References
- AENA (Aeropuertos Españoles y Navegación Aérea). (2009). Estadísticas de tráfico (Trafic statistics). Retrieved 6 September 2013 from http://www.aena.es
- Ahmad, N. & Wyckoff, A. (2003). Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade of goods. OECD science, technology and industry working papers, 2003/15, OECD Publishing.
- Alcántara, V., del Río, P., & Hernández, F. (2010). Structural analysis of electricity consumption by productive sectors. The Spanish case. Energy, 35, 2088–2098
- Álvarez, J.A., Fraiz, J.A., & de la Cruz, M. (2013). “Q de calidad turística”. Barreras a la implantación y certificación [“Q for Tourist Quality”. Barriers to the introduction and certification]. Cuadernos de Turismo, 32, 11–36.
- Andrew, R., Peters G.P., & Lennox, J. (2009). Approximation and regional aggregation in multi-regional input–output analysis for national carbon footprint accounting. Economic System Research, 21, 311–335.
- Barrett, J., Peters, G., Wiedmann, T., & Scott, K. (2013). Consumption-based GHG emission accounting: A UK case study. Climate Policy, 13(4), 451–470.
- Becken, S., & Patterson, M. (2006). Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 323–338.
- Cadarso, M.A., Gómez, N., López, L.A., & Tobarra, M.A. (2010). CO2 emissions of international freight transport and offshoring: Measurement and allocation. Ecological Economics, 69, 1682–1694.
- Cadarso, M.A., Gómez, N., López, L.A., & Tobarra, M.A., (2012). International trade and shared environmental responsibility by sector. An application to the Spanish economy. Ecological Economics, 83, 221–235.
- Cadarso, M.A., Gómez, N., López, L.A., Tobarra, M.A., & Zafrilla, J.E. (2010). Emisiones de CO2 asociadas al trasporte de turistas en la economía española [CO2 emissions related to tourists transport in the Spanish economy]. In G. Ferrari, J.M. Montero Lorenzo, J. Mondéjar Jiménez, & M. Vargas Vargas (Eds.), Investigaciones, métodos y análisis del turismo [Research, methods and analysis of tourism] (pp. 225–266). Oviedo: Septem Ediciones.
- Cazcarro, I., Duarte, R., & Sánchez-Chóliz, J. (2013). Economic growth and the evolution of water consumption in Spain: A structural decomposition analysis. Ecological Economics, 96, 51–61.
- Cazcarro, I., Hoekstra, A.Y., & Sánchez-Chóliz, J. (2014). The water footprint of tourism in Spain. Tourism Management, 40, 90–101.
- Cernat, L., & Gourdon, J. (2012). Paths to success: Benchmarking cross-country sustainable tourism. Tourism Management, 33(5), 1044–4056.
- Chen, Z.M., & Chen, G.Q. (2011). Embodied carbon dioxide emission at supra-national scale: A coalition analysis for G7, BRIC, and the rest of the world. Energy Policy, 39(5), 2899–2909.
- Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., & Hoque, S. (2010). Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 355–376.
- European Environment Agency. (2012). Greenhouse gas emission trends and projections in Europe 2012 (European Environment Agency Report Nº 6/2012). Retrieved 4 September 2013 from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/ghg-trends-and-projections-2012
- Filimonau, V., Dickinson, J.E., Robbins, D., & Reddy, M. (2011). A critical review of methods for tourism climate change appraisal: Life cycle assessment as a new approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19, 301–324.
- Fuster, B., & Martínez, C. (2013). Offshoring of services in Spain: International fragmentation of activities or change in procurement sources? Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 31, 655–676.
- Gössling, S. (2002). Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change, 12, 283–302.
- Gössling, S. (2013). National emissions from tourism: An overlooked policy challenge. Energy Policy, 59, 433–442.
- Gössling, S., Peters, P., Ceron, J.P., Dubois, G., Patterson, T., & Richardson, R.B. (2005). The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological Economics, 54, 417–434.
- Hoyer, K.G. (2000). Sustainable tourism or sustainable mobility? The Norwegian case. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(2), 147–160.
- INE. (2002). Cuentas satélite del turismo en España: METODOLOGÍA y primeras estimaciones 1996–1999 [Spanish tourism satellite accounts: Methodology and early estimations 1996–1999]. Retrieved 5 September 2013 from http://www.ine.es/metodologia/t35/metosatel.htm
- INE. (different years (a)). Cuentas satélite del turismo [Tourism satellite accounts]. Retrieved 5 September 2013 from http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_cuentas.htm
- INE. (different years (b)). Cuentas satélite sobre emisiones atmosféricas [Satellite atmospheric emissions accounts]. Retrieved 5 September 2013 from http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_medioambiente.htm
- INE. (different years (c)). Marco input–output [Input–output framework]. Retrieved 1 September 2013 from http://www.ine.es/inebmenu/mnu_cuentas.htm
- Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2007). Exploring the environmental consequences of tourism: A satellite account approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46, 164–172.
- Konan, D.E., & Chan, H.L. (2010). Greenhouse gas emissions in Hawaii: Household and visitor expenditure analysis. Energy Economics, 32, 210–219.
- López, L.A., Arce, G., & Zafrilla, J.E. (2013). Parcelling virtual carbon in the pollution haven hypothesis. Energy Economics, 39, 177–186.
- Lundie, S., Dwyer, L., & Forsyth, P. (2007). Environmental-economic measures of tourism yield. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15, 503–519.
- Ministerio de Economía y Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. (1999). España: Un Turismo Sostenible [Spain: A sustainable tourism]. Madrid: Author.
- Ministerio de Empleo y Seguridad Social [Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security]. (2012). Accounting for foreign nationals with valid registration certificates or residence permits. Retrieved 9 November 2012 from http://extranjeros.empleo.gob.es/es/Estadisticas/operaciones/con-certificado/index.html
- Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo [Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism]. (2012). Plan nacional e integral del turismo (PNIT) 2012–2015 [National and integral plan of tourism]. Turespaña: Secretaría de Estado de Turismo, Instituto de Turismo de España. Retrieved 10 November 2014 from http://www.minetur.gob.es/turismo/es-ES/PNIT/Paginas/que-es-PNIT.aspx
- Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Turismo [Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism]. (2014). Plan nacional e integral de turismo. Informe de seguimiento [National and integral plan of tourism] (Monitoring Report). Retrieved 12 December 2014 from http://www.minetur.gob.es/turismo/es-ES/PNIT/Documents/Informe-seguimiento-PNIT-noviembre-2014.pdf
- (MITYC) Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio [Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade], Secretaría de Estado de Turismo y Comercio [Secretariat of State for Tourism and Trade], Secretaría General de Turismo e Instituto de Estudios Turísticos [General Secretariat of Tourism and Institute of Tourism Studies]. (different years). Balance del turismo en España [Spanish tourism balance]. Retrieved 6 September 2013 from http://www.iet.tourspain.es/es-ES/estadisticas/analisisturistico/balantur/paginas/default.aspx
- Ministerio de Industria, Turismo y Comercio [Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade]. (2007). Compañías aéreas de bajo coste. Informe Anual 2007 [Low cost airlines. Annual Report 2007]. Secretaría de Estado de Turismo y Comercio (Secretariat of State for Tourism and Trade), Secretaría General de Turismo e Instituto de Estudios Turísticos (General Secretariat of Tourism and Institute of Tourism Studies). Retrieved 5 September 2013 from http://www.iet.tourspain.es/es-ES/estadisticas/otrasestadisticas/companiabajocoste/anuales/Informe%20Compa%C3%B1%C3%ADas%20Bajo%20Coste%202007.pdf
- Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. (2013). Plan de impulso al medio ambiente PIMA Sol [Push plan to environment PIMA Sol]. Retrieved 10 September 2013 from http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/planes-y-estrategias/pima-sol.aspx
- Minx, J.C., Wiedmann, T., Wood, R., Peters, G.P., Lenzen, M., Owen, A., … Ackerman, F. (2009). Input–output analysis and carbon footprinting: An overview of applications. Economic Systems Research, 21, 187–216.
- Munday, M., Turner, K., & Jones, C. (2013). Accounting for the carbon associated with regional tourism consumption. Tourism Management, 36, 35–44
- Munksgaard, J., & Pedersen, K. (2001). CO2 accounts for open economies: Producer or consumer responsibility? Energy Policy, 29, 327–334.
- Muradian, R., O'Connor, M., & Martinez-Alier, J. (2002). Embodied pollution in trade: Estimating the “environmental load displacement” of industrialised countries. Ecological Economics, 41, 51–67.
- Nansai, K., Kondo, Y., Kagawa, S., Suh, S., Nakajima, K., Inaba, R., & Tohno, S. (2012). Estimates of embodied global energy and air-emission intensities of Japanese products for building a Japanese input–output life cycle assessment database with a global system boundary. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(16), 9146–9154.
- Pasinetti, P.L. (1973). The notion of vertical integration in economic analysis. Metroeconomica, 25, 1–29.
- Patterson, M., & McDonald, G. (2004). How clean and green is New Zealand tourism? Lifecycle and future environmental impacts. Canterbury: Manaaki Whenua Press.
- Peters, G.P. (2008). From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories. Ecological Economics, 65, 13–23.
- Peters, G.P., & Hertwich, E.G. (2006). Pollution embodied in trade: The Norwegian case. Global Environmental Change, 16, 379–389.
- Peters, G.P., & Hertwich, E.G. (2008). CO2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 1401–1407.
- Roca, J., & Serrano, M. (2007). Income growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: An input–output approach. Ecological Economics, 63, 230–242.
- Romero, I., & Tejada, P. (2012). A multi-level approach to the study of production chains in the tourism sector. Tourism Management, 32(2), 297–306.
- Ruiz-Molina, M.E., Gil-Saura, I., & Moliner-Velázquez, B. (2012). Environmental sustainability in hotels: A matter of category. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 11(2), 148–163.
- Sánchez-Chóliz, J., & Duarte, R. (2004). CO2 emissions embodied in international trade: Evidence for Spain. Energy Policy, 32, 1999–2005.
- Suh, S., & Huppes, G. (2005). Methods for life cycle inventory of a product. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(7), 687–697.
- Tarancón, M.A., & Del Río, P. (2007). CO2 emissions and intersectoral linkages. The case of Spain. Energy Policy, 35, 1100–1116.
- Turner, K., Lenzen, M., Wiedmann, T, & Barrett, J. (2007). Examining the global environmental impact of regional consumption activities. Part 1: A technical note on combining input–output and ecological footprint analysis. Ecological Economics, 62, 37–44.
- United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2008). Climate change and tourism – responding to global challenges. Madrid: UNWTO-UNEP-WMO.
- Yu, Y., Hucacek, K., Feng, K., & Guan, D. (2010). Assessing regional and global water footprints for the UK. Ecological Economics, 69(5), 1140–1147.
- Zafrilla, J.E., López, L.A., Cadarso, M.A., & Dejuán, O. (2012). Fulfilling the Kyoto protocol in Spain: A matter of economic crisis or environmental policies? Energy Policy, 51, 708–719.