Evaluation of some markers of subclinical atherosclerosis in Egyptian young adult males with abdominal obesity

References

• Fantuzzi G, Mazzone T. Adipose tissue and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27: 996.
   Google Scholar
• Misra A. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in young individuals. J Cardiovasc Risk 2000; 7: 215–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ingelsson E, Sullivan LM, Fox CS et al. Burden and prognostic importance of subclinical cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese individuals. Circulation 2007; 116: 375–84.
   Google Scholar
• Trayhunn P, Wood IS. Signalling role of adipose tissue: adipokines and inflammation in obesity. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33: 1078–81.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg A, Obin M. Obesity and the role of adipose tissue in inflammation and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 461S–465S.
   Google Scholar
• Pacileo M, Cirillo P, De Rosa S et al. The role of neopterin in cardiovascular disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2007; 68: 68–73.
   Google Scholar
• Ray K, Morrow D, Sabatine M et al. Long-term prognostic value of neopterin: a novel marker of monocyte activation in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation 2007; 115: 3071–8.
   Google Scholar
• Kazaki J, Avanzas P, Espligiguero R. Neopterin: still a forgotten biomarker. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 1902–3.
   Google Scholar
• Hara T, Takamura N, Akashi S et al. Evaluation of clinical markers of atherosclerosis in young and elderly Japanese adults. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44 (7): 824–9.
   Google Scholar
• Heald A. Subclinical inflammation, C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk. Indian J Med Res 2007; 125: 502–4.
   Google Scholar
• Pai JK, Pischon T, Ma J et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2599–610.
   Google Scholar
• Cook D, Mendall M, Whincup P, Carey I, Ballam L, Morris J. C-reactive protein concentration in children: relationship to adiposity and other cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 2000; 149: 139–50.
   Google Scholar
• Sehnal E, Slamy J. Fibrinogen – the key to familiar CHD or just another shadow in Plato’s allegory. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1231–3.
   Google Scholar
• Loscalzo J, Weinfeld M, Fless GM, Scanu AM. Lipoprotein (a), fibrin binding and plasminogen activation. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 240–5.
   Google Scholar
• Scanu AM, Fless GM. Lipoprotein (a). Heterogeneity and biological relevance. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 1709–15.
   Google Scholar
• Scanu AM, Lawn RM, Berg K. Lipoprotein (a) and atherosclerosis. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115: 209–18.
   Google Scholar
• Rajtari R, Kloch M, Kiec-Wilk B, Kolasinski W. Fibrinogen, acute phase protein as a marker of immunological process as atherosclerosis (in Polish). Folia Med Cracov 2005; 46: 21–31.
   Google Scholar
• de Groot E, Hovingh G, Wiegman A et al. Measurement of arterial wall thickness as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Circulation 2004; 109 (23 Suppl 1): III33–8.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannou GN, Weiss NS, Boyko EJ, Mozaffarian D, Lee SP. Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity and calculated risk of coronary heart disease in the United States. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1145–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bruckert E, Giral P, Ratziu V et al. A constellation of cardiovascular risk factors is associated with hepatic enzyme elevation in hyperlipidemic patients. Metabolism 2002; 51: 1071–6.
   Google Scholar
• Patel DA, Srinivasan SR, Xu JH, Chen W, Berenson GS. Persistent elevation of liver function enzymes within the reference range is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in young adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Metabolism 2007; 56: 792–8.
   Google Scholar
• Garrow JS, Webster J. Quetelet’s index (W/H2) as a measure of fatness. Int J Obes 1985; 9: 147–53.
   Google Scholar
• Savva SG, Tornaritis M, Savva ME et al. Waist circumference and waist to hip ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors than body mass index. Int J Obes Relat Metab Discord 2000; 24: 1453–8.
   Google Scholar
• Irving HC. Diffuse liver disease. In: Cosgrove D, Meire H, Dewbury K eds. Abdominal and general ultrasound. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1993: 295–307.
   Google Scholar
• Rocha R, Cotrim H, Bitencourt A et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a symptomatic Brazilian adolescent. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 473–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rundek T, Demarin V. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT): a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis. Acta Clin Croat 2006; 45: 45–51.
   Google Scholar
• Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE. Teitz textbook of clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics 4th edn. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Friedwald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
   Google Scholar
• Westermann J, Thiemann F, Gerstner C et al. Evaluation of a new simple and rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for neopterin determination. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38: 345–53.
   Google Scholar
• Taddei-Peters WC, Butman BT, Jones GR, Venetta TM, Macomber PF, Ranson JH. Quantification of lipoprotein (a) particles containing various apolipoprotein (a) isoforms by a monoclonal anti-apo(a) capture and polyclonal antiapolipoprotein B detection antibody sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 1382–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus M. Plasminogen. In: Thomas L ed. Clinical laboratory diagnosis. Frankfurt: TH-Books, Vertagsgstachaft, 1993: 625–7.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner C, Dati F. Fibrinogen. In: Thomas L ed. Clinical laboratory diagnosis. Frankfurt: TH-Books, Vertagsgstachaft, 1993: 609–12.
   Google Scholar
• Juonala M, Viikani J, Rönnemaa T et al. Association of dyslipidemia from childhood with carotid intima-media thickness, elasticity and brachial low flow mediated dilatation in adulthood. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 1012–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cottam DR, Mattar SG, Barinas E et al. The chronic inflammatory hypothesis for the morbidity associated with morbid obesity: implications and effects of weight loss. Obes Surg 2004; 14: 589–600.
   Google Scholar
• Mangge H, Schauenstein K, Stroedter L, Griesl A, Maerz W, Borkenstein M. Low grade inflammation in juvenile obesity and type 1 diabetes associated with early signs of atherosclerosis. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2004; 112: 378–82.
   Google Scholar
• Bozdemir AE, Barutcuoglu B, Dereli D, Kabaroigle C, Habif S, Bayindir O. C-reactive protein and neopterin levels in healthy non-obese adults. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006; 44: 317–21.
   Google Scholar
• Erten Y, Ozturk M, Oklar S et al. Association between neopetrin and carotid intima-media thickness in hemodialysis patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2005; 101 (3): c134–8.
   Google Scholar
• Avanzas P, Arroyo-Espliguero R, Quilos J, Roy D, Kaski JC. Elevated serum neopterin predicts future adverse cardiac events in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 457–63.
   Google Scholar
• Paramo J, Beloqui O, Roncal C, Benito A, Orbe J. Validation of plasma fibrinogen as a marker of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects free of clinical cardiovascular disease. Haematologica 2004; 89: 1226–31.
   Google Scholar
• Fay WP. Hyperfibrinogenemia and vascular disease: does it matter? Blood 2004; 103: 1569–70.
   Google Scholar
• Schindhelm RK. Dekker JM, Nigpels G et al. Alanine aminotransferase predicts coronary heart disease events: a 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study. Atherosclerosis 2007; 191: 391–6.
   Google Scholar
• Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R et al. Relations between carotid artery wall thickness and liver histology in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1325–30.
   Google Scholar
• Kern P, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G. Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280: E745–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kerner A, Avizohar O, Sella R et al. Association between elevated liver enzymes and C-reactive protein, possible hepatic contribution to systemic inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25 (1): 193–7.
   Google Scholar