The potential of entomopathogens in biological control of white grubs

References

• Akhurst RJ, Bedding RA, Bull RM, Smith RJ. 1992. An epizootic of Heterorhabditis spp (Heterorhabditidae: Nematoda) in sugarcane scarabaeids (Coleoptera). Fundam Appl Nematol. 15:71–73.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2009. Annual Report, 2008–09. Palampur, India: All India Network Project on White Grubs and Other Soil Arthropods.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. 2000. Annual Report, All India Coordinated Research Project on White grubs, XII Annual Group Meeting G.B. Ranichauri: Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture; May 22–23.
   Google Scholar
• Arora R, Battu GS, Ramakrishnan N. 2000. Microbial pesticides: Current status and future outlook. In: Dhaliwal GS, Singh B, editors. Pesticides and environment. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers; p. 344–395.
   Google Scholar
• Arthers S, Heinz KM, Prasifka JR. 2004. An analysis of using entomopathogenic nematode against above-ground pests. Bull Entomol Res. 94:297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avasthy PN. 1967. Sugarcane pests in India and their control (a review). PANS 13:111–117.
   Google Scholar
• Bareth SS. 2001. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) as a biocontrol agent against Holotrichia consanguinea (Blan.). PhD thesis, Rajasthan Agriculture University Bikaner, Rajasthan.
   Google Scholar
• Bathon H. 1996. Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on non-target hosts. Biocont. Sci. Tech. 6:421–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar A. 2001. Assessment of entomopathogenic nematodes for management of white grubs Maladera insanabilis Brenske (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera). PhD thesis, Rajasthan Agricultitre University Bikaner, Rajasthan.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar A, Shinde V, Bareth SS. 2004. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs, Maladera insanabilis Brenske. Int. J. Pest. Manage. 50(4):285–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya B, Pujari D. 2014. Field evaluation of Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium anisopliae against white grubs damaging green gram in Assam. Int J Pl Prot. 7(1):67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Bose SK, Mehta PR. 1953. A new series of Entomophthora on beetles. T Brit Mycol Soc. 36:52–56.
   Google Scholar
• Bourner TC, Glare TR, O’Callaghan M, Jackson TA. 1996. Towards green pastures- pathogens and pasture pests. N Zeal J Ecol. 20:101–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AHS, Smith G. 1957. The genus Paecilomyces Bainier and its perfect stage Byssochlamys Westing. T Brit Mycol Soc. 40:17–89.
   Google Scholar
• Chandel RS, Chandla VK, Dhiman KR. 2005. Vulnerability of potato white grubs to entomogenous fungi and nematodes. Potato J. 32 (3–4):193–194.
   Google Scholar
• Chandel RS, Chandla VK. 2003. Managing tuber damaging pests of potato. Indian Hort. 48:15–17.
   Google Scholar
• Chandel RS, Kashyap NP. 1997. About white grubs and their management. Farmer and Parliament. 37(10):29–30.
   Google Scholar
• Chandel RS, Pathania M, Verma KS, Bhatacharyya B, Vashisth S and Kumar V. 2015. The ecology and control of potato white grubs of India. Potato Res. 58:147–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandel YS, Kapoor S, Kumar S. 2009. Virulence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) against cutworms, Agrotis segetum (Denis and Schiff). J Biol Cont. 23(4):409–415.
   Google Scholar
• Chandel YS, Mehta PK. 2005. Efficacy of some insecticides and entomopathogenic fungi against white grub complex infesting potato in H.P. Indian J Ecol. 32:195–199.
   Google Scholar
• Chandel, RS. 2000. Natural enemies of Brahmma coriacea (Hope) in Himachal Pradesh. Insect Environ. 6(2):85.
   Google Scholar
• Cravanzola F, Piatii P, Ozino OJ, Bondaz F, Vallet S. 1996. Occurrence of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii in the soil of valle d’ Aosta and infestation level of Melolontha melolontha. Bull OILB SROP. 19:59–64.
   Google Scholar
• Dhaliwal GS, Koul O. 2007. Biopesticides and pest management: Conventional and biotechnological approaches. New Delhi: Kalyani Publishers; p. 455.
   Google Scholar
• Dutky SR. 1940. Two new spore-forming bacteria causing milky-disease of Japanese beetle larvae. J Agric Res. 61:57–68.
   Google Scholar
• Driver F, Milner RJ, Trueman JWH. 2000. A taxonomic revision of Metarhizium based on a phylogenetic analysis of r DNA sequence data. Mycol Res. 104:134–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers RU, Peters A. 1998. Bekamp-fung von Engerlingen auf Sportrasen. Rasen/Turf/Gazon. 293:60–67.
   Google Scholar
• Ferron P. 1978. Biological control of insect pests by entomogenous fungi. Annu Rev Entomol. 23:409–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming WE. 1968. Biological control of Japanese beetle. USDA Technical Bull No. 1383:78.
   Google Scholar
• Ganguly S, Rathour KS, Kumar S, Singh M. 2011. Steinernema meghalayensis sp n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from North Eastern hilly regions of India. Indian J Nematol. 41(1):83–97.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner JCM. 1935. Immature stages of Indian Coleoptera. Indian Forest Records 1:1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Gaugler R, Bednark A, Campbell JF. 1992. Ultraviolet inactivation of Heterorhabditids and Steinernematids. J Invertbr Pathol. 59:155–160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaur HS, Mohan Sharad. 2005. Role of nematodes as biopesticides. In: Souvenir. Biopesticides Conference (Biopesticides: Emerging trends BET 2005); 2005 November 11–13; Palampur, India: IHBT; p. 33–40.
   Google Scholar
• Georgis R, Koppenhofer AM, Lacey LA, Belair G, Duncan LW, Grewal PS, Samish M, Tan L, Torr P, Van Tol RWHM. 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biol Cont. 38:103–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh SK, Choudhary M, Pawar S, Prabhakar MS. 2009. Bio-efficacy of GRUB – X 10% GR, a granular formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae against root grubs Holotrichia sp (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on Sugarcane. In: Fifth International Conference on Bio pesticides: Stakeholders’ perspective. Society for Promotion and Innovation of Bio pesticides; New Delhi, India; p. 206.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser RW, Farell CC. 1935. Field experiments with the Japanese beetle and its nematode parasite. J N Y Entomol Soc. 43:345–371.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser RW, McCoy EE, Girth HD. 1940. The biology and economic importance of a nematode parasite in insects. J Parasitol. 26:479–495.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser RW. 1932. A pathogenic nematode of the Japanese beetle. J Parasitol. 18:119.
   Google Scholar
• Gour HN, Dabi RK. 1988. Biological control of white grubs using Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.). Viegas. Curr Sci. 57:620–621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grewal PS, Gaugler S, Wang Y. 1994. Enhanced cold tolerance of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae through genetic selection. Ann Appl Biol. 129(2):335–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullan PJ, Cranston PS. 2005. The insects- An outline of entomology. 3rd ed. USA: Blackwell Publishing; p. 505.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta BD. 2004. Biological control of insects pests. In: Verma LR, Verma AK, Gautam DC, editors. Pest management in horticultural crops. New Delhi, India: Asiatech Publishers, Inc; p. 90–133.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta BD, and Avasthy PN. 1956. White grub attack on sugarcane. IISR Newsletter. 10:4.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta PR, Chandel RS, Chander R. 1992. Vulnerability of some soil inhabiting insects of apple orchards to indigenous entomogenous nematodes. In: Proc. Nat. Sym. Recent Advances in Integrated Pest Management; Oct 12–15; PAU Ludhiana. p. 80–81.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta RBL. 2001. Fungal pathogens in the management of white grubs and other soil dwelling pests. In: Sharma G, Mathur YS, Gupta RBL, editors. Indian Phytophagous Scarabs and Their Management. Jodhpur, Rajasthan: Agrobios India; p. 112–130.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta RBL. 2011. Insect pathogenic microbes, their production and utilization in pest management. In: Bhardwaj SC, Saxena RC, Swaminathan R, editors. Plant Protection: New horizons. Udaipur, Rajasthan: Agrawal Offset Printer Pvt Ltd; p. 61–65.
   Google Scholar
• Hajek AE, St Leger RJ. 1994. Interaction between fungal pathogens and insect hosts. Annu Rev Entomol. 39:293–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanula JL, Andreadis TG, Blackwell M. 1991. Entoderma colletosporium gen. and sp nov., a unique cuticular fungus infecting Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. J Invertebr Pathol. 58:327–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan W, Singh CP, Askary TH. 2009. Entomopathogenic nematodes- as a bio control agent for insect pests of various crops. Indian Farming Digest. 42: 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Hatting J, Stock SP, Hazir S. 2009. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in South Africa. J Invertebr Pathol. 102:120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoy JM. 1955. The use of bacteria and nematodes to control insects. N. 2. Sci Rev. 13:56–58.
   Google Scholar
• Hurpin B, Robert PH. 1977. Comparison of the activity of certain pathogens of the cockchafer Melolontha melolontha in plots of natural medowland. J Invertebr Pathol. 19:291–298.
   Google Scholar
• Hussaini SS, Nagesh M, Shakeela V. 2005. Survival of infective juveniles of entomopathogenic nematodes under storage and their infectivity against Galleria mellonella and Spodoptera litura. Indian J Plant Prot. 33(1):68–71.
   Google Scholar
• Ishibashi N. 1993. Integrated control of insect pests by Steinernema corpocapsae. In: Bedding R, Akhurst R, Kaya HK, editors. Nematodes and biological control of insects, East Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO; p. 105–113.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson TA, Wouts WM. 1987. Delayed action of an entomophagous nematode Heterorhabditis sp (V16) for grass grub control. In: Proc 40^th New Zeal weed and pest control conference; p. 33–35.
   Google Scholar
• Jongelleen FJJ, Soesanto, Moekidjo A. 1979. Studies on pathogen of two species of Scarabaeidae from Indonesia. Z Ang Ent. 87:412–417.
   Google Scholar
• Kain WM, Bedding RA, Vander MCJ. 1982. Preliminary evaluation of the parasitic nematodes for grass grub (Costelytra zealandica white) control in Hawke;s Bay of New Zealand. New Zeal J Exp Agric. 10:447–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalia M. 2013. Characterization and evaluation of entomopathogenic fungi associated with white grubs in Himachal Pradesh. PhD Thesis, Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur, India; p 138.
   Google Scholar
• Kaya HK, Gaugler R. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annu Rev Entomol. 38:181–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya HK, Klein MG, Burlando TM. 1993. Impact of Bacillus popilliae, Rickettsiella popilliae and entomopathogenic nematodes on a population of the Scarabaeids, Cyclocephala hirta. Biocont Sci Technol. 3:443–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya HK. 1985. Entomogenous nematodes for insect control in IPM systems. In: Hoy MA, Herzog DC, editors. Biological control in Agricultural Integrated Pest Management Systems. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, Inc; p. 283–302.
   Google Scholar
• Keller S, Schweizer C, Keller E, Brener H. 1997. Control of white grubs (Melolontha melolontha) by treating adults with fungus of Beauveria brongniartii. Biocont Sci Technol. 7:105–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller S. 1983. Die mikrobiologische Bekampfung des Maikafers (Melolontha melolontha L.) mit dem Pilz. Beauveria brongniartii Mitt. Schweiz Landwirt Schaft. 31:61–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kepenckci I. 2014. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida) of Turkey. Pakistan J Nematol. 32:59–65.
   Google Scholar
• King DS, Humber RA. 1981. Identification of the Entomophthorales. In: Burges HD, editor. Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970–1980. London: Academic Press; p. 107–127.
   Google Scholar
• Klein MG. 1986. Bacillus popilliae-problems and prospects. In: Sampson RA, Vlak JM, Peters D, editors. Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology. Wageningan, The Netherlands. ICIP; p. 534–537.
   Google Scholar
• Klein MG, Kaya HK. 1995. Bacillus and Serratia species for scarab control. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 90(1):87–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knodel JJ, Beauzay, PB, Charles E. 2012. Integrated Pest Management of Japanese beetle in North Dakota, E 1631. Fargo, North Dakota: NDSU Extension Service North Dakota State University.
   Google Scholar
• Koppenhofer AM, Grewal PS, Kaya HK. 2000. Synergism of Imidachloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs: the mechanism. Entomol Exp Appl. 94:283–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppenhofer AM, Kaya HK. 1997. Additive and synergistic interaction between entomopathogenic nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis for scarab grub control. Biol Cont. 8:131–137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulye MS, Pokharkar DS. 2009. Evaluation of two species of entomopathogenic fungi against white grub, Holotrichia consanguinea (Blan.) infesting potato in Maharashtra, India. J Biol Cont. 23(1):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Kumawat KC. 2001. Evaluation of some insecticides against field termites in wheat. Ann Pl Protec Sci. 9:51–53.
   Google Scholar
• Lee DW, Choo HY, Shin OJ, Yun JS, Kim YS. 2002. Damage of perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne by chestnut brown chafer, Adoretus tenuimaculatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and biological control with Korean isolate of entomopathogenic nematodes. Korean J Appl Entomol. 41:217–223.
   Google Scholar
• Lello ER, Patel MN, Mathews GA, Wright DJ. 1996. Application technology for entomopathogenic nematodes against foliar pests. Crop Prot. 15:567–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LZ, Cui YS, Yan J, Zhou XS, Guo ZH, Yang HP and Jiang ZL. 1992. Control of Holotrichia diomphalia by Beauveria spp and Metarhizium anisopliae. Collection of achievements on the technique cooperation project of PR China and FR Germany; p. 132–135.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano-Gutierrez J., Espana-Luna MP. 2008. Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycotina: Hypomycetes) against the White Grub Laniifera Cyclades (Lepidopetra: Pyralidae) under Field and Greenhouse Conditions. Florida Entomol. 91(4):664–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamiya Y. 1988. Steinernema kushidai n. sp (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) associated with Scarabaeid beetle larvae from Shizuoca. Japan Appl Entomol Zool. 23:313–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manisegaran S, Lakshmi SM, Srimohanpriya V. 2011. Field Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin against Holotrichia serrata (Blanch) in sugarcane. J Bio Pesticides. 4(2):190–193.
   Google Scholar
• Manju K, George S, Kumar ARV, Manjula Kumari D. 2009. Distribution of the Bacillus thurigiensis Berliner strains in the soils of different habitats and their activity against white grubs. Karnatka J Agric Sci. 22(3-spl. Issue):628–630.
   Google Scholar
• Mannian CM, Mclane W, Klein MG, Moyseenko J, Oliver JB, Cowan D. 2001. Management of early instar Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in field grown nursery crops. J Econ Entomol. 94:1151–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur YK. 2001. Entomogenous bacteria in the management of soil dwelling insect pests: Present scenario and Future Perspectives. In: Sharma G, Mathur YS, Gupta RBL, editors. Indian phytophagous scarabs and their management: Present status and future strategy; Agrobios India; p. 131–141.
   Google Scholar
• Mathur YS, Bareth SS, Shinde VKR, Yadva CPS. 1995. Heterorhabditis nematodes as parasites of phytophagous scarabs. National Seminar on Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture Dec 29–30, Nagpur, Souvenir, p 79 (Akola, India, Directorate of Research).
   Google Scholar
• Matsuki N, Asano SI, Bando H, Lizuka T. 1997. New isolates of Bacillus popilliae isolated from milky disease larvae of Popillia japonica, Anomala rufocuprea and A. dimidiata (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 32:583–588.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy CW, Samson RA, Boucias DG. 1988. Entomogenous fungi. In: Ignoffo CM, Mandeva NB, editors. Handbook of Natural Pesticides, Microbial Insecticides, Part A Entomogenous protozoa and fungi, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; p. 151–236.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta PK, Chandel RS, Mathur YS. 2010. Status of white grubs in North–Western Himalya. J Insect Sci. 23:1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Milner RJ, Pierrard G, Baw A, Chit Myo. 1992. The potential of Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of scarab pests of groundnuts in Mayanmar (Burma). In: Jackson TA, Glare TR, editors. Use of pathogens in scarab pest management, Andover, MA: Intercept Ltd; p. 277–280.
   Google Scholar
• Misra SS, Chandel RS. 2003. Potato white grubs in India. Technical Bull No. 60. India: Central Potato Research Institute Shimla; p. 47.
   Google Scholar
• Misra SS, Chandla VK. 1989. White grubs infesting potato and their management. J Indian Potato Assoc. 16:29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Mohi-ud din S, Zaki FA, Munshi NA, Jan Arif, Sultan P. 2006. Evaluation of some entomopathogenic fungal isolates from Kashmir for the biocontrol of white grubs infesting turf grass in golf course. J Biol Cont. 20:45–50.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson DG, Cowles RS. 1998. Preventing white grub infestation in container grown nursery stock. J Environ Hort. 16:202–207.
   Google Scholar
• Nirula KK, Antoney J, Menon KPV. 1952. Investigations on the pests of coconut palm: the rhinoceros beetle. Indian Coconut J. 5(2):57–70.
   Google Scholar
• Nishimatsu T, Jackson JJ. 1998. Interaction of Insecticides, entomopathogenic nematodes, and larvae of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J Econ Entomol. 91:410–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouedraogo A, Fargues J, Goettel MS, Lomer CJ. 2004. Effect of temperature on vegetative growth among isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium flavoviride. Mycopathologia. 137:37–43.
   Google Scholar
• Padmanaban B, Rajan P, Daniel M. 2003. Biocontrol agents recorded from palm white grubs. Ind J Entomol. 65:434–438.
   Google Scholar
• Parasharya BM, Dodia JF, Mathew KL, Yadav DN. 1994. Natural regulation of white grubs (Holotrichia sp: Scarabaeidae) by birds in agroecosystem. J Biosci. 19(4):381–389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathania M. 2014. Studies on phytophagous white grubs of Himachal Pradesh. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Entomology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalya, Palampur, India; p. 258.
   Google Scholar
• Peters A. 1996. The natural host range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp and their impact on insect populations. Biocont Sci Technol. 6:389–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poinar GO Jr, Jackson T, Klein M. 1987. Heterorhabditids magidis sp n. (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida), parasitic in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in Ohio. Proc Helminthol Soc Wash. 53:53–59.
   Google Scholar
• Poinar GO Jr, Karunakar G, David H. 1992. Heterorhabditis indicus (Rhabditida: Nematoda) from India, Seperation of Heterorhabditis species by infective juveniles. Fundam Appl Nematol. 15:467–472.
   Google Scholar
• Poinar GO Jr. 1990. Biology and taxonomy of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. In: Gaugler R, Kaya HK, editors. Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; p. 23–61.
   Google Scholar
• Potter DA, Held DW. 2002. Biology and management of Japanese beetle. Annu Rev Entomol. 47:175–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad CS, Hussain MA, Pal R, Prasad M. 2012. Virulence of nematode Heterorhabditis indica (Meerut strain) against lepidopteran and coleopteran pests. Vegetos 25(1):343–351.
   Google Scholar
• Prasad CS, Hussain MA. 2011. Entomopathogenic fungi for Sustainable Agriculture. In: Bhardwaj SC, Singh Swaroop, Bhatnagar A, editors. Plant Protection through Eco-friendly Techniques. New Delhi, India: Pointer Publishers; p. 264.
   Google Scholar
• Rajeswari S, Vasudeva Menon PP, Vadivelu S. 1984. Preliminary tests with DD-136 for the control of potato chafer grub, Anomala sp. Indian J Nematol. 14:187–189.
   Google Scholar
• Ramarethinam S, Marimuthu S, Murugesan NV. 2005. Entomopathogenic fungi, Verticillium lecanii – An overview. Pestology. 24(12):9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ranganathiah KG, Veeresh GK, Govindu HC. 1973. A new entomogenous fungus on the root grubs, Holotrichia serrata F. from Mysore. Curr Sci. 42:432–433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao GN, Vijaylakshmi U. 1959. A note on the occurence of certain parasitic fungi on insect-pests of sugarcane. Curr Sci. 28:295.
   Google Scholar
• Rath AC. 1992. Metarhizium anisopliae for control of the Tasmanian pasture scarab, Adoryphorus couloni. In: Jackson TA, Glare TR, editors. Use of Pathogens in Scarab Pest Management; Andover, MA: Intercept; p. 217–227.
   Google Scholar
• Redmond CT, Potter DA. 1995. Lack of efficiency of in vitro and putatively in vitro produced Popillia japonica against field population of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs in Kentuky. J Econ Entomol. 88:846–854.
   Google Scholar
• Ritcher PO. 1958. Biology of Scarabaeidae. Annu Rev Entomol. 3:311–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Vega J, Aquino-Bolanos T. 2002. Recursos para el control integ- rado de gallina ciega Phyllophaga spp en maiz de temporal. In: Baez-Sanudo R, Juvera-Bracamontes JJ, editors. Memorias del XXV Cong- reso Nacional de Control Biologico. Texcoco, Mexico: Sociedad mexicana de Control Biologico; p. 211–213.
   Google Scholar
• Samson RA. 1981. Identification: Entomopathogenic Deuteromycocetes. In: Burges HD, editor. Microbial control of pests and plant diseaeses 1970–1980; New York, NY; Academic press, London; p. 93–106.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Thakur DR, Chandla VK. 2009. Use of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematodes for the control of white grubs, Brahmina coriacea (Hope) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in potato crop. Potato J. 36(3–4):160–165.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Chandla VK, Thakur DR. 2012. Biodiversity and pathogenicity potential of mycoflora associated with Brahmina coriacea in potato fields of North Western Indian hills. J Entomol. 9(6):319–331.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Thakur DR, Kanwar S, Chandla VK. 2013. Diversity of entomopathogenic bacteria associated with the white grub, Brahmina coriacea (Hope). J Pest Sci. 86:261–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma PM, Sharma AN, Hussaini SS. 2011. Entomopathogenic nematodes, a potential microbial biopesticide: mass production and commercialization status- a mini review. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot. 44(9):855–870.
   Google Scholar
• Sharpe ES, Detroy RW. 1979. Fat body depletion, a debilitating result of milky disease in Japanese beetle larvae. J Invertebr Pathol. 34:92–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinde VKR, Mathur YS, Bareth SS. 1995. Evaluation of Steinernematodes against phytophagous scarabs. V National Symposium on Soil Biology and Ecology, Santiniketan. Nov 2-4, SA-4.
   Google Scholar
• Shinde VKR, Sharma SK. 1971. Bacteria pathogenic to Lachnosterna consanguinea Blanch. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Madras Agric J. 58:114–116.
   Google Scholar
• Singh M, Gupta PR. 2006. Occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in H.P., India and their pathogenicity against various insect species. Pest Manage Econ Zool. 14(1&2):179–189.
   Google Scholar
• Singh SP. 1978. Occurrence of Metarhizium anisopliae (Met.) Sorokin on white grubs in potato fields. Curr Res. 7(10):173.
   Google Scholar
• Singh SP. 1991. Bio control of Crop Pests. Indian Farming. 41(5):18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Srikanth J, Easwaramoorthy S, Santhalakshmi G. 2010. Field efficacy and persistence of Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch applied against Holotrichia serrata F. (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae) infecting sugarcane in southern India. Sugar Cane Int. 28(4):151–156.
   Google Scholar
• Stebbing EP. 1902. Departmental notes on insects that affects forestry. 1:1–149.
   Google Scholar
• SubbaRao A, Veeresh GK. 1988. Virulence of various strains of Bacillus popilliae to third instar grubs of Holotrichia serrata F. J Soil Biol Ecol. 8:95–97.
   Google Scholar
• Sushil SN, Mohan M, Selvakumar G, Bhatt JC, Gupta HS. 2008. Isolation and toxicity evaluation of bacterial entomopathogens against phytophagous white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Indian Himalayan hills. Int J Pest Manage. 54(4):301–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki N, Hori H, Ogiwara K, Asano S, Sato R. 1992. Insecticidal spectrums of a novel isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis serover japonensis. Biol Cont. 2:138–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurston GS, Kaya HK, Gaugler R. 1994. Characterizing the enhanced susceptibility of milky disease-infected scarabaeid grubs to entomopathogenic nematodes. Biol Cont. 4(1):67–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth T. 2006. Collection of entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of insect pests. J Fruit Ornamental Pl Res. 14(Suppl. 3):225–230.
   Google Scholar
• Tulloch M. 1976. The genus Metarhizium. T Brit Mycol Soc. 66:407–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderberg JD, Jackson MA, Lacey LR. 1998. Relative efficacy of blastospores and aerial conidia of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against the Russian wheat aphid. J Invertebr Pathol. 72:181–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veeresh GK, Kumar ARV, Ali ATM. 1991. Biogeography of pest species of whitegrubs of Karnataka. In: Veeresh GK, Rajagopal D, Vikraktamath CA, editors. Advances in management and conservation of soil fauna; Bengalore, Oxford and IBP Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd; p. 191–198.
   Google Scholar
• Veeresh GK 1988. White grubs. In: Veeresh GK, Rajgopal D, editors. Applied Soil Biology and Ecology. 2nd ed., New Delhi: IBH; p. 243–282.
   Google Scholar
• Veeresh GK, Vijayendra M, Vijaymohan M, Rajann C. 1982. Bio ecology and management of Areca white grubs, Leucopholis spp (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae). J Soil Biol Ecol. 2:78–86.
   Google Scholar
• Veeresh GK. 1977. Studies on root grubs in Karnatka, UAS (Bangalore), Monograph series no. 2, p. 87.
   Google Scholar
• Vyas RV, Parasharya BM, Yadav DN. 1988. Dispersal of milky disease organism Bacillus popilliae var holotrichae of white grub (Holotrichia consanguinea) through birds. Indian J Agric Sci. 58:243–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Campbell JF, Gaugler R. 1995. Infection of entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema glaseri and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae. J Invertbr Pathol. 66:178–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wouts WM, Mracek S, Gerdin S, Bedding RA. 1982. Neoplectana Steiner, 1929 a junior synonim of Steinernema Travassos, 1927 (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Syst Parasitol. 4:147–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright RJ, Villani MG, Agndelo-Silva F. 1988. Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid nematodes for control of larval European chafers and Japanese beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in potted yew. J Econ Entomol. 81:152–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu S, Youngman RR, Kok LT, Laub CA, Pfeiffer DG. 2014. Interaction between entomopathogenic nematodes an entomopathogenic fungi applied to third instar southern masked chafer white grubs, Cyclocephala lurida (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Biol Cont. 76:65–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadava CPS, Sharma GK. 1995. Indian White grubs and Their Management. Technical Bull, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, No. 2, p. 26.
   Google Scholar
• Yadava CPS, Vijayvergia JN. 2000. Integrated management of white grubs in different cropping systems. In: Upadhayay RK, Mukerji KG, Dubey OP, editors. IPM systems in Agriculture; New Delhi, India: Aditya Books Pvt. Ltd; p. 105–122.
   Google Scholar
• Yamanaka S, Takeuchi K, Tanabe H. 1995. Host finding ability, vertical migration and infectivity of Steinernema glaseri, S. anomali and S. kushidai (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Jpn J Nematol. 25:24–32.
   Google Scholar
• Young EC. 1974. The epizootiology of two pathogens of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle. J Invertebr Pathol. 24:82–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H, Zhang J, Huang D, Gao JG, Song F. 2006. Characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis strain Bt 185 toxic to Asian Cockchafer Holotrichia parallela. Curr Microbiol. 53:13–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yubak Dhoj GC, Keller S, Nagel P. 2004. Microbial control of white grubs with entomopathogenic fungi and its value in Integrated Pest Management in Nepal. Tribhuvan Uni J. 24:37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman G. 1993. The entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae and its potential as a bio control agent. Pestic Sci. 37:375–379.
   Google Scholar