Compatible solutes in three marine intertidal microphytobenthic Wadden Sea diatoms exposed to different salinities

References

• Admiraal , W . 1977 . Salinity tolerance of benthic estuarine diatoms as tested with a rapid polarographic measurement of photosynthesis . Marine Biology , 39 : 11 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Admiraal , W . 1984 . “ The ecology of estuarine sediment inhabiting diatoms ” . In Progress in Phycological Research , Edited by: Round , FE and Chapman , DJ . Vol. 3 , 269 – 322 . Bristol : Biopress .
   Google Scholar
• Admiraal , W , Peletier , H and Brouwer , T . 1984 . The seasonal succession patterns of diatom species on an intertidal mudflat: an experimental analysis . Oikos , 42 : 30 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Admiraal , W , Peletier , H and Laane , RWPM . 1986 . Nitrogen metabolism of marine planktonic diatoms; excretion, assimilation and cellular pools of free amino acids in seven species with different cell size . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 98 : 241 – 263 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agatz , M , Asmus , RM and Deventer , B . 1999 . Structural changes in the benthic diatom community along a eutrophication gradient on a tidal flat . Helgoland Marine Research , 2 : 92 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armbrust , EV , Berges , JA , Bowler , C , Green , BR , Martinez , D , Putnam , NH and Zhou , S . 2004 . The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: ecology, evolution, and metabolism . Science , 306 : 79 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronoff , S . 1967 . Techniques of Radiobiochemistry Hafner Publishing, New York
   Google Scholar
• Awwad , HK and Adelstein , SJ . 1966 . A quantitative method for the determination of the specific radioactivity of sulfur-containing amino acids separated by paper chromatography . Analytical Biochemistry , 16 : 433 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates , LS , Waldren , RP and Teare , ID . 1973 . Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies . Plant and Soil , 39 : 205 – 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besnier , V , Bazin , M , Marchelidon , J and Genevet , M . 1969 . A study of the pool of intracellular amino acids (free) in a marine diatom as a function of salinity . Bulletin de la Société de chimie biologique , 51 : 1255 – 1262 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bisson , MA and Kirst , GO . 1995 . Osmotic acclimation and turgor pressure regulation in algae . Naturwissenschaften , 82 : 461 – 471 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bligny , R , Roby , C and Douce , R . 1989 . “ Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance studies in higher plant cells ” . In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Agriculture , Edited by: Pfeffer , PE and Gerasimowicz , WV . 72 – 87 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bohnert , HJ , Ayoubi , P , Borchert , C , Bressan , RA , Burnap , RL , Cushman , JC , Cushman , MA , Deyholos , M , Fischer , R and Galbraith , DW . 2001 . A genomics approach towards salt stress tolerance . Plant Physiology and Biochemistry , 39 : 295 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregoff , HM , Roberts , E and Delwiche , CCD . 1953 . Paper chromatography of quaternary ammonium bases and related compounds . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 205 : 565 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , AD and Simpson , JR . 1972 . Water relations of sugar-tolerant yeast: the role of intracellular polyols . Journal of General Microbiology , 72 : 589 – 591 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , T and Murata , N . 2002 . Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other compatible solutes . Current Opinion in Plant Biology , 5 : 250 – 257 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colijn , F and De Jonge , VN . 1984 . Primary production of microphytobenthos in the Ems-Dollard Estuary . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 14 : 185 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colijn , F and Koeman , R . 1975 . Das Mikrophytobenthos der Watten. Strande und Riffe um den Hohen Knechtsand in der Wesermündung . Forschungsstelle Norderney, Jahresbericht , 26 : 53 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Colijn , F and Nienhuis , H . 1977 . The intertidal microphytobenthos of the ‘Hohe Weg’ shallows in the German Wadden Sea . Forschungsstelle Norderney, Jahresbericht , 29 : 149 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• DASSARMA, S. & ARORA, P. (2002). Halophiles. In Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, vol. 8, 458–466. Nature Publishing Group, London. (Available at http://halo.umbi.umd.edu/~dassarma/halophiles.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• De Jonge , VN and Colijn , F . 1994 . Dynamics of microphytobenthos biomass in the Ems estuary measured as chlorophyll a and carbon . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 104 : 185 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson , DMJ and Kirst , GO . 1986 . The role of β-dimethylsulphoniopropionate, glycine betaine and homarine in the osmoacclimation of Platymonas subcordiformis . Planta , 167 : 536 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson , DMJ and Kirst , GO . 1987a . Osmotic adjustment in marine eukaryotic algae: the role of inorganic ions, quaternary ammonium, tertiary sulfonium and carbohydrate solutes: II. Prasinophytes and haptophytes . New Phytologist , 106 : 657 – 666 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson , DMJ and Kirst , GO . 1987b . Osmotic adjustment in marine eukaryotic algae: the role of inorganic ions, quaternary ammonium, tertiary sulfonium and carbohydrate solutes: I. Diatoms and a rhodophyte . New Phytologist , 106 : 645 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , DM , Reed , RH , Chudek , JA , Foster , R and Stewart , WDP . 1987 . Organic solute accumulation in osmotically-stressed Enteromorpha intestinalis . Marine Biology , 95 : 583 – 592 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppley , RW and Rogers , JN . 1970 . Inorganic nitrogen assimilation of Ditylum brightwellii, a marine plankton diatom . Journal of Phycology , 6 : 344 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Erdmann , N and Hagemann , M . 2001 . “ Salt acclimation of algae and cyanobacteria: a comparison ” . In Algal Adaptation to Environmental Stresses , Edited by: Rai , LC and Gaur , JP . 323 – 397 . Heidelberg , , Germany : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Falkowski , PG and Rivkin , RB . 1976 . The role of glutamine synthetase in the incorporation of ammonium in Skeletonema costatum (Bacillariophyceae) . Journal of Phycology , 12 : 448 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii , S , Nishimoto , N , Notoya , N and Hellebust , JA . 1995 . Growth and osmoregulation of Chaetoceros muelleri in relation to salinity . Plant Cell Physiology , 36 : 759 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garza-Sánchez , F , Chapman , DJ and Cooper , JB . 2009 . Nitzschia ovalis (Bacillariophyceae) mono lake strain accumulates 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol in response to increased salinity . Journal of Phycology , 45 : 395 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillard , RRL . 1975 . “ Culture of phytoplankton for feeding marine invertebrates ” . In Culture of marine invertebrate animals , Edited by: Smith , WL and Chanley , MH . 26 – 60 . New York, USA : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guillard , RRL and Ryther , JH . 1962 . Studies of marine diatoms. I. Cyclotella nana Hustedt and Detonula confervacea Gran . Canadian Journal of Microbiology , 8 : 229 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haberstroh , PR and Ahmed , SI . 1986 . Resolution by high pressure liquid chromatography of intracellular and extracellular free amino acids of a nitrogen deficient marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, pulsed with nitrate or ammonium . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 101 : 101 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hare , PD and Cress , WA . 1997 . Metabolic implications of stress-induced accumulation in plants . Plant Growth Regulation , 21 : 79 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi , T and Konosu , S . 1977 . Quaternary ammonium bases in the adductor muscle of fan-mussel . Bulletin of the Japanese Society for the Science of Fish , 43 : 343 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Hellebust , JA . 1976 . Osmoregulation . Annual Review of Plant Physiology , 27 : 485 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Herbert , D , Phipps , PJ and Strange , RE . 1971 . “ Chemical analysis of microbial cells ” . In Methods in Microbiology, vol. 5B , Edited by: Norris , JR and Ribbons , DW . 210 – 244 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , Q . 2004 . “ Environmental effects on the cell composition ” . In Handbook of Microalgal Culture. Biotechnology and Applied Phycology , Edited by: Richmond , A . 83 – 93 . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , AE , Ayer , SW and Laycock , MV . 1992 . The effect of salinity on growth and amino acid composition in the marine diatom Nitzschia pungens . Canadian Journal of Botany , 70 : 2198 – 2201 .
   Google Scholar
• Karsten , U , Wiencke , C and Kirst , GO . 1991 . Growth pattern and β-dimethylsulphonio-propionate (DMSP) content of green macroalgae at different irradiance . Marine Biology , 108 : 151 – 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsten , U , Wiencke , C and Kirst , GO . 1992 . Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) accumulation in green macroalgae from polar to temperate regions: interactive effects of light versus salinity and light versus temperature . Polar Biology , 12 : 603 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashima , K , Matsubara , H , Kuzucuoğlu , C and Karabiýkoğlu , M . 1997 . Diatom assemblages from inland saline lakes in the central part of Turkey – their application for quantitative reconstructions of paleosalinity changes during the late Quaternary . Japan Review , 8 : 235 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirst , GO . 1989 . Salinity tolerance of eukaryotic marine algae . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology , 40 : 21 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirst , GO . 1990 . Salinity tolerance of eukaryotic marine algae . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology , 40 : 21 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirst , GO . 1996 . “ Osmotic adjustment in phytoplankton and macroalgae: the use of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) ” . In Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds , Edited by: Kiene , RP , Visscher , PT , Keller , MD and Kirst , GO . 121 – 129 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kirst , GO and Wiencke , C . 1995 . Ecophysiology of polar algae . Journal of Phycology , 31 : 181 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaus , R and Ripphahn , J . 1983 . Quantitative dünnschichtchromatographische Analyse von Zuckern, Zuckersäuren und Polyalkoholen . Journal of Chromatography , 244 : 99 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRELL, A. (2006). Salt stress tolerance in the psychrophilic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bremen, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Krell , A , Funck , D , Plettner , I , John , U and Dieckmann , G . 2007 . Regulation of proline metabolism under salt stress in the psychrophilic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae) . Journal of Phycology , 43 : 753 – 762 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laird , K and Edgar , R . 1992 . Spatial distribution of diatoms in the surficial sediments of a New England salt marsh . Diatom Research , 72 : 267 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Lam , CC , Harder , T and Qian , P-Y . 2005 . Induction of larval settlement in the polychaete Hydroides elegans by extracellular polymers of benthic diatoms . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 286 : 145 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebezeit , G and Behrends , B . 1999 . “ Determination of amino acids ” . In Methods of Seawater Analysis , Edited by: Grasshoff , K , Kremling , K and Ehrhardt , M . Vol. 3 , 541 – 546 . Weinheim : Wiley–VCH .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , MS and Hellebust , JA . 1976 . Effects of salinity changes on growth and metabolism of the marine centric diatom Cyclotella cryptica . Canadian Journal of Botany , 54 : 930 – 937 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , J and Zhu , J-K . 1997 . Proline accumulation and salt-stress-induced gene expression in a salt-hypersensitive mutant of Arabidopsis . Plant Physiology , 114 : 591 – 596 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mague , TH , Friberg , E , Hughes , DJ and Morris , I . 1980 . Extracellular release of carbon by marine phytoplankton; a physiological approach . Limnology and Oceanography , 25 : 262 – 279 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanjo , T , Fujita , M , Seki , M , Kato , T , Tabata , S and Shinozaki , K . 2003 . Toxicity of free proline revealed in an Arabidopsis T-DNA-tagged mutant deficient in proline dehydrogenase . Plant and Cell Physiology , 44 : 541 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOTHNAGEL, J. (1995). The effects of salinity and light intensity on the osmolyte concentrations, cell volumes and growth rates of the Antarctic sea-ice diatoms Chaetoceros sp. and Navicula sp. with emphasis on the amino acid proline. PhD thesis, University of Bremen
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim , DR . 1991 . Seasonal changes in epipelic diatoms along an intertidal shore, Berrow Flats, Somerset . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , 71 : 579 – 596 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankow , H . 1990 . Ostsee-Algenflora Gustav Fischer, Jena
   Google Scholar
• Parida , AK and Das , AB . 2005 . Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review . Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety , 60 : 324 – 349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasztaleniec , A and Połeć , A . 2006 . Distribution of benthic diatoms in the Świnka River (Polesie Region) in relation to salinity . International Journal of Oceanography and Hydrobiology , 35 : 227 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Paterson , DM . 1994 . “ Microbiological mediation of sediment structure and behaviour ” . In Microbial Mats , Edited by: Stal , LJ and Caumette , P . Vol. G35 , 97 – 109 . Berlin : Springer . NATO ASI Series
   Google Scholar
• Paul , JS . 1979 . Osmoregulation in the marine diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis . Journal of Phycology , 15 : 280 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peletier , H . 1996 . Long-term changes in intertidal estuarine diatom assemblages related to reduced input of organic waste . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 137 : 265 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinckney , J and Zingmark , R . 1991 . Effects of tidal stage and sun angles on intertidal benthic microalgal productivity . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 76 : 81 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PLETTNER, I. (2002). Stressphysiologie bei antarktischen Diatomeen – Ökophysiologische Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung von Prolin bei der Anpassung an hohe Salinitäten und tiefe Temperaturen. PhD thesis, University of Bremen, Germany
   Google Scholar
• Reed , RH . 1983 . The osmotic response of Polysiphonia lanosa from marine and estuarine sites: evidence for incomplete recovery of turgor . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 68 : 169 – 193 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , RH . 1984 . The effects of extreme hyposaline stress upon Polysiphonia lanosa from marine and estuarine sites . Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 76 : 131 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reineck , H-E . 1983 . “ Sediment and dynamical processes ” . In Ecology of the Wadden Sea , Edited by: Wolff , WJ . 6 – 49 . Rotterdam : A.A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Rijstenbil , JW , Mur , LR , Wijnholds , JA and Sinke , JJ . 1989a . Impact of temporal salinity decrease on growth and nitrogen metabolism of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum in continuous cultures . Marine Biology , 101 : 121 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijstenbil , JW , Wijnholds , JA and Sinke , JJ . 1989b . Implications of salinity fluctuations for growth and nitrogen metabolism of the marine diatom Ditylum brightwellii in comparison with Skeletonema costatum . Marine Biology , 101 : 131 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rout , NP and Shaw , BP . 1998 . Salinity tolerance in aquatic macrophytes: probable role of proline, the enzymes involved in its synthesis and C4 type of metabolism . Plant Science , 136 : 121 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rysgaard , S , Christensen , PB and Nielsen , LP . 1995 . Seasonal variation in nitrification and denitrification in estuarine sediment colonized by benthic microalgae and bioturbating infauna . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 126 : 111 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saburova , MA , Polikarpov , IG and Burkovsky , IV . 1995 . Spatial structure of an intertidal sandflat microphytobenthos community as related to different spatial scales . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 129 : 229 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobert , B . 1974 . The influence of water stress on the metabolism of diatoms. I. Osmotic resistance and proline accumulation in Cyclotella meneghiniana . Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie , 74 : 106 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schobert , B . 1980 . Proline catabolism, relaxation of osmotic strain and membrane permeability in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum . Plant Physiology , 50 : 37 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , B and Liebezeit , G . 2012a . Growth responses of 25 benthic marine Wadden Sea diatoms isolated from the Solthörn tidal flat (southern North Sea) in relation to varying culture conditions . Diatom Research , 27 : 65 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , B and Liebezeit , G . 2012b . Microphytobenthic communities in the Solthörn tidal flat (Southern North Sea) – Part II: Seasonal and spatial variability of non-diatom components in relation to abiotic parameters . European Journal of Phycology , 47 : 120 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz , B and Liebezeit , G . 2012c . Microphytobenthic communities in the Solthörn tidal flat (Southern North Sea) – Part I: Seasonal and spatial variations of diatoms in relation to macronutrient supply . European Journal of Phycology , 47 : 105 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SMITH, D.J. (1999). Exopolymer production by epipelic diatoms. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Essex, UK
   Google Scholar
• Stefels , J , Gieskes , WWC and Dijkhuizen , L . 1996 . “ Intriguing functionality of the production and conversion of DMSP in Phaeocystis sp ” . In Biological and Environmental Chemistry of DMSP and Related Sulfonium Compounds , Edited by: Kiene , RP , Visscher , PT , Keller , MD and Kirst , GO . 305 – 315 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stines , AP , Naylor , DJ , Hoj , PB and van Heeswijck , R . 1999 . Proline accumulation in developing grapevine fruit occurs independently of changes in the levels of Δ 1-pyrroline-S-carboxylate synthetase mRNA or protein . Plant Physiology , 120 : 923 – 931 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers , PS , Nolte , KD , Cooper , AJL , Borgeas , H , Leustek , T , Rhodes , D and Hanson , AD . 1998 . Identification and stereospecificity of the first three enzymes of 3-dimethyl-sulfoniopropionate biosynthesis in a chlorophyte alga . Plant Physiology , 116 : 369 – 378 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundbäck , K and Granéli , W . 1988 . Influence of microphytobenthos on the nutrient flux between sediment and water: a laboratory study . Marine Ecology Progress Series , 43 : 63 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treichel , S . 1986 . The influence of NaCl on Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in proline-accumulating cell suspension cultures of Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum and other halophytes . Plant Physiology , 67 : 173 – 181 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , GJC . 1994 . Seasonal and spatial variation in epipelic diatom assemblages in the Severn estuary . Diatom Research , 9 : 451 – 472 .
   Google Scholar
• Underwood , GJC . 2005 . Microalgal (microphytobenthos) biofilms in shallow coastal waters: how important are species? . Proceedings of the California Academy of Science , 56 : 162 – 169 .
   Google Scholar
• Underwood , GJC and Kromkamp , J . 1999 . Primary production by phytoplankton and microphytobenthos in estuaries . Advances in Ecological Research , 29 : 93 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , GJC and Paterson , DM . 1993 . Seasonal changes in diatom biomass, sediment stability and biogenic stabilization in the Severn estuary . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , 73 : 871 – 887 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood , GJC and Smith , DJ . 1998 . Predicting epipelic diatom exopolymer concentrations in intertidal sediments from sediment chl a . Microbial Ecology , 35 : 116 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vairavamurthy , A , Andreae , MO and Iverson , RL . 1985 . Biosynthesis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and salinity variations . Limnology and Oceanography , 30 : 59 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bergeijk , SA , Van der Zee , C and Stal , LJ . 2003 . Uptake and excretion of dimethylsulphoniopropionate is driven by salinity changes in the marine benthic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium . European Journal of Phycology , 38 : 341 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visscher , PT and Van Gemerden , H . 1991 . Production and consumption of dimethylsulfonio-propionate in marine microbial mats . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 57 : 3237 – 3242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel , RH and Kopac , MJ . 1960 . Some properties of ornithine δ-transaminase from Neurospora . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 37 : 539 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos , PC , de Boer , PL and Misdorp , R . 1988 . “ Sediment stabilization by benthic diatoms in intertidal sandy shoals: qualitative and quantitative observations ” . In Tide-influenced Sedimentary Environments and Facies , Edited by: de Boer , PL , Van Gelder , A and Nio , SD . 511 – 526 . Dordrecht : D. Reidel .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , CW and Kao , CH . 1999 . Importance of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase to proline accumulation caused by water stress in detached rice leaves . Plant Growth Regulation , 27 : 189 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z , Xiao , Z and Linhardt , RJ . 2009 . Thin layer chromatography for the separation and analysis of acidic carbohydrates . Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies , 32 : 1711 – 1732 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar