5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, E. & Mölder, M. (2012) ‘Who is Entitled to “Earn Sovereignty”? Legitimacy and Regime Support in Abkhazia and Nagorno-Karabakh’, Nations and Nationalism, 18, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, E. & Vits, K. (2018) ‘Quest for Survival and Recognition: Insights into the Foreign Policy Endeavours of the Post-Soviet de facto States’, Ethnopolitics, 17, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism (Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage).
   Google Scholar
• Blakkisrud, H. & Kolstø, P. (2011) ‘From Secessionist Conflict Toward a Functioning State: Processes of State- and Nation-Building in Transnistria’, Post-Soviet Affairs, 27, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouris, D. & Fernández-Molina, I. (2018) ‘Contested States, Hybrid Diplomatic Practices, and the Everyday Quest for Recognition’, International Political Sociology, 12, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broers, L. (2013) ‘Recognising Politics in Unrecognised States: 20 Years of Enquiry into the de facto States of the South Caucasus’, Caucasus Survey, 1, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Bueger, C. & Gadinger, F. (2015) ‘The Play of International Practice’, International Studies Quarterly, 59, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, J. L., Quincy, C., Osserman, J. & Pedersen, O. K. (2013) ‘Coding in-Depth Semistructured Interviews: Problems of Unitization and Intercoder Reliability and Agreement’, Sociological Methods & Research, 42, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N. (2008) ‘Separatism and Democracy in the Caucasus’, Survival, 50, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N. (2009) ‘Playing the Recognition Game: External Actors and De facto States’, The International Spectator, 44, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Caspersen, N. (2015) ‘Degrees of Legitimacy: Ensuring Internal and External Support in the Absence of Recognition’, Geoforum, 66, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain-Creangă, R. & Allin, L. K. (2010) ‘Acquiring Assets, Debts and Citizens: Russia and the Micro-Foundations of Transnistria’s Stalemated Conflict’, Demokratizatsiya, 18, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Coggins, B. (2011) ‘Friends in High Places: International Politics and the Emergence of States from Secessionism’, International Organization, 65, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comai, G. (2017) ‘Quantitative Analysis of Web Content in Support of Qualitative Research. Examples from the Study of Post-Soviet de facto States’, Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Comai, G. (2018) ‘Conceptualising Post-Soviet de facto States as Small Dependent Jurisdictions’, Ethnopolitics, 17, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornut, J. (2018) ‘Diplomacy, Agency, and the Logic of Improvisation and Virtuosity in Practice’, European Journal of International Relations, 24, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembińska, M. & Campana, A. (2017) ‘Frozen Conflicts and Internal Dynamics of De facto States: Perspectives and Directions for Research’, International Studies Review, 19, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Dembińska, M. & Mérand, F. (2019) ‘The Role of International Brokers in Frozen Conflicts: The Case of Transnistria’, Asia Europe Journal, 17, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deudney, D. & Ikenberry, G. J. (2009) ‘The Unravelling of the Cold War Settlement’, Survival, 51, 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devyatkov, A. (2012) ‘Russian Policy Toward Transnistria. Between Multilateralism and Marginalization’, Problems of Post-Communism, 59, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, K. R. (2012) ‘Defining Strategic Publics in a Networked World: Public Diplomacy’s Challenge at Home and Abroad’, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 7, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, J. E. & Miller-Idriss, C. (2008) ‘Everyday Nationhood’, Ethnicities, 8, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, B. S. & Gallus, J. (2016) ‘Honors: A Rational Choice Analysis of Award Bestowals’, Rationality and Society, 28, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbert, M., Ruigrok, W. & Wicki, B. (2008) ‘What Passes as a Rigorous Case Study?’, Strategic Management Journal, 29, 13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnedina, E. (2015) ‘“Multi-Vector” Foreign Policies in Europe: Balancing, Bandwagoning or Bargaining?’, Europe-Asia Studies, 67, 7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, T. D. (1998) ‘Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and its Discontents’, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 37, 1
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, B. (2008) ‘Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of an Academic Field’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths, R. D. (2017) ‘Admission to the Sovereignty Club: The Past, Present, and Future of the International Recognition Regime’, Territory, Politics, Governance, 5, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, H. E. (2014) Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Henrich, J. & Gil-White, F. J. (2001) ‘The Evolution of Prestige: Freely Conferred Deference as a Mechanism for Enhancing the Benefits of Cultural Transmission’, Evolution and Human Behavior, 22, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herring, S. C. (2009) ‘Web Content Analysis: Expanding the Paradigm’, in Hunsinger, J., Klastrup, L. & Allen, M. (eds) International Handbook of Internet Research (Dordrecht, Springer).
   Google Scholar
• Isachenko, D. (2012) The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Istomin, I. & Bolgova, I. (2016) ‘Transnistrian Strategy in the Context of Russian–Ukrainian Relations: The Rise and Failure of “Dual Alignment”’, Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 16, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey, A., Mcconnell, F. & Wilson, A. (2015) ‘Understanding Legitimacy: Perspectives from Anomalous Geopolitical Spaces’, Geoforum, 66, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, H. (2013) ‘The Prevention and Handling of the Missing Data’, Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 64, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson, M. & Sjøvaag, H. (2016) ‘Content Analysis and Online News. Epistemologies of Analysing the Ephemeral Web’, Digital Journalism, 4, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ker-Lindsay, J. (2015) ‘Engagement Without Recognition: the Limits of Diplomatic Interaction with Contested States’, International Affairs, 91, 2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ker-Lindsay, J. & Berg, E. (2018) ‘Introduction: A Conceptual Framework for Engagement with de facto States’, Ethnopolitics, 17, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kertzer, D. I. (1988) Ritual, Politics, and Power (New Haven, CT, Yale University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Kinne, B. J. (2014) ‘Dependent Diplomacy: Signaling, Strategy, and Prestige in the Diplomatic Network’, International Studies Quarterly, 58, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kireyeva, M. (2017) ‘Pridnestrovskii ordenopad: komu dostalos’ bolee 15 600 nagrad ot Shevchuka’, Media Center, available at: http://mediacenter.md/proekti_seichas/kachestvennaia_jurnalistika/1190-pridnestrovskiy-ordenopad-komu-dostalos-bolee-15-600-nagrad-ot-shevchuka.html, accessed 13 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Koller, P. (2009) ‘On the Legitimacy of Political Communities. A General Approach and its Application to the European Union’, Perspectives in Moral Science, 22, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P. (2006) ‘The Sustainability and Future of Unrecognized Quasi-States’, Journal of Peace Research, 43, 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P. & Blakkisrud, H. (2008) ‘Living with Non-Recognition: State and Nation-Building in South Caucasian Quasi-states’, Europe-Asia Studies, 60, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolstø, P. & Blakkisrud, H. (2017) ‘Regime Development and Patron–Client Relations: The 2016 Transnistrian Presidential Elections and the “Russia Factor”’, Demokratizatsiya, 25, 4.
   Google Scholar
• Kopeček, V., Hoch, T. & Baar, V. (2016) ‘De facto States and Democracy: The Case of Abkhazia’, Bulletin of Geography. Socio-Economic Series, 32, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Koschut, S. & Oelsner, A. (2014) Friendship and International Relations (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Kosienkowski, M. (2012) Continuity and Change in Transnistria’s Foreign Policy (Lublin, Catholic University of Lublin Publishing House).
   Google Scholar
• Kosienkowski, M. (2020) ‘The Patron–Client Relationship Between Russia and Transnistria’, in Hoch, T. & Kopeček, V. (eds) De Facto States in Eurasia (Abingdon & New York, NY, Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• Kratochwil, F. V. (2001) ‘The Politics of Place and Origin: An Enquiry into the Changing Boundaries of Representation, Citizenship and Legitimacy’, International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 1, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Lake, D. (2010) ‘Building Legitimate States after Civil Wars’, in Hartzell, C. & Hoddie, M. (eds) Strengthening Peace in Post-Civil War States: Transforming Spoilers into Stakeholders (Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press).
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. C., Zamith, R. & Hermida, A. (2013) ‘Content Analysis in an Era of Big Data: A Hybrid Approach to Computational and Manual Methods’, Journal of Broadcasting Media, 57, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J. & Campanella Bracken, C. (2002) ‘Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliability', Human Communication Research, 28, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayring, P. (2000) ‘Qualitative Content Analysis’, Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1, 2.
   Google Scholar
• McConnell, F. (2017) ‘Liminal Geopolitics: The Subjectivity and Spatiality of Diplomacy at the Margins’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 42, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melissen, J. (2005) The New Public Diplomacy Soft Power in International Relations (Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan).
   Google Scholar
• Mitzen, J. (2006) ‘Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma’, European Journal of International Relations, 12, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuendorf, K. A. (2002) The Content Analysis Guidebook (London, Sage).
   Google Scholar
• Nitoiu, C. (2018) ‘The Influence of External Actors on Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Space’, Europe-Asia Studies, 70, 5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Loughlin, J., Kolossov, V. & Toal, G. (2014) ‘Inside the Post-Soviet de facto States: A Comparison of Attitudes in Abkhazia, Nagorny Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria’, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 55, 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onuf, N. (2013) ‘Recognition and the Constitution of Epochal Change’, International Relations, 27, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osipov, A. & Vasilevich, H. (2019) ‘Transnistrian Nation-Building: A Case of Effective Diversity Policies?', Nationalities Papers, 47, 6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacher, A. (2018a) ‘The Ritual Creation of Political Symbols: International Exchanges in Public Diplomacy’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 47, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Pacher, A. (2018b) ‘Strategic Publics in Public Diplomacy: A Typology and a Heuristic Device for Multiple Publics’, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 13, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacher, A. (2019) ‘The Diplomacy of Post-Soviet De Facto States: Ontological Security Under Stigma’, International Relations, 33, 4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegg, S. (1998) De facto States in the International System (Aldershot, Ashgate).
   Google Scholar
• Pegg, S. & Berg, E. (2016) ‘Lost and Found: The Wikileaks of de facto State–Great Power Relations’, International Studies Perspectives, 17, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polese, A. & Rekhviashvili, L. (2017) ‘Introduction: Informality and Power in the South Caucasus’, Caucasus Survey, 5, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Pouliot, V. (2008) ‘The Logic of Practicality: A Theory of Practice of Security Communities’, International Organization, 62, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouliot, V. & Cornut, J. (2015) ‘Practice Theory and the Study of Diplomacy: A Research Agenda’, Cooperation and Conflict, 50, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protsyk, O. (2012) ‘Secession and Hybrid Regime Politics in Transnistria’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogstad, A. (2018) ‘The Next Crimea? Getting Russia’s Transnistria Policy Right’, Problems of Post-Communism, 65, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roshchin, E. (2011) ‘Friendship of the Enemies: Twentieth Century Treaties of the United Kingdom and the USSR’, International Politics, 48, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott-Smith, G. (2018) ‘Special Issue: The Evolution of Diplomacy’, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 14, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sending, O. J., Pouliot, V. & Neumann, I. B. (2015) Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Sharp, P. (1999) ‘For Diplomacy: Representation and the Study of International Relations’, International Studies Review, 1, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Skey, M. (2009) ‘The National in Everyday Life: A Critical Engagement with Michael Billig's Thesis of Banal Nationalism', The Sociological Review, 57, 2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souleimanov, E. A., Abrahamyan, E. & Aliyev, H. (2018) ‘Unrecognized States as a Means of Coercive Diplomacy? Assessing the Role of Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Russia’s Foreign Policy in the South Caucasus’, Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 18, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam, L. & Kim, J. N. (2018) ‘Who Are Publics in Public Diplomacy? Proposing a Taxonomy of Foreign Publics as an Intersection Between Symbolic Environment and Behavioral Experiences’, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoric, V. & Silitcaia, N. (2016) ‘Media Sheriffs from Transnistria’, Rise Moldova, 3 May, available at: https://www.rise.md/english/underground-deals-media-sheriffs-from-transnistria/, accessed 10 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Toomla, R. (2016) ‘Charting Informal Engagement Between de facto States: A Quantitative Analysis’, Space and Polity, 20, 3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transnistrian Foreign Ministry (2010) ‘V Tiraspole proshla Mezhdunarodnaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya “20 let so Dnya obrazovaniya Pridnestrovskoi Moldavskoi Respubliki”’, 3 September, available at: http://mid.gospmr.org/ru/fsk, accessed 12 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Transnistrian Foreign Ministry (2011) ‘Ministry of Foreign Affairs Concludes Cooperation Agreement with Pridnestrovien Union of Industrialists, Agrarians and Entrepreneurs’, 6 July, available at: http://mfa-pmr.org/en/xys, accessed 19 August 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Transnistrian Foreign Ministry (2012) ‘Sergey Gavrilov: “I Hope that all Pridnestrovian Deputies Understand Our Common Responsibility for Development of Interaction with Russia”’, 31 October, available at: http://mid.gospmr.org/en/dsr, accessed 12 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Transnistrian Foreign Ministry (2013) ‘Farit Muhametshin: “Rossiya vsegda budet s vami”’, 13 June, available at: http://mid.gospmr.org/ru/kpD, accessed 12 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Transnistrian Foreign Ministry (2016) ‘Evgenii Shevchuk provel vstrechu s Alekseem Zhuravlevym’, 30 March, available at: http://mid.gospmr.org/ru/hqP, accessed 12 August 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Troy, J. (2018) ‘“The Pope’s Own Hand Outstretched”: Holy See Diplomacy as a Hybrid Mode of Diplomatic Agency’, The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20, 3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voller, Y. (2015) ‘Contested Sovereignty as an Opportunity: Understanding Democratic Transitions in Unrecognized States’, Democratization, 22, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Steinsdorff, S. & Fruhstorfer, A. (2012) ‘Post-Soviet de facto States in Search of Internal and External Legitimacy’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 45, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, M. (1972) Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (5th edn) (Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck).
   Google Scholar
• Wille, T. (2019) ‘Representation and Agency in Diplomacy: How Kosovo Came to Agree to the Rambouillet Accords’, Journal of International Relations and Development, 22, 4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatulin, K. (2016) ‘Prezident Pridnestrov’ya nagradil Institut stran SNG Ordenom druzhby’, available at: https://zatulin.ru/prezident-pridnestrovya-nagradil-institut-stran-sng-ordenom-druzhby/, accessed 20 August 2018.
   Google Scholar