1,597
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Gender equality: caught between policy reforms and manager beliefs

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 1263-1286 | Received 04 Jan 2023, Accepted 21 May 2023, Published online: 07 Jun 2023

References

  • Ajzen, I. (2002). Constructing a TPB questionnaire: Conceptual and methodological considerations. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0574/b20bd58130dd5a961f1a2db10fd1fcbae95d.pdf?_ga=2.32273206.949905743.1582934700-299135995.1582934700.
  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen, I., & Cote, N. G. (2010). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. In W. D. Crano, & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 289–311). Psychology Press.
  • Alarcón, D. M., & Cole, S. (2019). No sustainability for tourism without gender equality. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 903–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1588283
  • Alberti, G., & Iannuzzi, F. E. (2020). Embodied intersectionality and the intersectional management of hotel labour: The everyday experiences of social differentiation in customer‐oriented work. Gender, Work & Organization, 27(6), 1165–1180. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12454
  • Al-Mashat, R. (2018, November). Egypt-tourism reform program. Retrieved from Egyptian Tourism Authority: http://egypt.travel/media/2338/egypt-tourism-reform-program.pdf
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  • Ang, M. C., Ramayah, T., & Amin, H. (2015). A theory of planned behavior perspective on hiring Malaysians with disabilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 34(3), 186–200. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-02-2014-0012
  • Barsoum, G. (2019). ‘Women, work and family’: Educated women’s employment decisions and social policies in Egypt. Gender, Work & Organization, 26(7), 895–914. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12285
  • Bobbit-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender discrimination at work: Connecting gender stereotypes, institutional policies, and gender composition of workplace. Gender & Society, 25(6), 764–786.
  • Boddy, C. R. (2016). Sample size for qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 19(4), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2016-0053
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Buengeler, C., Leroy, H., & De-Stobbeleir, K. (2018). How leaders shape the impact of HR’s diversity practices on employee inclusion. Human Resource Management Review, 28(3), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.02.005
  • Calinaud, V., Kokkranikal, J., & Gebbels, M. (2021). Career advancement for women in the British hospitality industry: The enabling factors. Work, Employment and Society, 35(4), 677–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017020967208
  • CAPMAS. (2021). Annual - Egypt in figures - work 2021. Retrieved from Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics: https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/Publications.aspx?page_id=5104&Year=23592
  • Carvalho, I., Costa, C., Lykke, N., & Torres, A. (2019). Beyond the glass ceiling: Gendering tourism management. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.12.022
  • Coffman, K. B., Exley, C. L., & Niederle, M. (2021). The role of beliefs in driving gender discrimination. Management Science, 67(6), 3551–3569. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3660
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd ed.). Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
  • Cooper, R., Mosseri, S., Vromen, A., Baird, M., Hill, E., & Probyn, E. (2021). Gender matters: A multilevel analysis of gender and voice at work. British Journal of Management, 32(3), 725–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12487
  • Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.
  • Dashper, K. (2020). Mentoring for gender equality: Supporting female leaders in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102397
  • Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S., & Smith, L. T. (Eds.) (2008). Handbook of critical and indigenous methodologies.
  • DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
  • Eger, C., Fetzer, T., Peck, J., & Alodayni, S. (2022). Organizational, economic or cultural? Firm-side barriers to employing women in Saudi Arabia. World Development, 160, 106058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106058
  • Eger, C., Munar, A. M., & Hsu, C. (2022). Gender and tourism sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1459–1475. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1963975
  • Egypt 2030. (2016). 2030 vision of Egypt. Retrieved from Egypt 2030: https://egypt2030.gov.eg/?lang=en
  • Egypt Independent. (2019, May 30). Egypt becomes the world’s first country to adopt UNDP’s ‘Gender Equality Seal’. Retrieved from Egypt Independent: https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-becomes-the-worlds-first-country-to-adopt-undps-gender-equality-seal/
  • El Feki, S., Heilman, B., & Barker, G. (2017). Understanding masculinities: Results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES)-Middle East and North Africa. Cairo and UN Women and Promundo-US.
  • Elhoushy, S., & El-Said, O. A. (2020). Hotel managers’ intentions towards female hiring: An application to the theory of planned behaviour. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100741
  • Ferguson, L., & Alarcon, D. M. (2015). Gender and sustainable tourism: Reflections on theory and practice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.957208
  • Figueroa-Domecq, C., Kimbu, A., de Jong, A., & Williams, A. M. (2022). Sustainability through the tourism entrepreneurship journey: A gender perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(7), 1562–1585. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1831001
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action Taylor & Francis Group. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/gmulebooks/detail.action?docID=66850. Created from gmul-ebooks on 2023-03-25 11:32:23.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  • Fraser, R., Ajzen, I., Johnson, K., Hebert, J., & Chan, F. (2011). Understanding employers’ hiring intention in relation to qualified workers with disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2011-0548
  • Fraser, R., Johnson, K., Hebert, J., Ajzen, I., Copeland, J., Brown, P., & Chan, F. (2010). Understanding employers’ hiring intentions in relation to qualified workers with disabilities: Preliminary findings. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 20(4), 420–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-009-9220-1
  • Friedrich, C., Engelhardt, H., & Schulz, F. (2021). Women’s agency in Egypt, Jordan, and Tunisia: The role of parenthood and education. Population Research and Policy Review, 40(5), 1025–1059. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-020-09622-7
  • Galletta, A. (2013). Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. (Vol. 18). NYU Press.
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2019). Multivariate data analysis. (8th ed.). Cengage Learning EMEA.
  • Harcourt, M., Lam, H., & Harcourt, S. (2005). Discriminatory practices in hiring: Institutional and rational economic perspectives. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(11), 2113–2132. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500315125
  • Horvath, M., & Ryan, A. M. (2003). Antecedents and potential moderators of the relationship between attitudes and hiring discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Sex Roles, 48(3/4), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022499121222
  • Hutchings, K., Moyle, C-l., Chai, A., Garofano, N., & Moore, S. (2020). Segregation of women in tourism employment in the APEC region. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100655
  • International Labour Organization. (2020). Country profiles: Egypt. Retrieved from ILOSTAT: https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/country-profiles/
  • Jain, S., Singhal, S., Jain, N. K., & Bhaskar, K. (2020). Construction and demolition waste recycling: Investigating the role of theory of planned behavior, institutional pressures and environmental consciousness. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121405
  • Karam, C. M., & Jamali, D. (2013). Gendering CSR in the Arab middle east: An institutional perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 23(1), 31–68. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq20132312
  • Kato, K. (2019). Gender and sustainability–exploring ways of knowing–an ecohumanities perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 939–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1614189
  • Kattara, H. (2005). Career challenges for female managers in Egyptian hotels. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 17(3), 238–251. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110510591927
  • Kele, J. E., & Cassell, C. M. (2023). The face of the firm: The impact of employer branding on diversity. British Journal of Management, 34(2), 692–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12608
  • Kim, W. G., McGinley, S., Choi, H.-M., & Agmapisarn, C. (2020). Hotels’ environmental leadership and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 87, 102375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.102375
  • Krumpal, I. (2013). Determinants of social desirability bias in sensitive surveys: A literature review. Quality & Quantity, 47(4), 2025–2047. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-011-9640-9
  • Labelle, R., Francoeur, C., & Lakhal, F. (2015). To regulate or not to regulate? Early evidence on the means used around the world to promote gender diversity in the boardroom. Gender, Work & Organization, 22(4), 339–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12091
  • LaPan, C., Morais, D. B., Wallace, T., Barbieri, C., & Floyd, M. F. (2022). Gender, work, and tourism in the Guatemalan Highlands. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(12), 2839–2859. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1952418
  • Latif, B., Mahmood, Z., Tze San, O., Mohd Said, R., & Bakhsh, A. (2020). Coercive, normative and mimetic pressures as drivers of environmental management accounting adoption. Sustainability, 12(11), 4506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114506
  • Lekchiri, S., & Eversole, B. A. (2021). Perceived work-life balance: Exploring theexperiences of professional Moroccan women. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 32(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21407
  • Lettieri, A., Díez, E., & Soto-Pérez, F. (2021). Prejudice and work discrimination: Exploring the effects of employers’ work experience, contact and attitudes on the intention to hire people with mental illness. The Social Science Journal, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/03623319.2021.1954464
  • Liu, H., Ke, W., Wei, K. K., Gu, J., & Chen, H. (2010). The role of institutional pressures and organizational culture in the firm’s intention to adopt internet-enabled supply chain management systems. Journal of Operations Management, 28(5), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.11.010
  • Liu, T., Li, M., & Wu, M.-F. (2020). Performing femininity: Women at the top (doing and undoing gender). Tourism Management, 80, 104130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104130
  • Marlowe, C. M., Schneider, S. L., & Nelson, C. E. (1996). Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions: Are more experienced managers less biased? Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(1), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.1.11
  • Martínez-Ferrero, J., & García-Sánchez, I. M. (2017). Coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphism as determinants of the voluntary assurance of sustainability reports. International Business Review, 26(1), 102–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2016.05.009
  • McDonnall, M. C., & Lund, E. M. (2020). Employers’ intent to hire people who are blind or visually impaired: A test of the theory of planned behavior. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 63(4), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355219893061
  • McLarney, E. (2016). Women’s rights and equality: Egyptian constitutional law. In F. Sadiqi (Ed.), Women’s movements in post- “Arab Spring” North Africa (pp. 109–126). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mensi-Klarbach, H., Leixnering, S., & Schiffinger, M. (2021). The carrot or the stick: Self-regulation for gender-diverse boards via codes of good governance. Journal of Business Ethics, 170(3), 577–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04336-z
  • Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340–363. https://doi.org/10.1086/226550
  • Mickey, E. L. (2022). The organization of networking and gender inequality in the new economy: Evidence from the tech industry. Work and Occupations, 49(4), 383–420. https://doi.org/10.1177/07308884221102134
  • Mooney, S., Ryan, I., & Harris, C. (2017). The intersections of gender with age and ethnicity in hotel careers: Still the same old privileges? Gender, Work & Organization, 24(4), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12169
  • Nagar, K. (2021). Representation of women managers in hospitality and tourism: A content analysis of related magazine articles. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 36(3), 329–348. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-10-2019-0180
  • Nassani, A. A., Aldakhil, A. M., Abro, M. M., Islam, T., & Zaman, K. (2019). The impact of tourism and finance on women empowerment. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(2), 234–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2018.12.001
  • National Council for Women. (2017, March). National strategy for the empowerment of Egyptian women: Vision and pillars. Retrieved from The National Councilfor Women http://ncw.gov.eg/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/final-version-national-strategy-for-the-empowerment-of-egyptian-women-2030.pdf
  • Ng, E. S., & Sears, G. J. (2020). Walking the talk on diversity: CEO beliefs, moral values, and the implementation of workplace diversity practices. Journal of Business Ethics, 164(3), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4051-7
  • O’brien, R. M. (2007). A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Quality & Quantity, 41(5), 673–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-006-9018-6
  • O’Connor, C., & Joffe, H. (2020). Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 160940691989922. 1609406919899220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919899220
  • Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research and evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage.
  • Pinar, M., McCuddy, M. K., Birkan, I., & Kozak, M. (2011). Gender diversity in the hospitality industry: An empirical study in Turkey. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.06.007
  • Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
  • Priola, V., & Chaudhry, S. A. (2021). Unveiling modest femininities: Sexuality, gender (in) equality and gender justice. British Journal of Management, 32(2), 306–321. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12390
  • Rigolini, A., & Huse, M. (2021). Women and multiple board memberships: Social capital and institutional pressure. Journal of Business Ethics, 169(3), 443–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04313-6
  • Rinaldi, A., & Salerno, I. (2020). The tourism gender gap and its potential impact on the development of the emerging countries. Quality & Quantity, 54(5-6), 1465–1477. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-019-00881-x
  • Roberts, A., & Kwon, R. (2021). The interplay of female empowerment and subjective beliefs about women in 51 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 62(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715220988571
  • Santero-Sanchez, R., Segovia-Pérez, M., Castro-Nuñez, B., Figueroa-Domecq, C., & Talón-Ballestero, P. (2015). Gender differences in the hospitality industry: A job quality index. Tourism Management, 51, 234–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.025
  • Sari, T. K., Cahaya, F. R., & Joseph, C. (2021). Coercive pressures and anti-corruption reporting: The case of ASEAN countries. Journal of Business Ethics, 171(3), 495–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-020-04452-1
  • Shaya, N., & Khait, R. A. (2017). Feminizing leadership in the Middle East: Emirati women empowerment and leadership style. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 32(8), 590–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2016-0143
  • Solati, F. (2017). Women, work, and patriarchy in the Middle East and North Africa. Springer Nature.
  • Su, J., Zhai, Q., & Karlsson, T. (2017). Beyond red tape and fools: Institutional theory in entrepreneurship research, 1992–2014. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(4), 505–531.
  • Thébaud, S., & Pedulla, D. S. (2016). Masculinity and the stalled revolution: How gender ideologies and norms shape young men’s responses to work–family policies. Gender & Society, 30(4), 590–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243216649946
  • Tucker, H., & Boonabaana, B. (2012). A critical analysis of tourism, gender and poverty reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.622769
  • UNIFIL. (2021, March 11). UNIFIL international women’s day 2021: “gender mainstreaming in UNIFIL troop contributing countries. https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-international-women%E2%80%99s-day-2021-%E2%80%9Cgender-mainstreaming-unifil-troop-contributing-countries
  • UNWTO. (2019). Global report on women in tourism. (2nd ed.). United Nations World Tourism Organization.
  • UNWTO. (2021). UNWTO inclusive recovery guide – sociocultural impacts of COVID-19, Issue 3: Women in tourism. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284422616
  • Warren, M. A., Donaldson, S. I., Lee, J. Y., & Donaldson, S. I. (2019). Reinvigorating research on gender in the workplace using a positive work and organizations perspective. International Journal of Management Reviews, 21(4), 498–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12206
  • Williamson, S., Colley, L., & Foley, M. (2020). Human resource devolution, decoupling and incoherence: How line managers manage gender equality reforms. Public Management Review, 22(10), 1560–1578. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2019.1642951
  • World Bank. (2013). Opening doors: Gender equality and development in the Middle East and North Africa. MENA Development Report.
  • World Economic Forum. (2021). Global gender gap report 2021: Insight report.
  • World Tourism Organization. (2020). Yearbook of tourism statistics: Data 2014 – 2018. (2020 Edition). UNWTO.
  • Xiong, W., Chen, S., Okumus, B., & Fan, F. (2022). Gender stereotyping and its impact on perceived emotional leadership in the hospitality industry: A mixed-methods study. Tourism Management, 90, 104476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104476
  • Zucker, L. G. (1987). Institutional theories of organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 13(1), 443–464. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.13.080187.002303