On the edge of the world: examining pro-environmental outcomes of last chance tourism in Kaktovik, Alaska

References

• Atwood, T. C., Peacock, E., McKinney, M. A., Lillie, K., Wilson, R., Douglas, D. C., … Terletzky, P. (2016). Rapid environmental change drives increased land use by an arctic marine predator. PLoS One, 11, e0155932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avango, D., Nilsson, A. E., & Roberts, P. (2013). Assessing Arctic futures: Voices, resources and governance. The Polar Journal, 3, 431–446. doi:10.1080/2154896X.2013.790197
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne, R., Packer, J., Hughes, K., & Dierking, L. (2007). Conservation learning in wildlife tourism settings: Lessons from research in zoos and aquariums. Environmental Education Research, 13, 367–383. doi:10.1080/13504620701430604
   Google Scholar
• Beaumont, N. (2001). Ecotourism and the conservation ethic: Recruiting the uninitiated or preaching to the converted? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9, 317–341. doi:10.1080/09669580108667405
   Google Scholar
• Bogner, F. X. (1998). The influence of short-term outdoor ecology education on long-term variables of environmental perspective. The Journal of Environmental Education, 29, 17–29. doi:10.1080/00958969809599124
   Google Scholar
• Born, D. (2018). Bearing witness? Polar bears as icons for climate change communication in National Geographic. Environmental Communication, 13, 649–663. doi:10.1080/17524032.2018.1435557
   Google Scholar
• Bromaghin, J. F., McDonald, T. L., Stirling, I., Derocher, A. E., Richardson, E. S., Regehr, E. V., … Amstrup, S. C. (2015). Polar bear population dynamics in the Southern Beaufort Sea during a period of sea ice decline. Ecological Applications, 24, 634–651. doi:10.1890/14-1129.1
   Google Scholar
• Caplow, S. (2018). Are we preaching to the same choir? A mixed-methods comparison of audiences at animal-themed interpretive facilities. Journal of Interpretation Research, 23, 5–29.
   Google Scholar
• Cessford, G.R. (1995). Conservation benefits of public visits to protected islands. Science and Research Series #95. Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., Johnston, M. J., Stewart, E. J., Lemieux, C. J., Lemelin, R. H., Maher, P. T., & Grimwood, B. S. R. (2011). Ethical considerations of last chance tourism. Journal of Ecotourism, 10, 250–265. doi:10.1080/14724049.2011.617449
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Lemelin, H., & Scott, D. (2010). The carbon cost of polar bear viewing tourism in Churchill, Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 319–336. doi:10.1080/09669580903215147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eijgalaar, E., Thaper, C., & Peeters, P. (2010). Antarctic cruise tourism: The paradoxes of ambassadorship, “last chance tourism” and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18, 337–354. doi:10.1080/09669581003653534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epler, B., Watkins, G., & Cárdenas, S. (2008). Tourism and the Galápagos economy. In Galápagos Report 2006-2007 (pp. 42–47, CDF/GNP/INGALA). Puerto Ayora, Galápagos: Galapagos Conservancy.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, D., & Stewart, E. J. (2017). Tourism, time, and the last chance. Tourism Analysis, 22, 511–521. doi:10.3727/108354217X15023805452068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason, J. S., & Rode, K. D. (2009). Polar bear distribution and habitat association reflect long-term changes in fall sea ice conditions in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. ARCTIC, 62, 405–417. doi:10.14430/arctic172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. (2014). Great barrier reef outlook report 2014. Retrieved from http://elibrary.gbrmpa.gov.au/jspui/handle/11017/2855.
   Google Scholar
• Groulx, M., Lemieux, C., Dawson, J., Stewart, E., & Yudina, O. (2016). Motivations to engage in last chance tourism in the Churchill Wildlife Management Area and Wapusk National Park: The role of place identity and nature relatedness. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24, 1523–1540. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1134556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpenny, E. A. (2010). Pro-environmental behavior and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 409–421. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, K. (2013). Measuring the impact of viewing wildlife: Do positive intentions equate to long-term changes in conservation behavior? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(1), 42–59. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.681788
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungerford, H. R., & Volk, T. L. (1990). Changing learner behavior through environmental education. The Journal of Environmental Education, 21, 8–21. doi:10.1080/00958964.1990.10753743
   Google Scholar
• Kaktovik. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.north-slope.org/our-communities/kaktovik.
   Google Scholar
• Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Journal of Environmental Education Research, 8, 239–260. doi:10.1080/13504620220145401
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., Viljoen, A., & Saayman, M. (2017). Who visits the Kruger National Park and why? Identifying target markets. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34, 312–340. doi:10.1080/10548408.2016.1156618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemelin, H., Dawson, J., Stewart, E. J., Maher, P., & Lueck, M. (2010). Last-chance tourism: The boom, doom, and gloom of visiting vanishing destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 13, 477–493. doi:10.1080/13683500903406367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemelin, R. H., & Dyck, M. (2007). New frontiers in marine wildlife tourism: An international overview of polar bear tourism management strategies. In J. Higham & M. Luck (Eds.), Marine wildlife and tourism management: Insights from the natural and social sciences (pp. 357–375). Oxfordshire: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Lemelin, R. H., & Smale, B. (2006). Effect of environmental context on the experience of polar bear viewers in Churchill, Manitoba. Journal of Ecotourism, 5, 176–191. doi:10.2167/joe142.0
   Google Scholar
• Lemelin, R. H., & Wiersma, E. C. (2007). Perceptions of polar bear tourists: A qualitative analysis. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 12(1), 45–52. doi:10.1080/10871200601107890
   Google Scholar
• Lemelin, R., Stewart, E., & Dawson, J. (2012). An introduction to last chance tourism. In R. Lemelin & E. Stewart (Eds.), Last chance tourism: Adapting tourism opportunities in a changing world (pp. 3–9). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lindsey, P. A., Alexander, R., Mills, M. G. L., Romañach, S., & Woodroffe, R. (2007). Wildlife viewing preferences of visitors to protected areas in South Africa: Implications for the role of ecotourism in conservation. Journal of Ecotourism, 6(1), 19–33.
   Google Scholar
• Maher, P. T., Steel, G., & McIntosh, A. (2003). Antarctica: Tourism, wilderness, and “ambassadorship”. In A. Watson, J & Sproull (compilers), Science and stewardship to protect and sustain wilderness values: Seventh World Wilderness Congress symposium (pp. 2–8). Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
   Google Scholar
• McKay, A. D., Brownlee, M. T., & Hallo, J. C. (2012). Changes in visitors’ environmental focus during an appreciative recreation experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 44, 179–200. doi:10.1080/00222216.2012.11950261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montag, J. M., Patterson, M. E., & Freimund, W. A. (2005). The wolf viewing experience in the Lemar Valley of Yellowstone. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 10(4), 273–284.
   Google Scholar
• Ogunjinmi, A. A. (2016). Segmenting and understanding ecotourists in Nigeria National Parks by environmental attitudes. Nigerian Journal of Forestry, 46, 57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Orams, M. B. (1997). The effectiveness of environmental education: Can we turn tourists into “Greenies”? Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3, 295–306. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199712)3:4<295::AID-PTH85>3.0.CO;2-D
   Google Scholar
• Piggott-McKellar, A. E., & McNamara, K. E. (2017). Last chance tourism and the Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25, 397–415. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1213849
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pooley, J. A., & O’Connor, M. (2000). Environmental education and attitudes: Emotions and beliefs are what is needed. Environment and Behavior, 32, 711–723. doi:10.1177/0013916500325007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Can ecotourism interpretation really lead to pro-conservation knowledge, attitudes, and behavior? Evidence from the Galapagos Islands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16, 467–489. doi:10.2167/jost797.0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Brownlee, M. T. J., Kellert, S. R., & Ham, S. H. (2012). From awe to satisfaction: Immediate affective responses to the Antarctic tourism experience. Polar Record, 48, 145–165. doi:10.1017/S0032247410000720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Kellert, S. R., & Ham, S. H. (2008). Antarctic tourists: Ambassadors or consumers? Polar Record, 44, 233–241. doi:10.1017/S0032247408007456
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, R. B., Kellert, S. R., & Ham, S. H. (2009). Interactional theory and the sustainable nature-based tourism experience. Society & Natural Resources, 22, 761–776. doi:10.1080/08941920802017560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). The relations between natural and civic place attachment and pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 289–297. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skibins, J. C., & Powell, R. B. (2013). Conservation caring: Measuring the influence of zoo visitors’ connection to wildlife on pro-conservation behaviors. Zoo Biology, 32, 528–540. doi:10.1002/zoo.21086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skibins, J. C., Hallo, J. C., Sharp, J. L., & Manning, R. E. (2012). Quantifying the role of viewing the Denali “Big 5” in visitor satisfaction and awareness: Conservation implications for flagship recognition and resource management. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 17, 112–128. doi:10.1080/10871209.2012.627531
   Google Scholar
• Skibins, J. C., Powell, R. B., & Hallo, J. C. (2013). Charisma and conservation: Charismatic megafauna’s influence on safari and zoo tourists’ pro-conservation behaviors. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 959–982. doi:10.1007/s10531-013-0462-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skibins, J. C., Powell, R. B., & Hallo, J. C. (2016). Lucky 13: Conservation implications of broadening “Big 5” flagship species recognition in East Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24, 1024–1040. doi:10.1080/09669582.2015.1101126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, M. J., Powell, R. B., & Ardoin, N. M. (2008). What difference does it make? Assessing outcomes from participation in a residential environmental education program. The Journal of Environmental Education, 39, 31–43. doi:10.3200/JOEE.39.4.31-43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storie, M., & Vining, J. (2018). From Oh to Aha: Characteristics and types of environmental epiphany experiences. Human Ecology Review, 24(1), 155–179. doi:10.22459/HER.24.01.2018.08
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trave, C., Brunnschweiler, J., Sheaves, M., Diedrich, A., & Barnett, A. (2017). Are we killing them with kindness? Evaluation of sustainable marine wildlife tourism. Biological Conservation, 209, 211–222. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.02.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USFWS. (2015). Guided recreational polar bear viewing 2011-2014 summary report. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/uploadedFiles/Region_7/NWRS/Zone_1/Arctic/PDF/2011-2014RecPBViewingRpt.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• USFWS. (2016). Polar bear conservation management plan. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/alaska/fisheries/mmm/polarbear/pdf/PBRT_Recovery_%20Plan_Book_FINAL_signed.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• USFWS. (2018). Guided recreational polar bear viewing 2011-2017 summary report. Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• USFWS. (2019). Managing polar bear viewing. Retrieved from https://www.fws.gov/refuge/arctic/pbvmanagement.html.
   Google Scholar
• Vining, J., & Merrick, M. S. (2012). Environmental epiphanies: Theoretical foundations and practical applications. In. S. D. Clayton (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, J. K. (2015). Tourism. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/tourism.
   Google Scholar
• Wight, P. A. (2001). Ecotourists: Not a homogeneous market segment. In D. B. Weaver (ed), The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism (pp. 37–62). Oxon: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wiig, O., Amstrup, S., Atwood, T., Laidre, K., Lunn, N., Obbard, M., … Thiemann, G. (2015). Ursus maritimus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22823A14871490.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. R., Regehr, E. V., St. Martin, M., Atwood, T. C., Peacock, E., Miller, S., & Divoky, G. (2017). Relative influences of climate change and human activity on the onshore distribution of polar bears. Biological Conservation, 214, 288–294. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar