Why sustainable tourism must address climate change

References

• Abegg , B. , Agrawala , S. , Crick , F. and De Montfalcon , A. 2007 . “ Climate change impacts and adaptation in winter tourism ” . In Climate change in the European Alps: Adapting winter tourism and natural hazards management , Edited by: Agrawala , S. 25 – 58 . Paris : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. and Fishbein , M. 1977 . Attitude behaviour relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research . Physchological Bulletin , 84 : 888 – 918 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , M. R. , Frame , D. J. , Huntingford , C. , Jones , C. D. , Lowe , J. A. and Meinshausen , et al. 2009 . Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne . Nature , 458 ( 7242 ) : 1163 – 1166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison , I. , Bindoff , N.L. , Bindschadler , R.A. , Cox , P.M. , de Noblet , N. and England , M.E. 2009 . The Copenhagen diagnosis, 2009: Updating the world on the latest climate science , 1 – 60 . Sydney : The University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC) .
   Google Scholar
• Amelung , B. , Nicholls , S. and Viner , D. 2007 . Implications of global climate change for tourism flows and seasonality . Journal of Travel Research , 45 : 285 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Amelung , B. and Viner , D. 2006 . Mediterranean tourism: Exploring the future with the tourism climate index . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 14 ( 4 ) : 349 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderegg , W.R.L. , Prall , J.W. , Harold , J. and Schneider , S.H. 2010 . Expert credibility in climate change . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. , 107 ( 27 ) : 12107 – 12109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , K. and Bows , A. 2008 . Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends . Philosophical Transactions A , 366 ( 1882 ) : 3863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , J. and O’Neill , S. 2010 . Maladaptation . Global Environmental Change , 20 ( 2 ) : 211 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News . 2006, August 26 . Package holidays “will be history.” , London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Becken , S. 2004 . How tourists and tourism experts perceive climate change and carbon-offsetting schemes . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 12 ( 4 ) : 332 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Becken , S. 2007 . Tourists’ perception of international air travel's impact on the global climate and potential climate change policies . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 15 ( 4 ) : 351 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Bigano , A. , Bosello , F. , Roson , R. and Tol , R. 2008 . Economy-wide impacts of climate change: A joint analysis for sea level rise and tourism . Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change , 13 ( 8 ) : 765 – 791 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigano , A. , Hamilton , J. M. and Tol , R.S. J. 2006 . The impact of climate on holiday destination choice . Climatic Change , 76 : 389 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billett , S. 2010 . Dividing climate change: Global warming in the Indian mass media . Climatic Change , 99 ( 1–2 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boykoff , M. and Mansfield , M. 2008 . “Ye olde hot aire”: Reporting on human contributions to climate change in the UK tabloid press . Environmental Research Letters , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boykoff , T. and Boykoff , J. 2007 . Climate change and journalistic norms: A case-study of US mass-media coverage . Geoforum , 28 ( 6 ) : 1190 – 1204 .
   Google Scholar
• British House of Commons . 2010 . The disclosure of climate data from the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia. , London : House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee . Retrieved from http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmsctech/387/387i.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brouwer , R. , Brander , L. and Van Beukering , P. 2008 . A convenient truth: Air travel passengers’ willingness to pay to offset their CO2 emissions . Climatic Change , 90 : 299 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley , R. 2008 . Misperceptions of climate change damage coastal tourism: Case study of Byron Bay, Australia . Tourism Review International , 12 ( 1 ) : 71 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Butler , R. and Jones , P. 2001 . “ Conclusions – Problems, challenges and solutions. Chapter 28 ” . In Tourism and hospitality in the 21st century , Edited by: Lockwood , A. and Medlik , S. 296 – 309 . Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Buzinde , C. , Manuel-Navarrete , D. and Morais , D. 2010 . Tourists perceptions in a climate of change: Eroding destinations . Annals of Tourism Research , 37 ( 2 ) : 333 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbon Disclosure Project . 2010 . Carbon disclosure project 2010: Global 500 and S&P 500 report highlights. , New York : Author . Retrieved from https://www.cdproject.net/CDPResults/2010-G500-SP500-report-highlights.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. , Demeritt , D. , Robinson , J. and Rothman , D. 1998 . Climate change and sustainable development: Towards dialogue . Global Environmental Change , 8 ( 4 ) : 141 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Dargay , J. , Menaz , B. and Cairns , C. 2006 . Public attitudes towards aviation and climate change: Stage 1 – Desktop research , London : UK Commission for Integrated Transport . Retrieved from http://www.cfit.gov.uk/docs/2007/climatechange/pdf/2007climatechange-desktop.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , J. , Stewart , E. and Scott , D. 2010 . The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 18 ( 3 ) : 319 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del , Matto T. and Scott , D. 2009 . “ Sustainable ski resort principles: An uphill journey ” . In Sustainable tourism futures , Edited by: Gössling , S. , Hall , M. and Weaver , D. 131 – 151 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Doran , P. and Zimmerman , M. 2009 . Examining the scientific consensus on climate change . Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union , 90 ( 3 ) : 22
   Google Scholar
• Easier Travel . 2006 . Climate change to drive radical changes in global tourism Retrieved from http://www.easier.com/view/News/Travel/artiklce-66761.html
   Google Scholar
• Ebner , D. 2008, January 29 . Deep snow, deep pockets: It's a billion-dollar bet on climate change . Globe and Mail , : B1
   Google Scholar
• European Travel Commission & United Nations World Tourism Organization . 2009 . Tourism and travel in the green economy – Delegates briefing papers Retrieved from http://www.etc-corporate.org/resources/uploads/BriefingMaterial20090911.pdf
   Google Scholar
• G8 . 2009 . Declaration of the leaders of the major economies forum on energy and climate. Retrieved from www.g8italia2009.it/static/G8Allegato/MEFDeclarationl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gavin , N. 2010 . Pressure group direct action on climate change: The role of the media and the web in Britain – A case study . British Journal of Politics and International Relations , 12 ( 3 ) : 459 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GHK Consulting . 2009 . The impacts of climate change on European employment and skills in the short to medium-term: A review of the literature , 1 – 51 . London : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Goodall , C. 2009, March 26 . Maldives’ carbon neutral plan is not greenwash, just imperfect progress Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/cif-green/2009/mar/26/maldives-carbon-neutral-greenwash
   Google Scholar
• Gössling , S. 2009 . Carbon neutral destinations: A conceptual analysis . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 17 ( 1 ) : 17 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling , S. and Hall , C. M. 2006 . Uncertainties in predicting tourist flows under scenarios of climate change . Climatic Change , 79 ( 3–4 ) : 163 – 173 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling , S. , Peeters , P. and Scott , D. 2008 . Consequences of climate policy for international tourism arrivals in developing countries . Third World Quarterly , 29 : 873 – 901 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Australia . 2008 . See multiple submissions to senate standing committee on education, employment and workplace relations Retrieved from http://www.aph.gov.au/senate/committee/eet_ctte/employ_climate/submissions/sublist.htm
   Google Scholar
• Halifax Travel Insurance . 2006 . Holiday 2030 Retrieved from http://www.hbosplc.com/media/pressreleases/articles/halifax/2006-09-01-05.asp?section+Halifax
   Google Scholar
• Hall , C.M. 2008 . Tourism and climate change: Knowledge gaps and issues . Tourism Recreation Research , 33 : 339 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , J. M. , Maddison , D. and Tol , R.S. J. 2005 . Climate change and international tourism: A simulation study . Global Environmental Change , 15 ( 3 ) : 253 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddleston , M. and Eggen , B. 2007 . Climate change adaptation for UK businesses , London : Met Office Consulting .
   Google Scholar
• InterAcademy Council . 2010 . Climate change assessments, review of the processes & procedures of the IPCC , Amsterdam : InterAcademy Council .
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 2007 . Climate change 2007: Synthesis report , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , B. and Scott , D. 2006 . Climate change, seasonality and visitation to Canada's national parks . Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration , 24 ( 2 ) : 42 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Jowit , J. 2010, February 23 . “ Sharp decline in public's belief in climate threat, British poll reveals ” . In Guardian Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2010/feb/23/british-public-belief-climate-poll
   Google Scholar
• KPMG . 2008 . Climate changes your business. Retrieved from www.kpmg.nl/sustainability
   Google Scholar
• Leiserowitz , A. , Smith , N. and Marlon , J.R. 2010 . Americans’ knowledge of climate change , New Haven , CT : Yale University, Yale Project on Climate Change Communication . Retrieved from http://environment.yale.edu/climate/publications/knowledge-of-climate-change
   Google Scholar
• Lew , A. 2010 . Time as a major barrier to sustainable development . Tourism Geographies , 12 ( 3 ) : 481 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann , M. , Ammann , C. M. , Bradley , R. S. , Briffa , K. R. , Crowley , T. J. and Hughes , M. K. 2003 . On past temperatures and anomalous late-20th century warmth . Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union , 84 ( 27 ) : 256 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Mayor , K. and Tol , R.S. J. 2007 . The impact of the UK aviation tax on carbon dioxide emissions and visitor numbers . Transport Policy , 14 : 507 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKercher , B. , Prideaux , B. , Cheung , C. and Law , R. 2010 . Achieving voluntary reductions in the carbon footprint of tourism and climate change . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 18 ( 3 ) : 297 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinshausen , M. , Meinshausen , N. , Hare , W. , Raper , S.C. B. , Frieler , K. and Knutti , R. 2009 . Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2°C . Nature , 458 ( 7242 ) : 1158 – 1162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno , A. and Becken , S. 2009 . A climate change vulnerability assessment methodology for coastal tourism . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 17 ( 4 ) : 473 – 488 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir Russell , A. , Boulton , G. , Clarke , P. , Eyton , D. and Norton , J. 2010 . The independent climate change e-mails review , 160 Report to the University of East Anglia . Retrieved from http://www.cce-review.org/pdf/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 2010 . 2009 state of the climate report , Washington , DC : Government of USA . Retrieved from http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100728_stateoftheclimate.html
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2010a . Adapting to the impacts of climate change. , Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2010b . Advancing the science of climate change. , Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2010c . Limiting the magnitude of future climate change. , Washington , DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Netherlands Environment Assessment Agency . 2010 . Assessing an IPCC assessment: An analysis of statements on projected regional impacts in the 2007 report , 100 The Hague : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Network for Business Sustainability . 2009 . Business adaptation to climate change. , Ottawa , ON : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , R. and Cazenave , A. 2010 . Sea-level rise and its impact on coastal zones . Science , 328 ( 5985 ) : 1517 – 1520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Observer . 2007, July 22 . Over-heated Med stokes tourism fears Retrieved from http://www.guardian.uk/travel/2007/jul/22/climatechange.greece
   Google Scholar
• Oxburgh , R. , Davies , H. , Emanuel , K. , Graumlich , L. , Hand , D. and Huppert , H. 2010 . Report of the international panel set up by the university of East Anglia to examine the research of the climatic research unit. , England : University of East Anglia . Retrieved from http://www.uea.ac.uk/mac/comm/media/press/CRUstatements/SAP
   Google Scholar
• Parry , M. 2009 . Closing the loop between mitigation, impacts and adaptation . Climatic Change , 96 : 23 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry , M. , Lowe , J. and Hanson , C. 2009 . Overshoot, adapt and recover . Nature , 458 ( 7242 ) : 1102 – 1103 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennsylvania State University . 2010 . RA-10 inquiry report: Concerning the allegations of research misconduct against Dr. Michael E. Mann. , Pennsylvania : Author . Retrieved from http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pentelow , L. and Scott , D. 2010 . The implications of climate change mitigation policy and oil price volatility for tourism arrivals to the Caribbean . Journal of Tourism Hospitality and Planning Development , 7 ( 3 ) : 301 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Rahmstorf , S. 2007 . A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise . Science , 315 ( 5810 ) : 368 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmstorf , S. 2010a . A new view on sea level rise . Nature Reports – Climate Change , 4 : 44 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Rahmstorf , S. 2010b . Climate scientist bashing Retrieved from http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2010/04/climate-scientist-bashing/
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. , Bradley , M. , Busby , P. , Connor , D. , Murray , A. , Sampson , B. and Soper , W. 2006 . Climate change and sustainable development: Realizing the opportunity . Ambio , 35 ( 1 ) : 2 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. and Herbert , D. 2001 . Integrating climate change and sustainable development . International Journal of Global Environmental Issues , 1 ( 2 ) : 130 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , S. , Vedlitz , A. , Cowman , D. and Zahran , S. 2010 . Climate change: A profile of US climate scientists perspectives . Climatic Change , 101 ( 3 ) : 311 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Rutty , M. and Scott , D. 2010 . Will the Mediterranean become “too hot” for tourism? A reassessment . Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development , 7 ( 3 ) : 267 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Schleupner , C. 2008 . Evaluation of coastal squeeze and its consequences for the Caribbean island Martinique . Ocean and Coastal Management , 51 : 383 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Science Editorial. 2001 . The science of climate change . Science , 292 ( 5520 ) : 1261
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scott , D. 2008 . Climate change and tourism: Time for critical reflections . Tourism Recreation Research , 33 ( 3 ) : 356 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , Amelung , B. , Becken , S. , Ceron , J.-P. , Dubois , G. Gössling , S. 2008 . “ Technical report ” . In Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges , 23 – 250 . Madrid : United Nations World Tourism Organization; Paris: United Nations Environment Program; Geneva: World Meteorological Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Becken , S. 2010 . Adapting to climate change and climate policy: Progress, problems and potentials . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 18 ( 3 ) : 283 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , Dawson , J. and Jones , B. 2008 . Climate change vulnerability of the Northeast US winter tourism sector . Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Global Change , 13 ( 5–6 ) : 577 – 596 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , de Freitas , C. and Matzarakis , A. 2009 . “ Adaptation in the tourism and recreation sector ” . In Biometeorology for adaptation to climate variability and change , Edited by: Ebi , K. , Burton , I. and McGregor , G. 171 – 194 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Jones , B. 2007 . A regional comparison of the implications of climate change of the golf industry in Canada . The Canadian Geographer , 51 ( 2 ) : 219 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , McBoyle , G. and Schwarzentruber , M. 2004 . Climate change and the distribution of climatic resources for tourism in North America . Climate Research , 27 : 105 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. , Peeters , P. and Gössling , S. 2010 . Can tourism deliver its aspirational greenhouse gas emission reduction targets . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 18 ( 3 ) : 393 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sequence Staffing . 2009 . The 2009 greenhouse gas and climate change workforce needs assessment. , Ottawa , ON : Sequence Staffing and Greenhouse Gas Institute . Retrieved from http://www.greenhousegassurvey.com/
   Google Scholar
• Soon , W. and Baliunas , S. 2003 . Proxy climatic and environmental changes of the past 1000 years . Climate Research , 23 : 89 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , N. 2006 . The economics of climate change: The Stern review. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , P. 1992 . Psychological dimensions of global environmental change . Annual Reviews of Psychology , 43 : 269 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , E. , Tivy , A. , Howell , S.E. L. and Dawson , J. 2010 . Cruise tourism and sea ice in Canada's Hudson Bay region . Arctic , 673 ( 1 ) : 57 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Sussman , F. and Freed , J. 2008 . Adapting to climate change: A business approach , Arlington , VA : Pew Centre for Global Climate Change .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations World Tourism Organization . 2004 . Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A guidebook. , Madrid : Author .
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO-UNEP-WMO (United Nations World Tourism Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, & World Meteorological Organization) . 2007 . Davos declaration. Climate change and tourism. Responding to global challenges. , Madrid : Author . Retrieved from http://www.unwto.org/pdf/pr071046.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO–UNEP–WMO . 2008 . Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges , Madrid : Author .
   Google Scholar
• US Securities and Exchange Commission . 2010 . SEC issues interpretive guidance on disclosure related to business or legal developments regarding climate change Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-15.htm
   Google Scholar
• Uyarra , M. , Cote , I. , Gill , J. , Tinch , R. , Viner , D. and Watkinson , A. 2005 . Island-specific preferences of tourists for environmental features: Implications of climate change for tourism-dependent states . Environmental Conservation , 32 ( 1 ) : 11 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. 2011 . Can sustainable tourism survive climate change . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 19 ( 1 ) : 5 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , R. 2004 . Managing and interpreting uncertainty for climate change risk . Building Research and Information , 32 ( 5 ) : 438 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Business Council for Sustainable Development . 2008 . Adaptation: An issue brief for business , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Yohe , G. , Andronova , N. and Schlesinger , M. 2004 . To hedge or not against an uncertain climate future . Science , 306 : 415 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar