Disagreeing with Experts

References

• Almagro, M., I. R. Hannikainen, and N. Villanueva. 2022. “Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 48 (6): 937–953. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211026128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almagro, M., I. R. Hannikainen, and N. Villanueva. 2023. “Who Has a Free Speech Problem? Motivated Censorship Across the Ideological Divide.” In Experimental Philosophy of Language: Perspectives, Methods, and Prospects, edited by D. Bordonaba-Plou, 215–237. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Almagro, M., J. Osorio, and N. Villanueva. 2021. “Weaponized Testimonial Injustice.” Las Torres de Lucca 10 (19): 29–42. https://doi.org/10.5209/ltdl.76461.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, E. 2011. “Democracy, Public Policy, and Lay Assessments of Scientific Testimony.” Episteme 8 (2): 144–164. https://doi.org/10.3366/epi.2011.0013.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, E. 2021. “Epistemic Bubbles and Authoritarian Politics.” In Political Epistemology, edited by E. Edenberg and M. Hannon, 11–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baghramian, M., and S. Caprioglio Panizza. 2022. “Scepticism and the Value of Distrust.” Inquiry, an Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2022.2135821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benítez-Sillero, J. D., D. Corredor-Corredor, R. Ortega-Ruiz, F. Córdoba-Alcaide, and C. Rodríguez. 2021. “Behaviours Involved in the Role of Victim and Aggressor in Bullying: Relationship with Physical Fitness in Adolescents.” PLoS One 16 (11): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brabanter, P., D. Nicolás, I. Stojanovic, and N. Villanueva. 2005. “Les Usages Déférentiels.” In L’epistemologie Sociale. Une Théorie Sociale de la Connaissance, edited by A. Bouvier and B. Conein, 139–162. Paris: Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, J. 2020. “Can Novices Trust Themselves to Choose Trustworthy Experts? Reasons for (Reserved) Optimism.” Social Epistemology 34 (3): 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2019.1703056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairney, P., and A. Wellstead. 2021. “COVID-19: Effective Policymaking Depends on Trust in Experts, Politicians, and the Public.” Policy Design and Practice 4 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2020.1837466.
   Google Scholar
• Cassam, Q. 2019. Vices of the Mind: From the Intellectual to the Political. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, A. 2020. “Identity Display: Another Motive for Metalinguistic Disagreement.” Inquiry 64 (8): 861–882. https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2020.1712229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond, H. 2022. “Status Distrust of Scientific Experts.” Social Epistemology 36 (5): 586–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2022.2104758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dellsén, F. 2018. “When expert disagreement supports the consensus.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 96 (1): 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048402.2017.1298636
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, K., J. Uscinski, R. Sutton, A. Cichocka, T. Nefes, C. Ang, and F. Deravi. 2019. “Understanding Conspiracy Theories.” Political Psychology, Advances in Political Psychology 40 (1): 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12568.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, P., and I. Roberts. 2008. “Finding Long-Term Solutions to the World Food Crisis.” The Lancet 371 (9622): 1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60603-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapini, M. B. 2021. “The Signaling Function of Sharing Fake Stories.” Mind and Language. https://doi.org/10.1111/mila.12373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, J. L., L. Epstein, and G. P. Magarian. 2019. “Taming Uncivil Discourse.” Political Psychology 41 (2): 383–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, A. 2001. “Experts: Which Ones Should You Trust?” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 63 (1): 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2001.tb00093.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graeber, D., and D. Wengrow. 2021. The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. 2012. “Cultural Cognition as a Conception of the Cultural Theory of Risk.” In Handbook of Risk Theory: Epistemology, Decision Theory, Ethics, and Social Implications of Risk, edited by S. Roeser, R. Hillerbrand, P. Sandin, and M. Peterson, 725–759. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M. 2017. “The Expressive Rationality of Inaccurate Perceptions.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x15002332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M., D. Braman, G. L. Cohen, J. Gastil, and P. Slovic. 2010. “Who Fears the HPV Vaccine, Who doesn’t, and Why? An Experimental Study of the Mechanisms of Cultural Cognition.” Law and Human Behavior 34 (6): 501–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-009-9201-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahan, D., D. Braman, J. Gastil, P. Slovic, and C. K. Mertz. 2007. “Culture and Identity- Protective Cognition: Explaining the White Male Effect in Risk Perception.” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 4 (3): 465–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-1461.2007.00097.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan, D. M., H. Jenkins-Smith, and D. Braman. 2011. “Cultural Cognition of Scientific Consensus.” Journal of Risk Research 14 (2): 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2010.511246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappel, K. 2017. “Fact-Dependent Policy Disagreements and Political Legitimacy.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 20 (2): 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-016-9770-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappel, K. 2020. “Trust and Disagreement.” In The Routledge Handbook of Trust and Philosophy, edited by J. Simon, 121–132. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, T. 2023. “Bias, Norms, Introspection, and the Bias Blind Spot.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy, N. 2023. “Against Intellectual Autonomy: Social Animals Need Social Virtues.” Social Epistemology 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2023.2177521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longino, H. E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, M. P. 2018. “Arrogance, Truth, and Public Discourse.” Episteme 15 (3): 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.23.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, M. P. 2020. “Conviction and Humility.” In The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Humility, edited by M. Alfano, M. P. Lynch, and A. Tanesini, 139–157. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Millikan, R. 2005. Language: A Biological Model. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mills, C. W. 2005. ““Ideal Theory” as Ideology.” Hypatia 20 (3): 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1353/hyp.2005.0107.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, C. T. 2020. “Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles.” Episteme 17 (2): 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2018.32.
   Google Scholar
• Oreskes, N., and E. M. Conway. 2010. Merchants of Doubt. How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. London: Bloomsbury Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osorio, J., and N. Villanueva. 2019. “Expressivism and Crossed Disagreements.” In Expressivisms, Knowledge and Truth, edited by M. J. Frápolli, 111–132. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-González, S., and M. Jiménez-Buedo. 2023. “Non Experts: Which Ones Would You Trust?” Social Epistemology 37 (5): 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/02691728.2023.2174820.
   Google Scholar
• Pinedo, M., and N. Villanueva. 2022. “Epistemic De-Platforming.” In The Political Turn in Analytic Philosophy: Reflections on Social Injustice and Oppression, edited by D. Bordonaba-Plou, V. Fernández-Castro, and J. R. Torices, 105–134. Berlin: De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Public Health England. 2020. “Disparities in the Risk and Outcomes of COVID-19.” https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/908434/Disparities_in_the_risk_and_outcomes_of_COVID_August_2020_update.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Recanati, F. 1997. “Can We Believe What We Do Not Understand?” Mind and Language 12 (1): 84–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recanati, F. 2000. Oratio Obliqua, Oratio Recta: An Essay on Metarepresentation. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Simko, V., and E. Ginter. 2010. “Short Life Expectancy and Metabolic Syndrome in Romanies (Gypsies) in Slovakia.” Central European Journal of Public Health 18 (1): 16–18. https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.b0011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sperber, D., F. Clément, C. Heintz, O. Mascaro, H. Mercier, G. Origgi, and D. Wilson. 2010. “Epistemic Vigilance.” Mind and Language 24 (4): 359–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, J. 2015. How Propaganda Works. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Villanueva, N. 2005. “Deferential Concepts and Opacity.” In Facets of Concepts, edited by J. J. Acero and P. Leonardi, 131–154. Padova: II Poligrafo.
   Google Scholar
• Whitcomb, D., H. Battaly, J. Baehr, and D. Howard-Snyder. 2017. “Intellectual Humility: Owning Our Limitations.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 94 (3): 509–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodfield, A. 2000. “Reference and Deference.” Mind and Language 15 (4): 433–451. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0017.00143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar