Place attachment and pro-environmental behaviour in national parks: the development of a conceptual framework

References

• Ajzen , I. 1989 . “ Attitude structure and behavior ” . In Attitude structure and function , Edited by: Pratkanis , A. , Breckler , S. and Greenwald , A. G. 241 – 274 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Altman , I. and Low , S. 1992 . Place attachment , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne , B. , Packer , J. and Hughes , K. 2009 . Tourists’ support for conservation messages and sustainable management practices in wildlife tourism experiences . Tourism Management, , 30 : 658 – 664 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamberg , S. and Moser , G. 2007 . Twenty years after Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera: A new meta-analysis of psycho-social determinants of pro-environmental behavior . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 27 : 14 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral , N. , Stern , M. and Bhattarai , R. 2008 . Contingent valuation of ecotourism in Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal: Implications for sustainable park finance and local development . Ecological Economics, , 66 ( 2/3 ) : 218 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Bem , D. J. 1972 . “ Self-perception theory ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Berkowitz , L. 1 – 62 . New York : Academic Press . Vol. 6
   Google Scholar
• Berger , I. E. 1997 . The demographics of recycling and the structure of environmental behavior . Environment and Behavior, , 29 : 515 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosque , I. and Martin , H. 2008 . Tourist satisfaction: A cognitive-affective model . Annals of Tourism Research, , 35 ( 2 ) : 551 – 573 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1969 . Attachment and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1) , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1975 . “ Attachment theory, separation anxiety and mourning ” . In American handbook of psychiatry , Edited by: Hamburg , D. A. and Brodie , K. H. 292 – 309 . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1980 . Attachment and loss: Loss (Vol. 2) , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1982 . Attachment and loss: Separation-anxiety and anger (Vol. 2) , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby , J. 1991 . Attachment and loss: Sadness and depression (Vol. 3) , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Bricker , K. S. and Kerstetter , D. L. 2000 . Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of whitewater recreationists . Leisure Sciences, , 22 : 233 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocato , E. D. 2006 . Place attachment: An investigation of environments and outcomes in service context (Unpublished doctoral thesis) , Arlington : The University of Texas .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , B. , Perkins , D. D. and Brown , G. 2003 . Place attachment in a revitalizing neighbourhood: Individual and block levels of analysis . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 23 ( 3 ) : 259 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. , Ham , S. and Hughes , M. 2010 . Picking up litter: An application of theory-based communication to influence tourist behaviour in protected areas . Journal of Sustainable Tourism, , 18 ( 7 ) : 879 – 900 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budruk , M. , Thomas , H. and Tyrrell , T. 2009 . Urban green spaces: A study of place attachment and environmental attitudes in India . Society and Natural Resources, , 22 ( 9 ) : 824 – 839 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burley , D. , Jenkins , P. , Laska , S. and Davis , T. 2007 . Place attachment and environmental change in coastal Louisiana . Organization and Environment, , 20 ( 3 ) : 347 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canter , D. 1991 . “ Understanding, assessing and acting in places: Is an integrative framework possible? ” . In Environmental cognition and action: An integrated approach , Edited by: Garling , T. and Evans , G. 191 – 209 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , C. and Chen , F. 2010 . Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions for heritage tourists . Tourism Management, , 31 ( 1 ) : 29 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi , C. and Qu , H. 2008 . Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach . Tourism Management, , 29 ( 4 ) : 624 – 636 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow , K. and Healy , M. 2008 . Place attachment and place identity: First year undergraduates making the transition from home to university . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 28 ( 4 ) : 362 – 372 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , J. K. and Stein , T. V. 2003 . Incorporating the natural landscape within an assessment of community attachment . Forest Science, , 49 : 867 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton , S. 2003 . “ Environmental identity: A conceptual and operational definition ” . In Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature , Edited by: Clayton , S. O.S. 45 – 66 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Comstock , N. , Dickinson , M. , Marshall , J. , Soobader , M. , Turbin , M. Buchenau , M. 2010 . Neighborhood attachment and its correlates: Exploring neighborhood conditions, collective efficacy, and gardening . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 4 ) : 435 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Marcus , C. 1992 . “ Environmental memories ” . In Place attachment , Edited by: Altman , I. and Low , S. 87 – 112 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Kruijk , M. D. and van Raaij , W. F. 1991, June 16–19 . Similarities and frequencies of behaviors in environmental context Stockholm , , Sweden Paper presented at the IAREP/SASE Conference
   Google Scholar
• Devine-Wright , P. and Clayton , S. 2010 . Introduction to the special issue: Place, identity and environmental behavior . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 : 267 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine-Wright , P. and Howes , Y. 2010 . Disruption to place attachment and the protection of restorative environments: A wind energy case study . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 3 ) : 271 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dredge , D. 2010 . Place change and tourism development conflict: Evaluating public interest . Tourism Management, , 31 : 104 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felonneau , M. L. 2004 . Love and loathing of the city: Urbanophilia and urbanophobia, topological identity and perceived incivilities . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 24 : 43 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , L. 1975 . Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research , London : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , L. 2010 . Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach , New York : Psychology Press-Taylor & Francis Group .
   Google Scholar
• Fried , M. 1963 . “ Grieving for a lost home ” . In The urban condition , Edited by: Duhl , L. J. 151 – 171 . New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Garrod , B. 2008 . Exploring place perception: A photo-based analysis . Annals of Tourism Research, , 35 ( 2 ) : 381 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georg , S. 1999 . The social shaping of household consumption . Ecological Economics, , 28 ( 3 ) : 455 – 466 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1963 . Behavior in public places , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gonzales , M. , Aronson , E. and Costanzo , M. 1988 . Using social cognition and persuasion to promote energy conservation: A quasi-experiment . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, , 18 : 1049 – 1066 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling , E. and Williams , K. 2010 . Connectedness to nature, place attachment and conservation behavior: Testing connectedness theory among farmers . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 3 ) : 298 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu , H. and Ryan , C. 2008 . Place attachment, identity and community impacts of tourism – The case of a Beijing Hutong . Tourism Management, , 29 ( 4 ) : 637 – 647 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiliani , M. and Feldman , R. 1993 . Place attachment in a developmental and cultural context . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 13 : 267 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gustafson , P. 2001 . Meanings of place: Everyday experience and theoretical conceptualizations . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 21 : 5 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpenny , E. 2006 . Environmental behavior, place attachment and park visitation: A case study of visitors to Point Pelee national park (Unpublished doctoral thesis) , Waterloo , ON : University of Waterloo .
   Google Scholar
• Halpenny , E. 2010 . Pro-environmental behaviors and park visitors: The effect of place attachment . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 4 ) : 409 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammitt , W. E. 2000 . The relation between being away and privacy in urban forests recreation environments . Environment and Behaviour, , 32 : 521 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammitt , W. E. , Backlund , E. A. and Bixler , R. D. 2006 . Place bonding for recreational places: Conceptual and empirical development . Leisure Studies, , 25 ( 1 ) : 17 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Hammitt , W. E. , Kyle , G. T. and Oh , C. O. 2009 . Comparison of place bonding models in recreation resource management . Journal of Leisure Research, , 41 ( 1 ) : 57 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmon , L. K. , Zinn , H. C. and Gleason , M. 2005, March . Place-based affect and participation in educational/interpretive programs: Exploring differences Philadelphia , PA Proceedings of the 13th Biennial George Wright Society Conference
   Google Scholar
• Hartig , T. , Book , A. , Garvill , J. , Olsson , T. and Garling , T. 1996 . Environmental influences on psychological restoration . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, , 37 : 378 – 393 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan , C. and Shaver , P. R. 1994 . Attachment as an organizational framework for research on close relationships . Psychological Inquiry, , 5 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Hernández , B. , Martin , A. , Ruiz , C. and Hidalgo , M. 2010 . The role of place identity and place attachment in breaking environmental protection laws . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 3 ) : 281 – 288 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog , T. R. , Black , A. M. , Fountaine , K. A. and Knotts , D. J. 1997 . Reflection and attentional recovery as distinctive benefits of restorative environments . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 17 : 165 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo , M. C. and Hernandez , B. 2001 . Place attachment: Conceptual and empirical questions . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 21 : 310 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds , J. and Sparks , P. 2008 . Engaging with the natural environment: The role of affective connection and identity . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 28 : 109 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines , J. M. , Hungerford , H. R. and Tomera , A. N. 1987 . Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis . Journal of Environmental Education, , 18 ( 2 ) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Homburg , C. , Hoyer , W. D. and Koschate , N. 2005 . Customers’ reaction to prices increases: Do customer satisfaction and perceived motives fairness matter? . Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, , 33 ( 1 ) : 36 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , A. 1974 . Symbolic communities , Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jang , S. , Bai , B. , Hu , C. and Wu , C. E. 2009 . Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market . Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, , 33 ( 1 ) : 51 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen , B. and Stedman , R. 2001 . Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners’ attitudes toward their properties . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 21 : 233 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser , F. , Wolfing , S. and Fuhrer , U. 1999 . Environmental attitude and ecological behavior . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 19 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kals , E. and Maes , J. 2002 . “ Sustainable development and emotions ” . In Psychology of sustainable development , Edited by: Schmuck , P. and Schultz , W. 97 – 122 . Norwell , MA : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Kals , E. , Shumaker , D. and Montada , L. 1999 . Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature . Environment and Behavior, , 31 : 178 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. and Kaplan , S. 1989 . The experience of nature: A psychological perspective , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , S. and Talbot , J. F. 1983 . “ Psychological benefits of a wilderness experience ” . In Human behavior and the environment: Advances in theory and research: Behavior and the natural environment , Edited by: Altman , I. and Wohlwill , J. F. 163 – 203 . New York : Plenum Press . Vol. 6
   Google Scholar
• Korpela , K. , Ylen , M. , Tyrvainen , L. and Silvennoinen , H. 2008 . Determinants of restorative experiences in everyday favorite places . Health and Place, , 14 : 636 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpela , K. , Ylen , M. , Tyrvainen , L. and Silvennoinen , H. 2009 . Stability of self-reported favourite places and place attachment over a 10-month period . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 29 : 95 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurz , T. 2002 . The psychology of environmentally sustainable behavior: Fitting together pieces of the puzzle . Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, , 2 ( 1 ) : 257 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. , Bricker , K. S. , Graefe , A. and Wickham , T. 2004 . An examination of recreationists’ relationships with activities and settings . Leisure Sciences, , 26 ( 2 ) : 123 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. and Chick , G. 2007 . The social construction of a sense of place . Leisure Sciences, , 29 ( 3 ) : 209 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. T. , Absher , J. D. and Graefe , A. R. 2003 . The moderating role of place attachment on the relationship between attitudes towards fees and spending preferences . Leisure Sciences, , 25 : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. T. , Graefe , A. R. and Manning , R. 2005 . Testing the dimensionality of place attachment in recreational settings . Environment and Behavior, , 37 : 285 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. T. , Graefe , A. R. , Manning , R. E. and Bacon , J. 2004 . Effects of place attachment on users’ perceptions of social and environmental conditions in a natural setting . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 24 : 213 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kyle , G. T. , Mowen , A. J. and Tarrant , M. 2004 . Linking place preferences with place meaning: An examination of the relationship between place motivation and place attachment . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 24 : 439 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalli , M. 1992 . Urban-related identity: Theory, measurement, and empirical findings . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 12 : 284 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewicka , M. 2005 . Ways to make people active: The role of place attachment, cultural capital and neighbourhood ties . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 25 : 381 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewicka , M. 2010a . What makes neighborhood different from home and city? Effects of place scale on place attachment . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 : 35 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewicka , M. 2010b . Place attachment. How far have we come in the last 40 years? . Journal of Environmental Psychology , doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.10.001
   Google Scholar
• Lim , M. and Barton , A. C. 2007 . Exploring insideness in urban children's sense of place . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 3 ) : 328 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Mosquera , N. and Sanchez , M. 2011 . The influence of personal values in the economic-use valuation of peri-urban green spaces: An application of the means-end chain theory . Tourism Management, , 32 : 875 – 889 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low , S. and Altman , I. 1992 . “ Place attachment: A conceptual inquiry ” . In Place attachment , Edited by: Altman , I. and Low , S. 1 – 12 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manzo , L. C. 2003 . Beyond home and haven: Toward a revisioning of emotional relationships with places . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 23 ( 1 ) : 47 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzo , L. C. 2005 . For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 25 : 67 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer , F. S. and Frantz , C. M. 2004 . The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 24 : 503 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumdar , S. 2005 . Religious place attachment, squatting and “qualitative” research: A commentary . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 27 ( 1 ) : 87 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Mennen , F. E. and O’Keefe , M. 2005 . Informed decisions in child welfare: The use of attachment theory . Children and Youth Services Review, , 27 : 577 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesch , G. S. 1996 . The effect of environmental concerns and governmental incentives on organized actions in local areas . Urban Affairs Review, , 1 : 346 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesh , G. and Manor , O. 1998 . Social ties, environment perception and local attachment . Environment and Behavior, , 30 ( 4 ) : 504 – 519 .
   Google Scholar
• Milligan , M. J. 1998 . Interactional past and potential: The social construction of place attachment . Symbolic Interaction, , 21 : 1 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , R. L. and Graefe , A. R. 1994 . Attachments to recreation settings . Leisure Sciences, , 16 : 17 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , R. L. and Scott , D. 2003 . Place attachment and context: Comparing a park and a trail within . Forest Science, , 49 ( 6 ) : 877 – 884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , P. 2010 . Towards a developmental theory of place attachment . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 : 11 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nye , M. and Hargreaves , T. 2009 . Exploring the social dynamics of proenvironmental behavior change: A comparative study of intervention processes at home and work . Journal of Industrial Ecology, , 14 ( 1 ) : 137 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , R. 1997 . Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer , New York : Irwin/McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill , M. , Riscinto-Kozub , K. and Van Hyfte , M. 2010 . Defining visitor satisfaction in the context of camping oriented nature-based tourism-the driving force of quality . Journal of Vacation Marketing, , 16 ( 2 ) : 141 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Orr , D. W. 1993 . “ Love it or lose it: The coming biophilia revolution ” . In The biophilia hypothesis , Edited by: Kellert , S. R. and Wilson , E. O. 415 – 440 . New York : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp , S. 2000 . A sustainable future for humanity? How can psychology help? . American Psychologist, , 55 : 496 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oskamp , S. 2002 . Environmentally responsible behavior: Teaching and promoting it effectively . Analysis of Social Issues and Policy, , 2 : 173 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Oskamp , S. and Shultz , P. 1998 . Applied social psychology , Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Patterson , M. and Williams , D. 2005 . Maintaining research traditions on place. Diversity of thought and scientific progress . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 25 : 361 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L. G. , Legault , L. R. and Tuson , K. M. 1996 . The environmental satisfaction scale: A measure of satisfaction with local environmental conditions and government environmental policies . Environment and Behavior, , 28 ( 1 ) : 5 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins , D. D. and Long , A. D. 2002 . “ Neighbourhood sense of community and social capital: A multi-level analysis ” . In Psychological sense of community: Research, applications and implications , Edited by: Fischer , A. , Sonn , C. and Bishop , B. 291 – 318 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pooley , J. A. and O’Conner , M. 2000 . Environmental education and attitudes . Environment and Behavior, , 32 : 711 – 723 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prester , G. , Rohrmann , B. and Schellhammer , E. 1987 . Environmental evaluations and participation activities: A social psychological field study . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, , 17 ( 9 ) : 751 – 787 .
   Google Scholar
• Pretty , G. H. , Chipuer , H. M. and Bramston , P. 2003 . Sense of place amongst adolescents and adults in two rural Australian towns: The discriminating features of place attachment, sense of community and place dependence in relation to place identity . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 23 ( 3 ) : 273 – 287 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prohansky , H. M. 1978 . The city and self-identity . Environment and Behavior, , 10 : 147 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond , C. M. , Brown , G. and Weber , D. 2010 . The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 4 ) : 422 – 434 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisinger , Y. and Turner , L. 2003 . Cross-cultural behavior in tourism: Concepts and analysis , Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Relph , E. 1976 . Place and place rootedness , London : Pion Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Rolero , C. and De Picolli , N. 2010 . Place attachment, identification and environment perception: An empirical study . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 : 198 – 205 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. J. and Hovland , C. I. 1960 . Cognitive, affective and behavioral components of attitudes. Attitude organisation and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , K. A. and Goodrich , C. G. 2009 . Making place: Identity construction and community formation through “sense of place” in Westland, New Zealand . Society and Natural Resources, , 22 ( 10 ) : 901 – 915 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , S. , Bowie , S. L. and Bowie , Y. D. 2003 . Lessons learned on forced relocations of older adults: The impact of hurricane Andrew on health, mental health, and social support of public housing residents . Journal of Gerontological Social Work, , 40 : 23 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Scannell , L. and Gifford , R. 2010a . Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 1 ) : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell , L. and Gifford , R. 2010b . The relations between natural and civic place attachment and pro-environmental behavior . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 3 ) : 289 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman , C. 1986 . “ Energy consumption, attitudes, and behavior ” . In Advances in applied social psychology , Edited by: Saks , M. and Saxe , L. 153 – 180 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Sennett , R. 2001, February . New capitalism, new isolation: A flexible city of strangers . Le Monde Diplomatique (English edition) , Retrieved from http://mondediplo.com/2001/02/16cities
   Google Scholar
• Sheeran , P. 2002 . Intention – Behavior relations: A conceptual and empirical review . European Review of Social Psychology, , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Snepenger , D. , Snepenger , M. , Dalbey , M. and Wessol , A. 2007 . Meanings and consumption characteristics of places at a tourism destination . Journal of Travel Research, , 45 : 310 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Stedman , R. 2002 . Toward a social psychology of place . Environment and Behavior, , 34 : 561 – 581 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterl , P. , Brandenburg , C. and Arnberger , A. 2008 . Visitors’ awareness and assessment of recreational disturbance of wildlife in the Donau-Auen National Park . Journal for Nature Conservation, , 16 : 135 – 145 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , P. 1992 . Psychological dimensions of global environmental change . Annual Review of Psychology, , 43 : 269 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockdale , A. and Barker , A. 2009 . Sustainability and the multifunctional landscape: An assessment of approaches to planning and assessment in the Cairngorms National Park . Land Use Policy, , 26 ( 2 ) : 479 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokols , D. and Shumacker , S. A. 1981 . “ People in places: A transactional view of settings ” . In Cognition, social behavior, and the environment , Edited by: Harvey , J. 441 – 448 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Thogersen , J. 1999 . Spill-over processes in the development of a sustainable consumption pattern . Journal of Economic Psychology, , 20 : 53 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thogersen , J. and Olander , F. 2003 . Spill-over of environment-friendly consumer behavior . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 23 : 225 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thogersen , J. and Olander , F. 2006 . To what degree are environmentally beneficial choices reflective of a general conservation stance? . Environment and Behavior, , 38 ( 4 ) : 550 – 569 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. 1974 . “ Space and place: Humanistic perspective ” . In Progress in geography , Edited by: Board , C. , Chorley , R. J. , Haggett , P. and Stoddart , D. R. 211 – 252 . London : Edward Arnold . Vol. 6
   Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. 1977 . Space and place: The perspective of experience , Minneapolis , MN : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tuan , Y. 1980 . Rootedness versus sense of place . Landscape, , 24 : 3 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Twigger-Ross , C. L. and Uzzell , D. L. 1996 . Place and identity processes . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 16 ( 3 ) : 205 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulrich , R. S. 1979 . Visual landscapes and psychological well-being . Landscape Research, , 4 ( 1 ) : 17 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Uzzell , D. , Pol , E. and Badenas , D. 2002 . Place identification, social cohesion and environmental sustainability . Environment and Behavior, , 34 ( 1 ) : 26 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J. J. and Kobrin , K. C. 2001 . Place attachment and environmentally responsible behavior . Journal of Environmental Education, , 32 ( 4 ) : 16 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , A. J. and Ryan , R. 2008 . Place attachment and landscape preservation in rural New England: A Maine case study . Landscape and Urban Planning, , 86 ( 2 ) : 141 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , G. J. and Chapman , R. 2003 . Thinking like a park: The effects of sense of place, perspective-taking, and empathy on pro-environmental intentions . Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, , 21 ( 4 ) : 71 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , T. L. and Sheeran , P. 2006 . Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence . Psychological Bulletin, , 132 ( 2 ) : 249 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmarsh , L. and O’Neill , S. 2010 . Green identity, green living? The role of pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across diverse pro-environmental behaviors . Journal of Environmental Psychology, , 30 ( 3 ) : 305 – 314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles , J. L. , Allen , R. E.S. , Palmer , A. J. , Hayman , K. J. , Keeling , S. and Kerse , N. 2009 . Older people and their social spaces: A study of well-being and attachment to place in Aotearoa New Zealand . Social Science and Medicine, , 78 : 664 – 671 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , D. R. , Patterson , M. E. , Roggenbuck , J. W. and Watson , A. E. 1992 . Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place . Leisure Sciences, , 14 : 29 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. and Soutar , G. 2009 . Value, satisfaction and behavioural intentions in an adventure tourism context . Annals of Tourism Research, , 36 : 413 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , E. O. 1993 . “ Biophilia and the conservation ethic ” . In The biophilia hypothesis , Edited by: Kellert , S. R. and Wilson , E. O. 31 – 41 . Washington , DC : Island Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woldoff , R. A. 2002 . The effects of local stressors on neighborhood attachment . Social Forces, , 81 : 87 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuksel , A. , Yuksel , F. and Bilim , Y. 2010 . Destination attachment: Effects on customer satisfaction and cognitive, affective and connative loyalty . Tourism Management, , 31 : 274 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar