23,202
Views
59
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Digitalization and sustainability: virtual reality tourism in a post pandemic world

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon
Pages 2564-2591 | Received 24 Apr 2021, Accepted 09 Jan 2022, Published online: 11 Feb 2022

References

  • Ahamad, N. R., & Ariffin, M. (2018). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice towards sustainable consumption among university students in Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 16, 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.06.006
  • An, S., Choi, Y., & Lee, C.-K. (2021). Virtual travel experience and destination marketing: Effects of sense and information quality on flow and visit intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 19, 100492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100492
  • Andersson, H. (2019). Designing digital nudges for sustainable travel decisions. Retrieved May 20, 2021 from http://www.diva-portal.
  • Annunziata, A., Agovino, M., & Mariani, A. (2019). Sustainability of Italian families’ food practices: Mediterranean diet adherence combined with organic and local food consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 206, 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.155
  • Antonetti, P., & Maklan, S. (2014). Feelings that make a difference: How guilt and pride convince consumers of the effectiveness of sustainable consumption choices. Journal of Business Ethics, 124(1), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1841-9
  • Armstrong, F., Capon, A., & McFarlane, R. (2020). Coronavirus is a wake-up call: Our war with the environment is leading to pandemics. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-is-a-wake-up-call-our-warwith-the-environment-is-leading-to-pandemics-135023.
  • Barouki, R., Kogevinas, M., Audouze, K., Belesova, K., Bergman, A., Birnbaum, L., Boekhold, S., Denys, S., Desseille, C., Drakvik, E., Frumkin, H., Garric, J., Destoumieux-Garzon, D., Haines, A., Huss, A., Jensen, G., Karakitsios, S., Klanova, J., Koskela, I.-M., … Vineis, P. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and global environmental change: Emerging research needs. Environment International, 146, 106272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106272
  • Baum, T., & Hai, N. (2020). Hospitality, tourism, human rights and the impact of COVID-19. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(7), 2397–2407. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2020-0242
  • Bec, A., Moyle, B., Schaffer, V., & Timms, K. (2021). Virtual reality and mixed reality for second chance tourism. Tourism Management, 83, 104256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104256
  • Beck, J., Rainoldi, M., & Egger, R. (2019). Virtual reality in tourism: A state-of-the-art review. Tourism Review, 74(3), 586–612. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2017-0049
  • Belmonte-Ureña, L. J., Plaza-Úbeda, J. A., Vazquez-Brust, D., & Yakovleva, N. (2021). Circular economy, degrowth and green growth as pathways for research on sustainable development goals: A global analysis and future agenda. Ecological Economics, 185, 107050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107050
  • Bhutto, T. A., Farooq, R., Talwar, S., Awan, U., & Dhir, A. (2021). Green inclusive leadership and green creativity in the tourism and hospitality sector: Serial mediation of green psychological climate and work engagement. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(10), 1716–1737. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1867864
  • Bigne, E., Chatzipanagiotou, K., & Ruiz, C. (2020). Pictorial content, sequence of conflicting online reviews and consumer decision-making: The stimulus-organism-response model revisited. Journal of Business Research, 115, 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.031
  • Bissing‐Olson, M. J., Fielding, K. S., & Iyer, A. (2016). Experiences of pride, not guilt, predict pro‐environmental behavior when pro‐environmental descriptive norms are more positive. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.01.001
  • Bogicevic, V., Seo, S., Kandampully, J. A., Liu, S. Q., & Rudd, N. A. (2019). Virtual reality presence as a preamble of tourism experience: The role of mental imagery. Tourism Management, 74, 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.02.009
  • Bruhn, J. (2018). Ecology as pre-text? The paradoxical presence of ecological thematics in contemporary Scandinavian quality TV. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, 10(2), 1438729. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004214.2018.1438729
  • Buglar, E. (2020). Touring the world from your couch: How popular is VR travel in 2020? Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.comparethemarket.com.au/travel-insurance/vr-travel/.
  • Campos-Soria, J. A., García-Pozo, A., & Marchante-Mera, A. J. (2018). Explaining tourists’ attitudes to environmental support: A multilevel approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 987–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1435667
  • CDC. (2021). When you’ve been fully vaccinated. How to protect yourself and others. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated.html.
  • Chang, C. H., Shu, D., & King, B. (2014). Novelty in theme park physical surroundings: An application of the stimulus-organism-response paradigm. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(6), 680–699. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.779589
  • Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., & Fu, X. (2019). The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.01.005
  • Chen, A. (2020). Is virtual travel here to stay, even after the pandemic subsides? Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/can-virtual-reality-replace-real-tourism-during-pandemic-and-beyond.
  • Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., Pastore Y Piontti, A., Mu, K., Rossi, L., Sun, K., Viboud, C., Xiong, X., Yu, H., Halloran, M. E., Longini, I. M., & Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science (New York, N.Y.), 368(6489), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9757
  • Coy, A. E., Farrell, A. K., Gilson, K. P., Davis, J. L., & Le, B. (2013). Commitment to the environment and student support for ‘green’ campus initiatives. Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 3(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-012-0100-1
  • Crossley, E. (2020). Ecological grief generates desire for environmental healing in tourism after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 536–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759133
  • Debusmann, B. Jr. (2020, 30 October). Coronavirus: Is virtual reality tourism about to take off? Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54658147.
  • Dewailly, J. M. (1999). Sustainable tourist space: From reality to virtual reality? Tourism Geographies, 1(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616689908721293
  • Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., Van Der Bles, A. M., Spiegelhalter, D., & Van Der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7–8), 994–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193
  • Edwards, J. R., & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.1
  • El-Said, O., & Aziz, H. (2021). Virtual tours a means to an end: An analysis of virtual tours’ role in tourism recovery post-COVID-19. Journal of Travel Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521997567
  • Farooq, R., Zhang, Z., Talwar, S., & Dhir, A. (2021). Do green human resource management and self-efficacy facilitate green creativity? A study of luxury hotels and resorts. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1891239
  • Fennell, D. A. (2021). Technology and the sustainable tourist in the new age of disruption. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(5), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1769639
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
  • Fredericks, S. E. (2014). Online confessions of eco-guilt. Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture, 8(1), 64–84. https://doi.org/10.1558/jsrnc.v8i1.64
  • Frey, B. S., & Briviba, A. (2021). A policy proposal to deal with excessive cultural tourism. European Planning Studies, 29(4), 601–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.190384 https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1903841
  • Gibson, A., & O’Rawe, M. (2018). Virtual reality as a travel promotional tool: Insights from a consumer travel fair. In T. Jung & M. tom Dieck (Eds.), Augmented reality and virtual reality (pp. 93–107). Springer.
  • Gossling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2021). Pandemics, tourism and global change: A rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1758708
  • Grant, B. (2021). 8 travel influencers share their experiences of being 'travel-shamed' for taking trips during the pandemic. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.insider.com/travel-shaming-vacationing-during-the-pandemic-2021-2.
  • Gudmundsson, S., Cattaneo, M., & Redondi, R. (2020). Forecasting recovery time in air transport markets in the presence of large economic shocks: COVID-19. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3623040
  • Guttentag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality: Applications and implications for tourism. Tourism Management, 31(5), 637–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.07.003
  • Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
  • Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gossling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: Be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 577–598. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131
  • Han, H. (2021). Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality: A review of theories, concepts, and latest research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1021–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1903019
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., Kim, J., & Jung, H. (2015). Guests’ pro-environmental decision-making process: Broadening the norm activation framework in a lodging context. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 47, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.03.013
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., & Lee, S. (2017). Cognitive, affective, normative, and moral triggers of sustainable intentions among convention-goers. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 51, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.03.003
  • Han, H., Hwang, J., Lee, M. J., & Kim, J. (2019a). Word-of-mouth, buying, and sacrifice intentions for eco-cruises: Exploring the function of norm activation and value-attitude-behavior. Tourism Management, 70, 430–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.006
  • Han, F. L., & Li, C. T. (2019). Environmental impact of tourism activities on ecological nature reserves. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(4), 9483–9492. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1704_94839492
  • Han, H., Yu, J., Koo, B., & Kim, W. (2019b). Vacationers’ norm-based behavior in developing environmentally sustainable cruise tourism. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 20(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2018.1483287
  • Hedlund, T. (2011). The impact of values, environmental concern, and willingness to accept economic sacrifices to protect the environment on tourists’ intentions to buy ecologically sustainable tourism alternatives. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(4), 278–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358411423330
  • Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748
  • Itani, O. S., & Hollebeek, L. D. (2021). Light at the end of the tunnel: Visitors' virtual reality (versus in-person) attraction site tour-related behavioral intentions during and post-COVID-19. Tourism Management, 84, 104290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104290
  • Jackson, A. (2021). These Americans want you to rethink the pandemic phenomenon of 'travel shaming’. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/rethinking-travel-shaming-pandemic-trnd/index.html.
  • Jacoby, J. (2002). Stimulus-organism-response reconsidered: An evolutionary step in modeling (consumer) behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1201_05
  • Jani, D., & Han, H. (2015). Influence of environmental stimuli on hotel customer emotional loyalty response: Testing the moderating effect of the Big Five personality factors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 44(January), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2014.10.006
  • Joo, H., Henry, R. E., Lee, Y. K., Berro, A., & Maskery, B. A. (2019). The effects of past SARS experience and proximity on declines in numbers of travelers to the Republic of Korea during the 2015 MERS outbreak: A retrospective study. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 30, 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.05.009
  • Kantenbacher, J., Hanna, P., Miller, G., Scarles, C., & Yang, J. (2019). Consumer priorities: What would people sacrifice in order to fly on holidays? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1409230
  • Kim, M. J., & Hall, C. M. (2019). A hedonic motivation model in virtual reality tourism: Comparing visitors and non-visitors. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.016
  • Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., & Jung, T. (2020). Exploring consumer behavior in virtual reality tourism using an extended stimulus-organism-response model. Journal of Travel Research, 59(1), 69–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518818915
  • Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., & Preis, M. W. (2020). The impact of innovation and gratification on authentic experience, subjective well-being, and behavioral intention in tourism virtual reality: The moderating role of technology readiness. Telematics and Informatics, 49, 101349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101349
  • Kim, J., & Lennon, S. J. (2013). Effects of reputation and website quality on online consumers’ emotion, perceived risk and purchase intention. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 7(1), 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/17505931311316734
  • Klöckner, C. A. (2013). A comprehensive model of the psychology of environmental behavior – A meta-analysis. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1028–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.014
  • Kumar, S., Dhir, A., Talwar, S., Chakraborty, D., & Kaur, P. (2021). What drives brand love for natural products? The moderating role of household size. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102329
  • Kumar, A., Prakash, G., & Kumar, G. (2021). Does environmentally responsible purchase intention matter for consumers? A predictive sustainable model developed through an empirical study. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102270
  • Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M. N., Farooq, A., & Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual purchasing behavior during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic: The stimulus-organism-response approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57, 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102224
  • Landon, A. C., Woosnam, K. M., & Boley, B. B. (2018). Modeling the psychological antecedents to tourists’ pro-sustainable behaviors: An application of the value-belief-norm model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(6), 957–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1423320
  • Lee, S. A., Lee, M., & Jeong, M. (2021). The role of virtual reality on information sharing and seeking behaviors. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.12.010
  • Leung, X. Y., Lyu, J., & Bai, B. (2020). A fad or the future? Examining the effectiveness of virtual reality advertising in the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102391
  • Li, T., & Chen, Y. (2019). Will virtual reality be a double-edged sword? Exploring the moderation effects of the expected enjoyment of a destination on travel intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.02.003
  • Li, Y., Song, H., & Guo, R. (2021). Study on the causal process of virtual reality tourism and its attributes in terms of their effects on subjective well-being during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031019
  • Liu, S., Law, R., Rong, J., Li, G., & Hall, J. (2013). Analyzing changes in hotel customers’ expectations by trip mode. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 359–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.11.011
  • Liu, X., Wang, C., Shishime, T., & Fujitsuka, T. (2012). Sustainable consumption: Green purchasing behaviours of urban residents in China. Sustainable Development, 20(4), 293–308. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.484
  • McCarthy, B., Kapetanaki, A. B., & Wang, P. (2020). Completing the food waste management loop: Is there market potential for value-added surplus products (VASP)? Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120435
  • Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press.
  • Mkono, M., & Hughes, K. (2020). Eco-guilt and eco-shame in tourism consumption contexts: understanding the triggers and responses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(8), 1223–1244. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1730388
  • Mura, P., Tavakoli, R., & Pahlevan Sharif, S. (2017). ‘Authentic but not too much’: Exploring perceptions of authenticity of virtual tourism. Information Technology & Tourism, 17(2), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40558-016-0059-y
  • Nanni, A., & Ulqinaku, A. (2021). Mortality threats and technology effects on tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 102942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102942
  • Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., Ritchie, B. W. (2018). No Ebola… still doomed’ – The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.03.006
  • O’Connor, P., & Assaker, G. (2021). COVID-19’s effects on future pro-environmental traveler behavior: An empirical examination using norm activation, economic sacrifices, and risk perception theories. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1879821
  • Onwezen, M. C., Bartels, J., & Antonides, G. (2014). Environmentally friendly consumer choices: Cultural differences in the self-regulatory function of anticipated pride and guilt. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.07.003
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
  • Prideaux, B., Thompson, M., & Pabel, A. (2020). Lessons from COVID-19 can prepare global tourism for the economic transformation needed to combat climate change. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 667–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1762117
  • Rahman, I., & Reynolds, D. (2016). Predicting green hotel behavioral intentions using a theory of environmental commitment and sacrifice for the environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 52, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.09.007
  • Rogers, S. (2020). How virtual reality could help the travel & tourism industry in the aftermath of the coronavirus outbreak. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/solrogers/2020/03/18/virtual-reality-and-tourism-whats-already-happening-is-it-the-future/#4281234a28a6.
  • Rosenberg, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1960). Research on communication and attitude quoted in Triandi, H. C. 1971. Attitude and Attitude Change. Wiley.
  • Rosselló, J., Becken, S., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). The effects of natural disasters on international tourism: A global analysis. Tourism Management, 79, 104080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104080
  • Rume, T., & Islam, S. (2020). Environmental effects of COVID-19 pandemic and potential strategies of sustainability. Heliyon, 6(9), e04965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04965
  • Sarkady, D., Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2021). Virtual reality as a travel substitution tool during COVID-19. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism, 452–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65785-7_44
  • Schiopu, A. F., Hornoiu, R. I., Padurean, M. A., & Nica, A.-M. (2021). Virus tinged? Exploring the facets of virtual reality use in tourism as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telematics and Informatics, 60, 101575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101575
  • Senbeto, D. L., & Hon, A. H. Y. (2020). The impacts of social and economic crises on tourist behaviour and expenditure: An evolutionary approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 740–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1546674
  • Serra, A., & Leong, C. (2020). Here’s what travelling could be like after COVID-19. World Economic Forum, Global Agenda. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/this-is-what-travelling-will-be-like-after-covid-19/.
  • Shakil, M. H., Munim, Z. H., Tasnia, M., & Sarowar, S. (2020). COVID-19 and the environment: A critical review and research agenda. The Science of the Total Environment, 745, 141022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.
  • Shin, Y. H., Im, J., Jung, S. E., & Severt, K. (2018). The theory of planned behavior and the norm activation model approach to consumer behavior regarding organic menus. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.10.011
  • Starke, A. D., Willemsen, M. C., & Snijders, C. C. (2020). Beyond ‘one-size-fits-all’ platforms: Applying Campbell's paradigm to test personalized energy advice in the Netherlands. Energy Research & Social Science, 59, 101311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101311
  • Steffen, R., Lautenschlager, S., & Fehr, J. (2020). Travel restrictions and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic – Impact on notified infectious diseases in Switzerland. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(8), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa180
  • Talwar, S., Dhir, A., Scuotto, V., & Kaur, P. (2021). Barriers and paradoxical recommendation behaviour in online to offline (O2O) services. A convergent mixed-method study. Journal of Business Research, 131, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.049
  • Talwar, M., Talwar, S., Kaur, P., Islam, A. K. M. N., & Dhir, A. (2020). Positive and negative word of mouth (WOM) are not necessarily opposites: A reappraisal using the dual factor theory. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63, 102396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102396
  • Tandon, A., Jabeen, F., Talwar, S., Sakashita, M., & Dhir, A. (2021). Facilitators and inhibitors of organic food buying behavior. Food Quality and Preference, 88, 104077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104077
  • Taube, O., Kibbe, A., Vetter, M., Adler, M., & Kaiser, F. G. (2018). Applying the Campbell Paradigm to sustainable travel behavior: Compensatory effects of environmental attitude and the transportation environment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 56, 392–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.05.006
  • Thakur, R., Angriawan, A., & Summey, J. H. (2016). Technological opinion leadership: The role of personal innovativeness, gadget love, and technological innovativeness. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 2764–2773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.11.012
  • Thieme, J., Royne, M. B., Jha, S., Levy, M., & Barnes, W. (2015). McEntee factors affecting the relationship between environmental concern and behaviors. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(5), 675–690. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-08-2014-0149
  • Ting, D. (2016). Best western goes all in on its virtual reality marketing move. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://skift.com/2016/05/23/best-western-goes-all-in-on-its-virtualreality-marketing-move/.
  • Toivonen, A. (2020). Sustainability dimensions in space tourism: The case of Finland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1783276
  • Tussyadiah, S., Kausar, D., & Soesilo, P. (2018). The effect of engagement in online social network on susceptibility to influence. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(2), 201–223. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348015584441
  • van Genderen, P. J. J., van Thiel, P. P. A. M., Mulder, P. G. H., & Overbosch, D. (2014). Trends in the knowledge, attitudes and practices of travel risk groups toward prevention of hepatitis B: Results from the repeated cross-sectional Dutch Schiphol Airport Survey 2002-2009. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 12(2), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.09.002
  • Van, N. T. T., Vrana, V., Duy, N. T., Minh, D. X. H., Dzung, P. T., Mondal, S. R., & Das, S. (2020). The role of human-machine interactive devices for post-COVID-19 innovative sustainable tourism in Ho Chi Minh City. Sustainability, 12(22), 9523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229523
  • Vieira, V. A. (2013). Stimuli–organism-response framework: A meta-analytic review in the store environment. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1420–1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.05.009
  • Wei, W., Qi, R., & Zhang, L. (2019). Effects of virtual reality on theme park visitors' experience and behaviors: A presence perspective. Tourism Management, 71, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.10.024
  • Widmar, N. J. O., Dominick, S. R., Ruple, A., & Tyner, W. E. (2017). The influence of health concern on travel plans with focus on the Zika virus in 2016. Preventive Medicine Reports, 6(June), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.02.023
  • Williams, P., & Hobson, J. P. (1995). Virtual reality and tourism: Fact or fantasy? Tourism Management, 16(6), 423–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(95)00050-X
  • Wiltshier, P., & Clarke, A. (2017). Virtual cultural tourism: Six pillars of VCT using co-creation, value exchange and exchange value. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 17(4), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415627301
  • Winter, S. R., Crouse, S. R., & Rice, S. (2021). The development of ‘green’ airports: Which factors influence willingness to pay for sustainability and intention to act? A structural and mediation model analysis. Technology in Society, 65, 101576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101576
  • World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). (2020). WTTC Vision and Recommendations for Travel and Tourism Recovery Post COVID-19. Retrieved May 20, 2021, from https://wttc.org/en-gb/COVID-19/Recovery-Post-COVID-19.
  • Xu, F., Huang, L., & Whitmarsh, L. (2020). Home and away: Cross-contextual consistency in tourists’ pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1443–1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1741596
  • Yang, T., Lai, I. K. W., Fan, Z. B., & Mo, Q. M. (2021). The impact of a 360° virtual tour on the reduction of psychological stress caused by COVID-19. Technology in Society, 64, 101514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101514
  • Yeh, C.-H., Wang, Y.-S., Li, H.-T., & Lin, S.-Y. (2017). The effect of information presentation modes on tourists’ responses in Internet marketing: The moderating role of emotions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1276509
  • Yin, C., Zhao, W., Cherubini, F., & Pereira, P. (2021). Integrate ecosystem services into socio-economic development to enhance achievement of sustainable development goals in the post-pandemic era. Geography and Sustainability, 2(1), 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2021.03.002
  • Yoo, K.-H., & Gretzel, U. (2011). Influence of personality on travel-related consumer-generated media creation. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(2), 609–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.002
  • Yung, R., & Khoo-Lattimore, C. (2019). New realities: A systematic literature review on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism research. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(17), 2056–2081. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1417359
  • Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimothy, S. (2021). Too afraid to travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) Anxiety Travel Scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104286
  • Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – A critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tour Manag, 81, 104164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104164
  • Zhai, X., Luo, Q., & Wang, L. (2020). Why tourists engage in online collective actions in times of crisis: Exploring the role of group relative deprivation. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100414