How socially just are taxes on air travel and ‘frequent flyer levies’?

References

• Åkerman, J., Kamb, A., Larsson, J., & Nässén, J. (2021). Low-carbon scenarios for long-distance travel 2060. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 99, 103010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcock, I., White, M. P., Taylor, T., Coldwell, D. F., Gribble, M. O., Evans, K. L., Corner, A., Vardoulakis, S., & Fleming, L. E. (2017). Green’ on the ground but not in the air: Pro-environmental attitudes are related to household behaviours but not discretionary air travel. Global Environmental Change : human and Policy Dimensions, 42, 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allwood, J.Allwood, J., J. Azevedo, A. Clare, C. Cleaver, J. Cullen, C. F. Dunant, T. Fellin, W. Hawkins, I. Horrocks, P. Horton, T. Ibell, J. Lin, H. Low, R. Lupton, J. Murray, M. Salamanti, A. Cabrera Serrenho, M. Ward and W. Zhou (2019). Absolute Zero: Delivering the UK’s climate change commitment with incremental changes to today’s technologies. UK FIRES/University of Cambridge, https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/299414.
   Google Scholar
• Banister, D. (2018). Inequality in transport. Alexandrine Press.
   Google Scholar
• BEIS. (2013-2021). Government conversion factors for company reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. London, Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/government-conversion-factors-for-company-reporting
   Google Scholar
• Bows-Larkin, A., Mander, S. L., Traut, M. B., Anderson, K. L., & Wood, F. R. (2016). Aviation and climate change–the continuing challenge. Encyclopedia of Aerospace Engineering, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470686652.eae1031.
   Google Scholar
• Büchs, M., Ivanova, O., & Schnepf, S. V. (2021). Fairness, effectiveness and needs satisfaction: new options for designing climate policies. Environmental Research Letters, 16(12), 124026. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1082cb1081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büchs, M., & Mattioli, G. (2021). Trends in air travel inequality in the UK: From the few to the many? Travel Behaviour and Society, 25, 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büchs, M., & Schnepf, S. V. (2013). Who emits most? Associations between socio-economic factors and UK households' home energy, transport, indirect and total CO2 emissions. Ecological Economics, 90, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campagnolo, L., & De Cian, E. (2022). Distributional consequences of climate change impacts on residential energy demand across Italian households. Energy Economics, 110, 106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael, R. (2019). Behaviour change, public engagement and Net Zero. A report for the Committee on Climate Change, Imperial College London, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/behaviour-change-public-engagement-and-net-zero-imperial-college-london/, last accessed 7 September 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Castillo-Manzano, J. I., & López-Valpuesta, L. (2014). Living "up in the air": Meeting the frequent flyer passenger. Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2014.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CCC. (2020). The Sixth Carbon Budget. The UK’s path to Net Zero, Climate Change Committee, https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/sixth-carbon-budget/.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, A., Murray, L., Carpenter, G., Heisse, C., & Prieg, L. (2021). A frequent Flyer Levy: Sharing aviation's carbon budget in a net-zero world. New Economics Foundation and Possible.
   Google Scholar
• Czepkiewicz, M., Ottelin, J., Ala-Mantila, S., Heinonen, J., Hasanzadeh, K., & Kyttä, M. (2018). Urban structural and socioeconomic effects on local, national and international travel patterns and greenhouse gas emissions of young adults. Journal of Transport Geography, 68, 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEFRA. (2021). The UK's carbon footprint. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/uks-carbon-footprint.
   Google Scholar
• DEFRA/ONS. (2019). Living Costs and Food Survey. 2006-2018: Secure Access [data collection], 13th Edition. UK Data Service, SN: 7047, http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7047-13., UK Data Service, SN: 7047.
   Google Scholar
• Di Ciommo, F., & Shiftan, Y. (2017). Transport equity analysis. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 139–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2017.1278647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobruszkes, F., Chen, C. L., Moyano, A., Pagliara, F., & Endemann, P. (2022). Is high-speed rail socially exclusive? An evidence-based worldwide analysis. Travel Behaviour and Society, 26, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.09.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddo-Lodge, R. (2018). Why I'm no longer talking to white people about race. Bloomsbury.
   Google Scholar
• Falk, M. T., & Hagsten, E. (2021). Characteristics of middle European holiday highfliers. Urban Planning, 6(2), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk, M., & Hagsten, E. (2019). Short-run impact of the flight departure tax on air travel. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouquet, R., & O’Garra, T. (2020). The Behavioural, Welfare and Environmental Effects of Air Travel Reductions During and Beyond COVID-19, Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy Working Paper No. 372, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment Working Paper No. 342, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3628750.
   Google Scholar
• Frändberg, L. (2009). How normal is travelling abroad? Differences in transnational mobility between groups of young swedes. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 41(3), 649–667. https://doi.org/10.1068/a40234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S. (2016). Urban transport justice. Journal of Transport Geography, 54, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., Ceron, J.-P., Dubois, G., & Hall, M. C. (2009). Hypermobile travellers. In S. Gössling & P. Upham (Eds.), Climate change and aviation. Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., Hanna, P., Higham, J., Cohen, S., & Hopkins, D. (2019). Can we fly less? Evaluating the ‘necessity’ of air travel. Journal of Air Transport Management, 81, 101722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.101722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., & Humpe, A. (2020). The global scale, distribution and growth of aviation: Implications for climate change. Global Environmental Change, 65, 102194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gössling, S., & Lyle, C. (2021). Transition policies for climatically sustainable aviation. Transport Reviews, 41(5), 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1938284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, A., & Dobruszkes, F. Eds. (2019). Air transport - A tourism perspective. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Graver, B., Rutherford, D., & Z, S. (2020). CO2 emissions from commercial aviation 2013, 2018, and 2019. The International Council on Clean Transportation.
   Google Scholar
• Green Party. (2019). If not now, when? Manifesto. 2019. Green Party.
   Google Scholar
• Grewe, V., Gangoli Rao, A., Grönstedt, T., Xisto, C., Linke, F., Melkert, J., Middel, J., Ohlenforst, B., Blakey, S., Christie, S., Matthes, S., & Dahlmann, K. (2021). Evaluating the climate impact of aviation emission scenarios towards the Paris agreement including COVID-19 effects. Nature Communications, 12(1), 3841. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24091-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guia, J. (2021). Conceptualizing justice tourism and the promise of posthumanism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2–3), 503–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1771347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham, J., Cohen, S. A., Cavaliere, C. T., Reis, A., & Finkler, W. (2016). Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reduction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 111, 336–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.100
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham, J., Font, X., & Wu, J. (2022). Code red for sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2008128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HM Treasury. (2021). Aviation tax reform: consultation. HM Treasury. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/consultation-on-aviation-tax-reform.
   Google Scholar
• Hopkinson, L., & Cairns, S. (2021). Elite Status. Global inequalities in flying. Report for Possible, London: Possible, available from https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/sixth-carbon-budget/, last accessed 7 September 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanova, D., & Wood, R. (2020). The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in Europe and its link to sustainability. Global Sustainability, 3, e18. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2020.12
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, T., & Higham, J. (2021). Justice and ethics: towards a new platform for tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(2–3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1835933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jann, B. (2016). Estimating Lorenz and concentration curves. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 16(4), 837–866. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1601600403
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. H., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2021). Who (never) makes overnight leisure trips? Disentangling structurally zero trips from usual trip generation processes. Travel Behaviour and Society, 25, 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2021.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, Y. Y., Christley, E., Kulanovic, A., Teng, C. C., Björklund, A., Nordensvärd, J., Karakaya, E., & Urban, F. (2022). Analysing the opportunities and challenges for mitigating the climate impact of aviation: A narrative review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 156, 111972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, J., Elofsson, A., Sterner, T., & Åkerman, J. (2019). International and national climate policies for aviation: a review. Climate Policy, 19(6), 787–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1562871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, J., Kamb, A., Nässén, J., & Åkerman, J. (2018). Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from international air travel of a country’s residents methodological development and application for Sweden. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 72, 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Skowron, A., Allen, M. R., Burkhardt, U., Chen, Q., Doherty, S. J., Freeman, S., Forster, P. M., Fuglestvedt, J., Gettelman, A., De León, R. R., Lim, L. L., Lund, M. T., Millar, R. J., Owen, B., Penner, J. E., Pitari, G., Prather, M. J., Sausen, R., & Wilcox, L. J. (2021). The contribution of global aviation to anthropogenic climate forcing for 2000 to 2018. Atmospheric Environment, 244(117834), 117834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117834
   Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M., Sun, Y.-Y., Faturay, F., Ting, Y.-P., Geschke, A., & Malik, A. (2018). The carbon footprint of global tourism. Nature Climate Change, 8(6), 522–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0141-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberal Democrats. (2019). Stop brexit, build a brighter future. Manifesto. 2019. Liberal Democrats.
   Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2013). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (3rd ed.). Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, K., Martens, K., Di Ciommo, F., & Dupont-Kieffer, A. Eds (2019). Measuring transport equity. Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, K. (2012). Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy, 20, 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.01.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, K., Mattioli, G., Verlinghieri, E., & Guzman, A. (2016). Transport poverty and its adverse social consequences. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 169(6), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1680/jtran.15.00073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martens, K. (2017). Transport justice designing fair transportation systems. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, M. A., Sendra, O. A., Bastos, A., Bauer, N., Bertram, C., Blenckner, T., Bowen, K., Brando, P. M., Rudolph, T. B., Büchs, M., Bustamante, M., Chen, D., Cleugh, H., Dasgupta, P., Denton, F., Donges, J. F., Donkor, F. K., Duan, H., Duarte, C. M., … Woodcock, J. (2021). Ten new insights in climate science 2021 – a horizon scan. Global Sustainability, 4, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2021.25
   Google Scholar
• Mattioli, G., Scheiner, J., & Holz-Rau, C. (2022). Generational differences, socialisation effects and ‘mobility links’ in international holiday travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 98, 103263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattioli, G., Wadud, Z., & Lucas, K. (2018). Vulnerability to fuel price increases in the UK: A household level analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 113, 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, L. (2015). Proposal for a frequent flyer levy, Anthony Rae Foundation & Fellow Travellers. Retrieved July 10, 2020, from https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/media.afreeride.org/documents/FFL±Policy±Proposal.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, P., Srivastava, S., Naess, L. O., Torres Contreras, G. A., & Price, R. (2021). Toward transformative climate justice: An emerging research agenda. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(6), e733, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesingmann, K. (2022). The effect of the European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) on aviation demand: An empirical comparison with the impact of ticket taxes. Energy Policy, 160, 112657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, R. H. M., Schwanen, T., & Banister, D. (2017). Distributive justice and equity in transportation. Transport Reviews, 37(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1257660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preuss, M., Reuter, W. H., & Schmidt, C. M. (2021). Distributional effects of carbon pricing in Germany. FinanzArchiv, 77(3), 287–316. https://doi.org/10.1628/fa-2021-0011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosberg, D., & Collins, L. B. (2014). From environmental to climate justice: Climate change and the discourse of environmental justice. WIREs Climate Change, 5(3), 359–374. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert, I., Sohre, A., & Ströbel, M. (2020). The role of lifestyle, quality of life preferences and geographical context in personal air travel. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1519–1550. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1745214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2022). Destination net-zero: what does the international energy agency roadmap mean for tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(1), 14–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1962890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistica. (2022). Distribution of travel purpose from selected airports in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2002 and 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/303774/travel-purpose-trends-at-uk-airports/
   Google Scholar
• Stay Grounded. (2019). Degrowth of aviation. Reducing air travel in a just way. Rosa-Luxemburg Stiftung.
   Google Scholar
• University of Essex and Institute for Social and Economic Research. (2021). Understanding Society: Waves 1-10, 2009-2019: Special Licence Access, Census 2011 Lower Layer Super Output Areas. [data collection]. 10th Edition. UK Data Service. SN: 7248, http://doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-7248-10
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2019). Country profile - outbound tourism | tourism dashboard. Retrieved July 31, 2022, from https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/country-profile-outbound-tourism.
   Google Scholar
• van Ewijk, S., & Hoekman, P. (2021). Emission reduction potentials for academic conference travel. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 25(3), 778–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.13079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodling, D. (2019). HOLS TAX Labour green tax plans would add £200 to the cost of a family break due to air fair rise The Sun, 6 January 2019. Retrieved July 2, 2020, from https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/8128492/labour-holiday-tax-family-break/.
   Google Scholar
• WTO and ITF. (2019). Transport-related CO2 emissions of the tourism sector – modelling results. UN World Tourism Organization & International Transport Forum. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284416660.
   Google Scholar
• Zentveld, E., Labas, A., Edwards, S., & Morrison, A. M. (2022). Now is the time: VFR travel desperately seeking respect. International Journal of Tourism Research, 24(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2509
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuskáčová, V., & Seidenglanz, D. (2019). Elite diversities in practice: The case of frequent flyers in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Geographia Polonica, 92(3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar