2,154
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Challenging the principles of ecotourism: insights from entrepreneurs on environmental and economic sustainability in Langkawi, Malaysia

, &
Pages 257-276 | Received 18 Dec 2015, Accepted 09 Jun 2017, Published online: 28 Jun 2017

References

  • Ahmad, S. (2009). Recreational values of mangrove forest in Larut Matang, Perak. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 21, 81–87.
  • Arias, A. (2015). Understanding and managing compliance in the nature conservation context. Journal of Environmental Management, 153, 134–143.
  • Azman, N., Abdul Halim, S., Ong, P.L., & Komoo, I. (2011). The Langkawi Global Geopark: Local community's perspectives on public education. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 17, 261–279.
  • Bramwell, B. (2014). Local participation in community tourism: A critical and relational assessment. In A.A. Lew, C. Michael Hall, & A. Williams ( Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism (pp. 556–566). London: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Bramwell, B., & Lane, B. (2011). Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 411–421.
  • Bottrill, C.G., & Pearce, D.G. (1995). Ecotourism: Towards a key elements approach to operationalising the concept. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 3(1), 45–54.
  • Buckley, R. (2009). Evaluating the net effects of ecotourism on the environment: A framework, first assessment and future research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17, 643–672.
  • Butcher, J. (2007). Ecotourism, NGOs, and development. London: Routledge.
  • Burton, R. (1998). Maintaining the quality of ecotourism: Ecotour operators’ responses to tourism growth. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 6(2), 117–142.
  • Cater, E. (2009). Ecotourism: Theory and practice. In A. Lew, C.M. Hall, & A. Williams ( Eds.), A companion to tourism (pp. 484–497). London: Routledge.
  • Ceballos-Lascurain, H. (1987). The future of ecotourism. Mexico Journal, January, 13–14.
  • Craven, C.E. (2016). Refusing to be toured: Work, tourism, and the productivity of “life” in the Colombian Amazon. Antipode, 48, 544–562.
  • Crnogaj K., Rebernik, M., Hojnik, B.B., & Gomezelj, D.O. (2014). Building a model of researching the sustainable entrepreneurship in the tourism sector. Kybernetes, 43, 377–393.
  • Duffy, R. (2015). Nature-based tourism and neoliberalism: Concealing contradictions. Tourism Geographies, 17, 529–543.
  • Eshun, G., & Madge, C. (2012). "Now let me share this with you”: Exploring poetry as a method for postcolonial geography research. Antipode, 44, 1395–1428.
  • Friess, D.A., Thompson, B.S., Brown, B., Amir, A., Cameron, C., Koldewey, H.J., … Sasmito, S. (2016). Policy challenges and approaches for the conservation of mangrove forests in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 30(5), 933–949.
  • Gezon, L.L. (2014). Who wins and who loses? Unpacking the “local people” concept in ecotourism: A longitudinal study of community equity in Ankarana, Madagascar. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(5), 821–838.
  • Gillen, J. (2010). “An examination of entrepreneurial relationships between the state and non-state in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.” Urban Geography, 31, 90–113.
  • Gillen, J., Kirby, R., & van Riemsdijk, M. (2015). Tour guides as tourist products in Dalat, Vietnam: Exploring market freedoms in a communist state. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 56(2), 237–251.
  • Harvey, D. (1989). From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: The transformation in urban governance in late capitalism. Geografiska Annaler, 71B, 3–17.
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2011). Death by a thousand cuts: Governance and environmental trade-offs in ecotourism development at Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4–5), 553–570.
  • Hill, W., Bryne, J., & de Vasconcellos Pegas, F. (2013). The ecotourism-extraction nexus and its implications for the long-term sustainability of protected areas: What is being sustained and who decides? Journal of Political Ecology, 55(23), 308–327.
  • Honey, M. (2008). Ecotourism and sustainable development: Who owns paradise? (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Hunt, C.A., & Stronza, A.L. (2011). Missing the forest for the trees? Incongruous local perspectives on ecotourism in Nicaragua Converge on ethical issues. Human Organization, 70, 376–386.
  • Jaafar, M., & Mohamed, B. (2013). Building community-based entrepreneurship: A case study on Kilim Cooperative Society (KCS). BIMP-EAGA Journal for Sustainable Tourism Development, 1(1), 34–39.
  • Jackson, L.A., Singh, D., & Parsa, H.G. (2015). Tourism firms’ environmental rankings and financial performance: A multidimensional scaling approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23, 1426–1444.
  • Law, R., Qi, S., & Buhalis, D. (2010). A review of website evaluation in tourism research. Tourism Management, 31(3), 297–313.
  • Lebel, L. (2012). Governance and coastal boundaries in the tropics. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4(2), 243–251.
  • Lee, M. (2013). The reality of balancing tourism development and protecting the nature heritage of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Journal of Ecotourism, 12(3), 197–203.
  • Li, W.J. (2006). Community decision-making: Participation in development. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 132–143.
  • Marsden, T., & Smith, E. (2005). Ecological entrepreneurship: Sustainable development in local communities through quality food production and local branding. Geoforum, 36, 440–451.
  • Marzuki, A., Mohamad, D., & Jaafar, M. (2015). International visitors' perspectives on Geopark sustainability in Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Tourism Planning & Development, 12, 190–207.
  • Mathis, A., & Rose, J. (2016). Balancing tourism, conservation, and development: A political ecology of ecotourism on the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Ecotourism, 15(1), 64–77.
  • Mosedale, J. (2015). Critical engagements with nature: Tourism, political economy of nature and political ecology. Tourism Geographies, 17, 505–510.
  • Omar, S.I., Othman, A.G., & Mohamed, B. (2014). The tourism life cycle: An overview of Langkawi Island, Malaysia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8, 272–289.
  • Porter, B.A., Orams, M.B., & Luck, M. (2015). Surf-riding tourism in coastal fishing communities: A comparative case study of two projects from the Philippines. Ocean & Coastal Management, 116, 169–176.
  • Raco, M., & Gilliam, K. (2012). Geographies of abstraction, urban entrepreneurialism, and the production of new cultural spaces: The West Kowloon Cultural District, Hong Kong. Environment and Planning A, 44, 1425–1442.
  • Reimer, J.K., & Walter, P. (2013). How do you know it when you see it? Community-based ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia. Tourism Management, 34, 122–132.
  • Richards, D.R., & Friess, D.A. (2015). A rapid indicator of cultural ecosystem service usage at a fine spatial scale: Content analysis of social media photographs. Ecological Indicators, 53, 187–195.
  • Rigg, J., Salamanca, A., & Thompson, E.C. (2016). The puzzle of East and Southeast Asia's persistent smallholder. Journal of Rural Studies, 43, 118–133.
  • Salazar, N.B. 2012. Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22.
  • Schellhorn, M. (2010). Development for whom? Social justice and the business of ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 115–135.
  • Scheyvens, R. (2011). The challenge of sustainable tourism development in the Maldives: Understanding the social and political dimensions of sustainability. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 52, 148–164.
  • Seales, L., & Stein, T. (2011). Linking commercial success of tour operators and agencies to conservation and community benefits in Costa Rica. Environmental Conservation, 39, 20–29.
  • Sharif, N.M., & Lonik, K.A.T. (2013, February). Boat operators of Kilim Geopark, Langkawi - Profiles, business practices and perception towards tourists. In Proceedings of International Conference on Tourism Development (pp. 140–149). Retrieved 5 June 2017 from http://eprints.usm.my/26622/1/Proceedings_ICTD_2013.pdf
  • Silva, G., & McDill, M.E. (2004). Barriers to ecotourism supplier success: A comparison of agency and business perspectives. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(4), 289–305.
  • Solvoll, S., Alsos, G.E., & Bulanova, O. (2015). Tourism entrepreneurship – Review and future directions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15, 120–137.
  • Tao, T.C.H., & Wall, G. (2009). Tourism as a sustainable livelihood strategy. Tourism Management, 30, 90–98.
  • UNESCO. (2014). Guidelines and criteria for National Geoparks seeking UNESCO's assistance to join the Global Geoparks. Paris: UNESCO, Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, pp. 13.
  • Wang, W., Chen, J.S., Fan, L., & Lu, J. (2012). Tourist experience and wetland parks: A case of Zhejiang, China. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 1763–1778.
  • Weaver, D. (2014). The sustainable development of tourism: A state-of-the-art perspective. In A.A. Lew, C.M. Hall, & A., Williams ( Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell companion to tourism (pp. 524–533). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Weaver, D.B., & Lawton, L.J. (2007). Twenty years on: The state of contemporary ecotourism research. Tourism Management, 28, 1168–1179.
  • Williams, A.M., & Shaw, G. (2011). Internationalization and innovation in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, 27–51.
  • Yacob, M.F., Jaafar, M., & Marzuki, A. (2013, February). Promoting ecotourism product development in Kilim Geopark based on tourists’ perceptions. In Proceedings of International Conference on Tourism Development (pp. 354–363). Retrieved 5 June 2017 from http://eprints.usm.my/26622/1/Proceedings_ICTD_2013.pdf

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.