Community involvement and tourism revenue sharing as contributing factors to the UN Sustainable Development Goals in Jozani–Chwaka Bay National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Zanzibar

References

• AFED (2016). Tanzania: Tourism seen booming in Zanzibar. Retrieved from https://africadata.com/blog/2016/11/04/tanzania-tourism-zanzibar-booming/
   Google Scholar
• Ahebwa, W. M. , van der Duim, R. , & Sandbrook, C . (2012). Tourism revenue sharing policy at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: A policy arrangements approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20 (3), 377–394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.622768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amer, W. , Ashong, S. , & Tiomoko, D . (2015). Management manual for UNESCO biosphere reserves in Africa: A practical guide for managers. Bonn: German Commission for UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Archabald, K. L . (2000). Can revenue sharing save wildlife? A case study of Jozani Chwaka Bay Conservation Area Zanzibar, Tanzania. (Unpublished Masters thesis, Geography). University of Wisconsin, Madison.
   Google Scholar
• Archabald, K. L. , & Naughton-Treves, L . (2001). Tourism revenue-sharing around national parks in Western Uganda: Early efforts to identify and reward local communities. Environmental Conservation, 28 (2), 135–149. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892901000145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, C . (2008). Nachhaltigkeit im Tourismus: Von 10 Jahren Umsetzungsversuchen zu einem Bewertungssystem. [Sustainability in Tourism: From 10 years of implemention attempts toward an evaluation system] Innsbruck: StudienVerlag.
   Google Scholar
• Becken, S. , & Hay, J. E . (2007). Tourism and climate change: Risks and opportunities. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Beyer, M . (2014). Tourism planning in development cooperation: A handbook. Challenges—Consulting approaches—Practical examples—Tools. Eschborn: GIZ.
   Google Scholar
• Borrini-Feyerabend, G. , Dudley, N. , Jaeger, T. , Lassen, B. , Pathak Broome, N. , Phillips, A. , & Sandwith, T . (2013). Governance of protected areas: From understanding to action. Gland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Butzmann, E. , & Job, H . (2017). Developing a typology of sustainable protected area tourism products. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25 (12), 1736–1755. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1206110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carius, F . (2016). Tourism Revenue Sharing with Local Communities: A Case Study of Jozani—Chwaka Bay National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Zanzibar. (Unpublished Masters thesis, Sustainable Development Cooperation). Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern.
   Google Scholar
• CBD (2004). Guidelines on biodiversity and tourism development. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
   Google Scholar
• CBD (2010). Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi targets. Montreal: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/strategic-plan/2011-2020/Aichi-Targets-EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• CEPF (2005). Eastern Arc mountains & Coastal forests of Tanzania & Kenya—Ecosystem profile (2nd ed.). Nairobi: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Retrieved from http://www.cepf.net/Documents/final.easternarc.ep.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Conservation International (2014). Hotspots. Retrieved from http://www.conservation.org/how/pages/hotspots.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Denman, R . (2001). Guidelines for community-based ecotourism development. Gland: WWF.
   Google Scholar
• DFNR/Zanzibar. (2015). Proposed Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park to be Biosphere Reserve (JCBNP-BR) Zanzibar [Jozani-Chwaka Bay Biosphere Reserve Nomination Dossier]. Zanzibar: Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources—Department of Forestry and Non-Renewable Natural Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Dikgang, J. , Muchapondwa, E. , & Stage, J . (2017). Securing benefits for local communities from international visitors to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Tourism Economics, 23 (8), 1553–1567. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816617707593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drammeh, F. Y . (2015). Model for sustainable tourism development for least developed countries (LDCs). African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 4 (2), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Emerton, L. , Bishop, J. , & Thomas, L . (2006). Sustainable financing of protected areas: A global review of challenges and options. Gland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Engels, B. , Becken, S. , Job, H. , & Lane, B . (2017). An interview with a protected area insider. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25 (12), 1895–1898. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1380365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EuroMAB (2002, May 24–25). Ecotourism and sustainable development in biosphere reserves: Experiences and prospects. Workshop Summary Report. Quebec City: Canadian Commission for UNESCO. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001277/127757e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Wilderness Society. (2016). Message on sustainable tourism at 4th Congress on Biosphere Reserves. Retrieved from http://wilderness-society.org/message-on-sustainable-tourism/
   Google Scholar
• Finnie, D . (2003). Jozani—Chwaka Bay National Park—General Management Plan. Zanzibar: Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• Filho, W. L. , Azeiteiro, U. , Alves, F. , Pace, P. , Mifsud, M. , Brandli, L. , … Disterheft, A . (2018). Reinvigorating the sustainable development research agenda: The role of the sustainable development goals (SDG). International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25 (2), 131–142. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2017.1342103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Font, X. , Cochrane, J. , & Tapper, R . (2004). Pay per nature view: Understanding tourism revenues for effective management plans. Leeds: Leeds Metropolitan University.
   Google Scholar
• Gebhard, K. , Meyer, M. , & Roth, S . (2007). Sustainable tourism management planning in biosphere reserves—A methodology guide. Bonn: ETE. Retrieved from https://www.oete.de/images/dokumente/projekt_gef/ETE_Sustainable_Tourism_Management_Planning_2007.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Himmel, S . (2016). Challenges and prospects for sustainable tourism in small island developing states—the case of Zanzibar. (Unpublished Masters thesis, International Studies of Leisure and Tourism). Bremen City University of Applied Sciences, Bremen.
   Google Scholar
• IFAD . (2011). Key Informant Interviews. In IFAD Asia Pacific Division (Ed.), M&E/KM Toolkit (pp. 313–320). Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development. Retrieved from http://asia.ifad.org/documents/627927/327cf919-8515-44ed-b40c-e1a32ad7e7e7
   Google Scholar
• Jambiya, G. , Puri, J. , & Risby, L. A . (2004). The nature and role of local benefits in GEF programme areas; case study Tanzania—Zanzibar: Jozani-Chwaka Bay Conservation Project. Washington, DC: GEF. Retrieved from http://www.easternarc.or.tz/groups/webcontent/documents/pdf/Local_Benefits_Case_Study_Tanzania_Biodiversity.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Job, H. , Becken, S. , & Lane, B . (2017). Protected areas in a neoliberal world and the role of tourism in supporting conservation and sustainable development: An assessment of strategic planning, zoning, impact monitoring, and tourism management at natural World Heritage Sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25 (12), 1697–1718. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1377432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Job, H. , & Paesler, F . (2013). Links between nature-based tourism, protected areas, poverty alleviation and crises—The example of Wasini Island (Kenya). Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 1–2 , 18–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2013.04.004
   Google Scholar
• Job, H. , & Schmid, L . (2011). 'Serengeti darf nicht sterben!'—50 Jahre integriertes Nationalparkmanagement in Tansania. ['Serengeti shall not die!'—50 years of integrated national park management in Tanzania]. Natur und Landschaft, 86 (2), 52–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.17433/2.2011.50153080
   Google Scholar
• Jumah, S. M. , Othman, W. J. , Said, T. A. , & Hakim, O. F . (n.d.). Resource use conflicts between agricultural production and Jozani - Chwaka Bay National Park Authority. Unpublished study by the Department of Commercial Crops, Fruits and Forestry, Zanzibar.
   Google Scholar
• Kamuzinzi, P. K. , Shukla, J. , & Ndabaga, E . (2015). The effectiveness of Rwanda Development Board tourism revenue sharing program towards local community socio-economic development: A case study of Nyungwe National Park. European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 3 (2), 47–63.
   Google Scholar
• Khatib, A. H . (2000). Ecotourism in Zanzibar, Tanzania. In P. U. C. Dieke (Ed.), The political economy of tourism development in Africa (pp. 167–180). Elmsford, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus, F. , Merlin, C. , & Job, H . (2014). Biosphere reserves and their contribution to sustainable development. Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 58 (2–3), 164–180. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw.2014.0011
   Google Scholar
• Lama, A. K. , & Job, H . (2014). Protected areas and road development: Sustainable development discourses in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Erdkunde, 68 (4), 229–250. doi: https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2014.04.01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapeyre, R . (2011). Governance structures and the distribution of tourism income in Namibian Communal Lands: A new institutional framework. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 102 (3), 302–315. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00665.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, Y. , Spenceley, A. , Hvenegaard, G. , & Buckley, R . (2018). Tourism and visitor management in protected areas: Guidelines for sustainability. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 27. Gland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, C. A. , Salerno, J. , Hartter, J. , Chapman, C. A. , Reyna, R. , Tumusiime, D. M. , & Drake, M . (2017). Changing perceptions of protected area benefits and problems around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Journal of Environmental Management, 200 , 217–228. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.05.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makame, M. K. , & Boon, E. K . (2008). Sustainable tourism and benefit-sharing in Zanzibar: The case of Kiwengwa-Pongwe forest reserve. Journal of Human Ecology, 24 (2), 93–109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906105
   Google Scholar
• Manuel-Navarrete, D . (2016). Tourism and sustainability. In H. Heinrichs , P. Martens , G. Michelsen & A. Wiek (Eds.), Sustainability science (pp. 283–291). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, M. , & Job, H . (2014). The economics of protected areas—A European perspective. Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, 58 (1), 73–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/zfw.2014.0006
   Google Scholar
• Mayring, P . (2015). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse: Grundlagen und Techniken (12th ed.). Weinheim, Basel: Beltz.
   Google Scholar
• Monshausen, A. , Tremel, C. , Plüss, C. , Koschwitz, G. , & Lukow, M . (2016). Transforming Tourism: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Berlin: Bread for the World—Protestant Development Service. Retrieved from http://www.tourism-watch.de/files/2030_agenda_internet_en_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Morais, D. B. , Bunn, D. , Hoogendoorn, G. , & Kc, B . (2018). The potential role of tourism microentrepreneurship in the prevention of rhino poaching. International Development Planning Review, 40 (4), 443–461. doi: https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2018.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukanjari, S. , Bednar-Friedl, B. , Muchapondwa, E. , & Zikhali, P . (2013). Evaluating the prospects of benefit sharing schemes in protecting mountain gorillas in Central Africa. Natural Resource Modeling, 26 (4), 455–479. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/nrm.12010
   Google Scholar
• Munanura, I. E. , Backman, K. F. , Hallo, J. C. , & Powell, R. B . (2016). Perceptions of tourism revenue sharing impacts on Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: A sustainable livelihoods framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24 (12), 1709–1726. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1145228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OCGS (2016). Office of chief government statistician. Retrieved from http://www.ocgs.go.tz/
   Google Scholar
• Saldaña, J . (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Angeles, Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Salerno, F. , Viviano, G. , Manfredi, E. C. , Caroli, P. , Thakuri, S. , & Tartari, G . (2013). Multiple carrying capacities from a management-oriented perspective to operationalize sustainable tourism in protected areas. Journal of Environmental Management, 128 , 116–125.. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.04.043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salum, L. A . (2009). Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation in Jozani-Chwaka Bay National Park, Zanzibar. African Journal of Ecology, 47 , 166–170. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01065.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandbrook, C. , & Adams, W. M . (2012). Accessing the impenetrable: The nature and distribution of tourism benefits at a Ugandan National Park. Society & Natural Resources, 25 (9), 915–932. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2011.644394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saner, R. , Yiu, L. , & Filadoro, M . (2015). Tourism development in least developed countries: Challenges and opportunities. In A. Camillo (Ed.), Handbook of research on global hospitality and tourism management (pp. 229–255). Hershey: Information Science Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Soltau, K. , & Brockington, D . (2007). Protected areas and resettlement: What scope for voluntary relocation? World Development, 35 (12), 2182–2202. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnegg, M. , & Kiaka, R. D . (2018). Subsidized elephants: Community-based resource governance and environmental (in)justice in Namibia. Geoforum, 93 , 105–115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.05.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMZ (2013). Tourism in Zanzibar. Retrieved from http://www.zanzibar.go.tz/index.php?rgo=tourism
   Google Scholar
• Snyman, S . (2017). The role of private sector ecotourism in local socio-economic development in southern Africa. Journal of Ecotourism, 16 (3), 247–268. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1226318
   Google Scholar
• Spenceley, A. , Habyalimana, S. , Tusabe, R. , & Mariza, D . (2010). Benefits to the poor from gorilla tourism in Rwanda. Development Southern Africa, 27 (5), 647–662. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2010.522828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spenceley, A. , Snyman, S. , & Rylance, A . (2017). Revenue sharing from tourism in terrestrial African protected areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1401632
   Google Scholar
• Swemmer, L. , Grant, R. , Annecke, W. , & Freitag-Ronaldson, S . (2015). Toward more effective benefit sharing in South African National Parks. Society & Natural Resources, 28 (1), 4–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2014.945055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapper, R . (2007). Managing tourism & biodiversity: User’s manual on the CBD guidelines on biodiversity and tourism development. Montreal: CBD.
   Google Scholar
• TIES (2015). What is ecotourism? Retrieved from https://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism
   Google Scholar
• Tumusiime, D. M. , & Vedeld, P . (2015). Can biodiversity conservation benefit local people? Costs and benefits at a strict protected area in Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 34 (8), 761–786. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2015.1038395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tumusiime, D. M. , & Vedeld, P . (2012). False promise or false premise? Using tourism revenue sharing to promote conservation and poverty reduction in Uganda. Conservation and Society, 10 (1), 15–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.92189
   Google Scholar
• UN. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development (A/RES/70/1). New York: Author. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNEP & UNWTO. (2005). Making tourism more sustainable: A guide for policy makers. Paris: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO MAB ICC. (2016). 28th Session, Lima/Peru, 18–19 March, Final Report (No. SC-16/CONF.228/13). Paris: UNESCO. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/SC-16-CONF-228-12_final_en_v2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO WHC. (1997). Jozani—Chwaka Bay conservation area. Retrieved from http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/850/
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO (2013). Sustainable tourism for development guidebook: Enhancing capacities for sustainable tourism for development in developing countries. Madrid: Author.
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO (2015). Tourism and the sustainable development goals. Madrid: Author. Retrieved from http://cf.cdn.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/sustainable_development_goals_brochure.pdf
   Google Scholar
• USAID (1996). Conducting key informant interviews. Washington, DC: USAID Center for Development Information and Evaluation. Retrieved from http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnabs541.pdf
   Google Scholar