- Taniyama Y, Griendling KK. Reactive oxygen species in the vasculature: molecular and cellular mechanisms. Hypertension 2003; 42: 1075–81.
- Yan S, Ramasamy R, Naka Y, Schmidt A. Glycation, inflammation and RAGE: a scaffold for the macrovascular complications of diabetes and beyond. Circ Res 2003; 93: 1159–69.
- Caboral M, Mitchell J. New guidelines for heart failure focus on prevention. Nurse Pract 2003; 28: 13, 16, 22–3.
- Bell DSH. Chronic complications of diabetes. South Med J 2002; 95: 30–4.
- Vijan S, Stevens DL, Herman WH, Funnell MM, Standiford CJ. Screening, prevention, counselling and treatment for the complications of type II diabetes mellitus: putting evidence into practice. J Gen Intern Med 1997; 12: 567–80.
- Shaw JE, Chisholm DJ. Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Med J Aust 2003; 179: 379-83.
- Tirosh A, Shai I, Tekes-Manova D et al. Normal fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes in young men. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1454–62.
- Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Lipid, lipoproteins, C-reactive protein and hemostatic factors at baseline in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2472–9.
- Festa A, Williams K, Hanley AJG et al. Pre-diabetes associated with lipid abnormalities. Circulation 2005; 111: 3465–72.
- Banerjee M, Cruickshank JK. Prediabetes: is the term useful? Br J Diabetes Vasc Dis 2004; 4: 221–5.
- Williams DE, Cadwell BL, Cheng YJ et al. Prevalence of impaired fasting glucose and its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk factors in US adolescents, 1999–2000. Pediatrics 2005; 116: 1122–6.
- Beaser RS, Blonde L, Weissman PN. Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: treating the clinical spectrum. Medscape 2005 (http://cme.medscape.com/viewprogram/4685) (Accessed 15 August 2009).
- Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2004; 109: 3244–55.
- Scognamiglio R, Negut C, Ramondo A, Tiengo A, Avogaro A. Detection of coronary artery disease in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 65–71.
- Michos ED, Nasir K, Braunstein JB et al. Framingham risk equation underestimates subclinical atherosclerosis risk in asymptomatic women. Atherosclerosis 2006; 84: 201–6.
- Ridker PM, Brown NJ, Vaughan DE, Harrison DG, Mehta JL. Established and emerging plasma biomarkers in the prediction of first atherothrombotic events. Circulation 2004; 109: IV6–19.
- Smith DA. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: emerging laboratory risk factors. Clin Lab Med 2006; 26: ix–xi.
- New Zealand Guidelines Group 2005. The assessment and management of cardiovascular risk. Handbook for Primary Care Practitioners. (www.nzgg.org.nz/guidelines/0101/050624_CVD_Resource_(Final)_v5_for_printing_2.pdf) (Accessed 15th August 2009).
- Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 2005; 54: 1615–25.
- Vijayalingam S, Parthiban A, Shanmugasundaram KR, Mohan V. Abnormal antioxidant status in impaired glucose tolerance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2004; 13: 715–9.
- Kacmaz M, Ozturk HS, Cete S, Kavutcu M, Durak I. The effects of smoking on antioxidant defence system and membrane free fatty acid content of erythrocytes and plasma lipid parameters: protective role of antioxidant vitamins. Nutr Res 1997; 17: 931–40.
- American Diabetes Association. Pre-diabetes. (www.diabetes.org/diabetes-prevention/pre-diabetes.jsp). (Accessed 15 August 2009).
- American Diabetes Association. Frequently asked questions about pre-diabetes. (www.diabetes.org/pre-diabetes/faq.jsp). (Accessed 15 August 2009).
- Nwose EU, Jelinek HF, Richards RS, Kerr PG. Erythrocyte oxidative stress in clinical management of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications Br J Biomed Sci 2007; 64: 35–43.
- Dominguez C, Ruiz E, Gussinye M, Carrascosa A. Oxidative stress at onset and in early stages of type I diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1736–42.
- Goldfarb AH, Bloomer RJ, McKenzie MJ. Combined antioxidant treatment effects on blood oxidative stress after eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 234–9.
- Manuel y Keenoy B, Vertommen J, De Leeuw I. Divergent effects of different oxidants on glutathione homeostasis and protein damage in erythrocytes from diabetic patients: effects of high glucose. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 225: 59–73.
- Memisogullari R, Taysi S, Bakan E, Capoglu I. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in type II diabetes mellitus. Cell Biochem Funct 2003; 21: 291–6.
- Tsimikas S. Measures of oxidative stress. In: Smith DA ed. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: emerging laboratory risk factors. Clin Lab Med 2006; 26: 571–90.
- Malone PC, Agutter PS. The aetiology of deep venous thrombosis. QJM 2006; 99: 581–93.
- Bagot CN, Arya R. Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution. Br J Haematol 2008; 143: 180–90.
- Nwose EU, Richards RS, Kerr PG, Tinley P, Jelinek HF. Atherothrombosis and oxidative stress: the connection and correlation in diabetes. Redox Rep 2009; 14: 55–60.
- Nwose EU, Richards RS, Kerr RG, Tinley R, Jelinek H. Oxidative damage indices for the assessment of subclinical diabetic macrovascular complications. Br J Biomed Sci 2008; 65: 136–41.
- Twigg SM, Kamp MC, Davis TM, Neylon EK, Flack JR; Australian Diabetes Society; Australian Diabetes Educators Association. Prediabetes: a position statement from the Australian Diabetes Society and Australian Diabetes Educators Association. Med J Aust 2007; 186: 461–5.
- Linder R, Konig IR, Weimar C, Diener HC, Poppl SJ, Ziegler A. Two models for outcome prediction: a comparison of logistic regression and neural networks. Methods Inf Med 2006; 45: 536–40.
- Stocker R, Keaney JF. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev 2004; 84: 1381–478.
- Ziegler D, Sohr CGH, Nourooz-Zadeh J. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in relation to severity of diabetic polyneuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2178–83.
- Smith GD, Timpson N, Lawlor DA. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular disease risk: still an unknown quantity? Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 70–2.
- Kemp TM, Barr EL, Zimmet PZ et al. Glucose, lipid and blood pressure control in Australian adults with type 2 diabetes: the 1999–2000 AusDiab. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 1490–2.
Assessment of diabetic macrovascular complications: a prediabetes model
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.