References
- Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing processes and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26(1), 611–639. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.611
- Bos, L., McCabe, S., & Johnson, S. (2015). Learning never goes on holiday: An exploration of social tourism as a context for experiential learning. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(9), 859–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.790878
- Chambers, S., Nimon, K., & Anthony-McMann, P. (2016). A primer for conducting survey research using MTurk: Tips for the field. International Journal of Adult Vocational Education and Technology, 7(2), 54–73. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJAVET.2016040105
- Cobanoglu, C., & Cobanoglu, N. (2003). The effect of incentives in web surveys: Application and ethical considerations. International Journal of Market Research, 45(4), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530304500406
- Coghlan, A. (2015). Prosocial behaviour in volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 55, 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.08.002
- Coghlan, A. (2021). Volunteer Tourism: It’s no use going back to yesterday, because I was a different person then. In R. Sharpley (Ed.), Routledge handbook of the tourist experience (p. 262). Routledge.
- Coghlan, A., & Gooch, M. (2011). Applying a transformative learning framework to volunteer tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(6), 713–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2010.542246
- Coghlan, A., & Weiler, B. (2018). Examining transformative processes in volunteer tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(5), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2015.1102209
- Conran, M. (2011). They really love me!: Intimacy in volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1454–1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.014
- Cox, A. J., & John, V. M. (2016). Transformative learning in postapartheid South Africa: Disruption, dilemma, and direction. Adult Education Quarterly, 66(4), 303–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713616648376
- Creswell, J. W. (2016). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Creswell, J. W., & Báez, J. C. (2020). 30 essential skills for the qualitative researcher. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Crossley, É. (2012). Poor but happy: Volunteer tourists’ encounters with poverty. Tourism Geographies, 14(2), 235–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.611165
- Decrop, A. (2004). Trustworthiness in qualitative tourism research. Qualitative Research in Tourism: Ontologies, Epistemologies and Methodologies, 156, 169.
- DeCrop, A., Del Chiappa, G., Mallargé, J., & Zidda, P. (2018). “Couchsurfing has made me a better person and the world a better place”: The transformative power of collaborative tourism experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(1), 57–72.
- Denzin, N. K. (2017). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. Transaction Publishers.
- Drisko, J., & Tina, M. (2016). Pocket guides to social work research methods. Oxford University Press.
- Finnegan, F. (2019). ‘Freedom is a very fine thing’: Individual and collective forms of emancipation in transformative learning. In T. Fleming, A. Kokkos, & F. Finnegan (Eds.), European perspectives on transformation theory (pp. 43–57). Springer.
- Freidus, A., & Caro, L. (2021). Mobilizing affect in the search for self-transformation: A case study of volunteer transformation in orphanage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 103084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103084
- Gergen, K. J. (1985). Social constructionist inquiry: Context and implications. In The social construction of the person (pp. 3–18). Springer, New York, NY.
- Germann Molz, J. (2016). Making a difference together: Discourses of transformation in family voluntourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(6), 805–823. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1088862
- Glasener, K. M., Martell, C. A., & Posselt, J. R. (2019). Framing diversity: Examining the place of race in institutional policy and practice post-affirmative action. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 12(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000086
- Grysman, A. (2015). Collecting narrative data on Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(4), 573–583. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3140
- Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Hartman, S., Parra, C., & de Roo, G. (2019). Framing strategic storytelling in the context of transition management to stimulate tourism destination development. Tourism Management, 75, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.04.014
- Hoggan, C. D. (2016). Transformative learning as a metatheory: Definition, criteria, and typology. Adult Education Quarterly, 66(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713615611216
- Hoggan, C., Mälkki, K., & Finnegan, F. (2017). Developing the Theory of Perspective Transformation: Continuity, Intersubjectivity, and Emancipatory Praxis. Adult Education Quarterly, 67(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741713616674076
- Hsieh, H.-F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
- Johnston, H. (2014). What is a social movement? Wiley.
- Kirillova, K., Lehto, X., & Cai, L. (2017). Tourism and Existential Transformation: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 638–650. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516650277
- Knollenberg, W., McGehee, N. G., Boley, B. B., & Clemmons, D. (2014). Motivation-based transformative learning and potential volunteer tourists: Facilitating more sustainable outcomes. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(6), 922–941. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.902065
- Laing, J. H., & Frost, W. (2017). Journeys of well-being: Women's travel narratives of transformation and self-discovery in Italy. Tourism Management, 62, 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.004
- Lean, G. L. (2012). Transformative travel: A mobilities perspective. Tourist Studies, 12(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797612454624
- Lean, G., & Staiff, R. (2016). Travel and transformation. Routledge.
- Lean, G., Staiff, R., & Waterton, E. (2016). Exploring travel and transformation. In Travel and transformation (pp. 27–42). Routledge.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Egon, E. G., (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (pp. 163–188). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1990). Judging the quality of case study reports. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 3(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839900030105
- Lindstedt, N. (2018). Shifting frames: Collective action framing from a dialogic and relational perspective. Sociology Compass, 12(1), e12548. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12548
- Loepp, E., & Kelly, J. T. (2020). Distinction without a difference? An assessment of MTurk Worker types. Research & Politics, 7(1), 2053168019901185. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168019901185
- Magee, R., & Gilmore, A. (2015). Heritage site management: From dark tourism to transformative service experience? The Service Industries Journal, 35(15–16), 898–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2015.1090980
- Magrizos, S., Kostopoulos, I., & Powers, L. (2020). Volunteer Tourism as a Transformative experience: A mixed methods empirical study. Journal of Travel Research 60(4), 878-895.
- Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. (2016). Designing qualitative research. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. (Vol. 41). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Mayring, P. (2004). Qualitative content analysis. A Companion to Qualitative Research, 1(2), 159–176.
- McGehee, N. G. (2002). Alternative tourism and social movements. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 124–143.
- McGehee, N. G. (2012). Oppression, emancipation, and volunteer tourism: Research propositions. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(1), 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.05.001
- McGehee, N. G., & Santos, C. A. (2005). Social change, discourse and volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 760–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.12.002
- McWha, M., Frost, W., & Laing, J. (2018). Travel writers and the nature of self: Essentialism, transformation and (online) construction. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.02.007
- Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. ERIC.
- Moss, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (2016). Theorizing social movements. In S. Abrutyn (Ed.), Handbook of contemporary sociological theory (pp. 547–569). Springer.
- Mostafanezhad, M. (2013). The politics of aesthetics in volunteer tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 150–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.05.002
- Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: Backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 78–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004
- Oliver, P., & Johnston, H. (2000). What a good idea! Ideologies and frames in social movement research. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 5(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.5.1.g54k222086346251
- Pung, J. M., & Del Chiappa, G. (2020). An exploratory and qualitative study on the meaning of transformative tourism and its facilitators and inhibitors. European Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 1–21.
- Pung, J. M., Gnoth, J., & Del Chiappa, G. (2020). Tourist transformation: Towards a conceptual model. Annals of Tourism Research, 81, 102885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102885
- Pung, J. M., Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., & Del Chiappa, G. (2019). Transformative travel experiences and gender: A double duoethnography approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(5), 538–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1690434
- Reisinger, Y. (2013). Transformational tourism: Tourist perspectives. CABI.
- Renz, S. M., Carrington, J. M., & Badger, T. A. (2018). Two strategies for qualitative content analysis: An intramethod approach to triangulation. Qualitative Health Research, 28(5), 824–831.
- Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Schiff, R., & Levkoe, C. Z. (2014). From disparate action to collective mobilization: Collective action frames and the Canadian food movement. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
- Schnur, J. B., Dillon, M. J., Goldsmith, R. E., & Montgomery, G. H. (2018). Cancer treatment experiences among survivors of childhood sexual abuse: A qualitative investigation of triggers and reactions to cumulative trauma. Palliative & Supportive Care, 16(6), 767–776. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147895151700075X
- Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Schwandt, T. A. (2014). The SAGE dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Sheldon, P. J. (2020). Designing tourism experiences for inner transformation. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102935
- Smith, B. L., Snow, D. A., Fitzpatrick, K., Damphousse, K. R., Roberts, P., Tan, A., Brooks, A., & Klein, B. (2016). Identity and framing theory, precursor activity, and the radicalization process. National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 10–24.
- Snow, D. A. (2004). Framing processes, ideology, and discursive fields. The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, 1, 380–412.
- Snow, D. A. (2013). Framing and social movements. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, D.A. Snow, D. Della Porta, B. Klandermans and D. McAdam, eds. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm434
- Snow, D. A., & Benford, R. D. (1992). Master frames and cycles of protest. Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, 133, 155.
- Snow, D., Tan, A., & Owens, P. (2013). Social movements, framing processes, and cultural revitalization and fabrication. Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 18(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.17813/maiq.18.3.2886363801703n02
- Snow, D. A., Vliegenthart, R., & Corrigall-Brown, C. (2007). Framing the French riots: A comparative study of frame variation. Social Forces, 86(2), 385–415. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/86.2.385
- Snow, D. A., Vliegenthart, R., & Ketelaars, P. (2018). The framing perspective on social movements: Its conceptual roots and architecture. In D. A. Snow, S. A. Soule, H. Kriesi, & H. J. McCammon (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to social movements (pp. 392–410). Wiley Blackwell.
- Soulard, J., McGehee, N. G., Stern, M. J., & Lamoureux, K. M. (2021). Transformative tourism: Tourists' drawings, symbols, and narratives of change. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, 103141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103141
- Stone, M. J., Soulard, J., Migacz, S., & Wolf, E. (2017). Elements of memorable food, drink, and culinary tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research. 57(8), 1121-1132.
- Tausczik, Y. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 29(1), 24–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X09351676
- Thomas, K. A., & Clifford, S. (2017). Validity and Mechanical Turk: An assessment of exclusion methods and interactive experiments. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.038
- Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The point of triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship : An Official Publication of Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing, 33(3), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x
- Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2016). Moving beyond sense of place to care of place: The role of Indigenous values and interpretation in promoting transformative change in tourists' place images and personal values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1243–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1177064
- Walker, K., & Weiler, B. (2017). A new model for guide training and transformative outcomes: A case study in sustainable marine-wildlife ecotourism. Journal of Ecotourism, 16(3), 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1245736
- Walter, P. G. (2016). Catalysts for transformative learning in community-based ecotourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(13), 1356–1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.850063
- Wolf, I. D., Ainsworth, G. B., & Crowley, J. (2017). Transformative travel as a sustainable market niche for protected areas: A new development, marketing and conservation model. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(11), 1650-1673..
- Wolf, I. D., Stricker, H. K., & Hagenloh, G. (2015). Outcome-focused national park experience management: Transforming participants, promoting social well-being, and fostering place attachment. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 358–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.959968