Spread and current distribution of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Zaire

References

• ANOTA , T. 24–30 July 1983 . Rapport de mission , 24–30 July , Masiri : Programme National Manioc du Zaire (mimeograph) .
   Google Scholar
• BULTOT , F. 1971 . Atlas Climatique du Bassin Congolais Bruxelles
   Google Scholar
• DEPARTMENT DE L'AGRICULTURE DU ZAIRE . 1982 . Situation Actuelle de I'Agriculture Zairoise , Division d'Etudes et de Programmation, Bureau de Planification Agricole .
   Google Scholar
• FABRES , G. 1982 . Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo. II. Variations d'abondance et facteurs de régulation . Agronomie Tropicale , 36 : 369 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• FABRES , J. and BOUSSIENGUET , J. 1981 . Bioécologie de la cochenille du manioc (Phenacoccus manihoti Hom. Pseudococcidae) en République Populaire du Congo . Agronomie Tropicale , 36 : 82 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• GUTIERREZ , A. P. , NEUENSCHWANDER , P. , SCHULTHESS , F. , HERREN , H. R. , BAUMGAERTNER , J. U. , WERMELINGER , B. , LOEHR , B. and ELLIS , C. K. 1988 . Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. II. Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti . Journal of Applied Ecology , 25 : 921 – 940 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAHN , S. K. and WILLIAMS , R. J. 12–30 March 1973 . Enquête sur le manioc en République du Zaire , 12–30 March , Report to the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Zaire (mimeograph) . 1973
   Google Scholar
• HAMMOND , W. N. O. , NEUENSCHWANDER , P. and HERREN , H. R. 1987 . Impact of the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi on cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti) populations . Insect Science and its Application , 8 : 887 – 891 .
   Google Scholar
• HAYNES , P. H. 21 June 1977 . Report on visit to Kimpete , 21 June , Programme National Manioc du Zaire (mimeograph) . 1977
   Google Scholar
• HENNESSEY , R. D. and MUAKA , T. 1987 . Field biology of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, and its natural enemies in Zaire . Insect Science and its Application , 8 : 899 – 903 .
   Google Scholar
• HERREN , H. R. Biological control of the cassava mealybug in Tropical root crops, research strategies for the 1980's . Proceedings of the First Triennial Root Crops Symposium . September 8–12 1980 , Ibadan, Nigeria. Edited by: Terry , B. R. , Oduro , K. A. and Caveness , F.
   Google Scholar
• HERREN , H. R. , NEUENSCHWANDER , P. , HENNESSEY , R. D. and HAMMOND , W. N. O. 1987 . Introduction and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae), in Africa . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 19 : 131 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• LACLAVERE , G. , ed. 1978 . Atlas de la République du Zaire , 20 – 26 . Paris : Editions Jeune‐Afrique .
   Google Scholar
• LEMA , K. M. and HERREN , H. R. 1983 . New releases of natural enemies . IITA Annual Report 1982 , : 96 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• LE RU , B. and FABRES , G. 1986 . “ Influence de la température et de I'hygrométrie relative sur le taux d'accroissement des populations de la cochenille du manioc, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) au Congo ” . In La cochenille du manioc et sa biocoenose au Congo 1979–1984 , 39 – 55 . Brazzaville, , Congo : Travaux de I'équipe Franco‐Congolaise ORSTOM‐DGRS .
   Google Scholar
• LINTHICUM , K. J. , BAILEY , C. , DAVIES , F. G. and TUCKER , C. J. 1987 . Detection of Rift Valley fever viral activity in Kenya by satellite remote sensing imagery . Science , 235 : 1656 – 1659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUTALADIO , N. B. 15–18 August 1981 . Mission scientifique à Gbadolite , 15–18 August , Programme National Manioc du Zaire (mimeograph) . 1981
   Google Scholar
• MATILE‐FERRERO , D. Cassava mealybug in the People's Republic of Congo . Proceedings of the International Workshop on the Cassava Mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr. (Pseudococcidae) . June 26–29 1977 . Edited by: Nwanze , K. F. and Leuschner , K. M'vuazi, , Zaire
   Google Scholar
• NEUENSCHWANDER , P. and HERREN , H. R. 1988 . Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi, in Africa . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B. , 318 : 319 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEUENSCHWANDER , P. , SCHULTHESS , F. and MADOJEMU , E. 1986 . Experimental evaluation of the efficiency of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid Introduced into Africa against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti . Entomologia experimentalis et applicata , 42 : 133 – 138 .
   Google Scholar
• NEUENSCHWANDER , P. , HENNESSEY , R. D. and HERREN , H. R. 1987 . Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile‐Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 77 : 177 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICHOLAI , H. 1976 . “ Zaire ” . In World Atlas of Agriculture , vol. 4 , 740 – 749 . Novara : Istituto Geografico Agostini . Africa. (Edited by Committee for the World Atlas of Agriculture)
   Google Scholar
• NWANZE , K. F. 18–20 January 1978 . Preliminary survey of the distribution and severity of the cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr.) , 18–20 January , Bas‐Zaire : Programme National Manioc du Zaire (mimeograph) . 1978
   Google Scholar
• NWANZE , K. F. 1982 . Relationships between cassava root yields and infestations by the mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti . Tropical Pest Management , 28 : 27 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NWANZE , K. F. , LEUSCHNER , K. and EZUMAH , H. C. 1979 . The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus sp. in the Republic of Zaire . PANS , 25 : 125 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRAMME NATIONAL MANIOC DU ZAIRE (PRONAM) . 1979 . Rapport Annuel pour 1978 M'Vuazi, , Zaire
   Google Scholar
• SCHULTHESS , F. 1987 . The interactions between cassava mealybug (Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr.) populations and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as influenced by weather , Zürich, , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Institute of Technology . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• SCHULTHESS , F. , BAUMGAERTNER , J. U. and HERREN , H. R. 1987 . Factors influencing the life table statistics of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti . Insect Science and its Application , 8 : 851 – 856 .
   Google Scholar
• SYLVESTRE , P. 1973 . Aspects agronomiques de la production du manioc à la ferme d'état de Mantsumba (République Populaire du Congo) , Paris : I.R.A.T. . mission report (mimeograph)
   Google Scholar
• TUCKER , C. J. , TOWNSHEND , J. R. G. and GOFF , T. E. 1985 . African land‐use classification using satellite data . Science , 227 : 369 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar