1,017
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Diagnostic virology and patient care: from vaguely interesting to vitally important

&
Pages 16-23 | Received 26 Sep 2016, Accepted 10 Oct 2016, Published online: 16 Feb 2017

References

  • Gest H. The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Fellows of The Royal Society. Notes Rec Roy Soc. 2004;58:187–201. 10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055.
  • Lederberg J. Infectious history. Science. 2000;288:287–293.10.1126/science.288.5464.287
  • Monath TP. Yellow fever: Victor, Victoria? Conqueror, conquest? Epidemics and research in the last forty years and prospects for the future. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1991;45:1–43.
  • Pitt SJ. Managing for quality in clinical microbiology services [dissertation]. Liverpool: Liverpool John Moores University; 2001.
  • de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, et al. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:607–615. 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70137-7.
  • Vivancos R, Keenan A, Farmer S, et al. An ongoing large outbreak of measles in Merseyside, England, January to June 2012. Euro Surveill. 2012;17:20226. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20226.
  • Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Groeger J, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine. 2012;30:2212–2219. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.11.
  • Public Health England [Internet]. London: Public Health England. [Cited 2016 Sep 29]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/topic/health-protection/infectious-diseases.
  • Public Health Wales Health Protection Division [Internet]. Cardiff: Public Health Wales. [Cited 2016 Sep 29]. Available from: http://www.wales.nhs.uk/sites3/home.cfm?orgid=457.
  • Health Protection Scotland [Internet]. Glasgow: Health Protection Scotland. [Cited 2016 Sep 29]. Available from: http://www.hps.scot.nhs.uk/index.aspx.
  • Public Health Agency Northern Ireland [Internet]. Belfast: Health and Social Care Northern Ireland Public Health Agency. [Cited 2016 Sep 29]. Available from: www.publichealth.hscni.net/directorate-public-health/health-protection.
  • Public Health England: Hepatitis C in the UK [Internet]. London: Public Health England. [Cited 2016 Sep 30]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hepatitis-c-in-the-uk.
  • Public Health England: HIV in the UK – Situation Report 2015 [Internet]. London: Public Health England. [Cited 2016 Sep 30]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/hiv-in-the-united-kingdom.
  • World Health Organisation: Ebola Virus Disease [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organisation. [Cited 2016 Sep 30]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ebola/en/.
  • Broadhurst MJ, Kelly JD, Miller A, et al. ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test kit for point-of-care and laboratory-based testing for Ebola virus disease: a field validation study. Lancet. 2015;386:867–874. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)61042-X.
  • Ashley RL. Laboratory techniques in the diagnosis of herpes simplex infection. Genitourin Med. 1993;69:174.
  • Coffin SE, Hodinka RL. Utility of direct immunofluorescence and virus culture for detection of varicella-zoster virus in skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:2792–2795.
  • Vinjé J. Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:373–381.10.1128/JCM.01535-14
  • Porter HJ, Khong TY, Evans MF, et al. Parvovirus as a cause of hydrops fetalis: detection by in situ DNA hybridisation. J Clin Pathol. 1988;41:381–383.10.1136/jcp.41.4.381
  • De Villiers EM, Schneider A, Miklaw H, et al. Human papillomavirus infections in women with and without abnormal cervical cytology. Lancet. 1987;330:703–706.10.1016/S0140-6736(87)91072-5
  • Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, et al. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia Quant Biol. 1986;51:263–273.10.1101/SQB.1986.051.01.032
  • Mullis KB. The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction. Sci Am. 1990;262:56–65.10.1038/scientificamerican0490-56
  • Evans PC, Gray JJ, Wreghitt TG, et al. Comparison of three PCR techniques for detecting cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in serum, detection of early antigen fluorescent foci and culture for the diagnosis of CMV infection. J Med Microbiol. 1999;48:1029–1035.10.1099/00222615-48-11-1029
  • Cherian T, Bobo L, Steinhoff MC, et al. Use of PCR-enzyme immunoassay for identification of influenza A virus matrix RNA in clinical samples negative for cultivable virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:623–628.
  • Liolios L, Jenney A, Spelman D, et al. Comparison of a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR-enzyme hybridization assay with conventional viral culture and immunofluorescence techniques for the detection of seven viral respiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:2779–2783.10.1128/JCM.39.8.2779-2783.2001
  • Elnifro EM, Ashshi AM, Cooper RJ, et al. Multiplex PCR: optimization and application in diagnostic virology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2000;13:559–570.10.1128/CMR.13.4.559-570.2000
  • Anderson TP, Werno AM, Barratt K, et al. Comparison of four multiplex PCR assays for the detection of viral pathogens in respiratory specimens. J Virol Methods. 2013;191:118–121.10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.04.005
  • Jansen RR, Schinkel J, Koekkoek S, et al. Development and evaluation of a four-tube real time multiplex PCR assay covering fourteen respiratory viruses, and comparison to its corresponding single target counterparts. J Clin Virol. 2011;51:179–185.10.1016/j.jcv.2011.04.010
  • Logan C, O’Leary JJ, O’Sullivan N. Real-time reverse transcription-pcr for detection of rotavirus and adenovirus as causative agents of acute viral gastroenteritis in children. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:3189–3195.10.1128/JCM.00915-06
  • Papadakis G, Chibo D, Druce J, et al. Detection and genotyping of enteroviruses in cerebrospinal fluid in patients in Victoria, Australia, 2007–2013. J Med Virol. 2014;86:1609–1613.10.1002/jmv.v86.9
  • Hawrami K, Breuer J. Development of a flurogenic polymerase chain reaction assay (TaqMan) for the detection and quantitation of varicella zoster virus. J Virol Methods. 1999;79:33–40.10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00176-1
  • Ward CL, Dempsey MH, Ring CJA, et al. Design and performance testing of quantitative real time PCR assays for influenza A and B viral load measurement. J Clin Virol. 2004;29:179–188.10.1016/S1386-6532(03)00122-7
  • Sarrazin C, Shiffman ML, Hadziyannis SJ, et al. Definition of rapid virologic response with a highly sensitive real-time PCR-based HCV RNA assay in peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin response-guided therapy. J Hepatol. 2010;52:832–838.10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.030
  • Atabani SF, Smith C, Atkinson C, et al. Cytomegalovirus replication kinetics in solid organ transplant recipients managed by preemptive therapy. Am J Transplant. 2012;12:2457–2464.10.1111/ajt.2012.12.issue-9
  • Stockton J, Ellis JS, Saville M, et al. Multiplex PCR for typing and subtyping influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:2990–2995.
  • Morter S, Bennet G, Fish J, et al. Norovirus in the hospital setting: virus introduction and spread within the hospital environment. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77:106–112.10.1016/j.jhin.2010.09.035
  • Alavian SM, Carman WF, Jazayeri SM. HBsAg variants: diagnostic-escape and diagnostic dilemma. J Clin Virol. 2013;57:201–208.10.1016/j.jcv.2012.04.027
  • Erdman DD, Anderson LJ, Adams DR, et al. Evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme immunoassays for detection of specific antibodies to measles virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:1466–1471.
  • Mimms L, Goetze A, Swanson S, et al. Second generation assays for the detection of antibody to HBsAg using recombinant DNA-derived HBsAg. J Virol Methods. 1989;25:211–231.10.1016/0166-0934(89)90034-7
  • Brust S, Duttmann H, Feldner J, et al. Shortening of the diagnostic window with a new combined HIV p24 antigen and anti-HIV-1/2/O screening test. J Virol Methods. 2000;90:153–165. 10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00229-9.
  • Gray JJ, Kohli E, Ruggeri FM. European multicenter evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassays for detecting norovirus antigen in fecal samples. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2007;14:1349–1355.10.1128/CVI.00214-07
  • Blacksell SD, Jarman RG, Bailey MS, et al. Evaluation of six commercial point-of-care tests for diagnosis of acute dengue infections: the need for combining NS1 antigen and IgM/IgG antibody detection to achieve acceptable levels of accuracy. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2011;18:2095–2101.10.1128/CVI.05285-11
  • Hurt AC, Alexander R, Hibbert J, et al. Performance of six influenza rapid tests in detecting human influenza in clinical specimens. J Clin Virol. 2007;39:132–135.10.1016/j.jcv.2007.03.002
  • Skidmore S, Horner P, Mallinson H. Testing specimens for Chlamydia trachomatis. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82:272–275.10.1136/sti.2005.019034
  • Barzon L, Lavezzo E, Costanzi G, et al. Next-generation sequencing technologies in diagnostic virology. J Clin Virol. 2013;58:346–350.10.1016/j.jcv.2013.03.003
  • Quiñones-Mateu ME, Avila S, Reyes-Teran G, et al. Deep sequencing: becoming a critical tool in clinical virology. J Clin Virol. 2014;61:9–19.10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.013
  • Gibson RM, Schmotzer CL, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Next-generation sequencing to help monitor patients infected with HIV: ready for clinical Use? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:1–9.
  • Thomson E, Ip CL, Badhan A, et al. Comparison of next generation sequencing technologies for the comprehensive assessment of full-length hepatitis C viral genomes. J Clin Microbiol. 2016; JCM-00330.
  • Blumberg BS. Hepatitis B virus, the vaccine, and the control of primary cancer of the liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:7121–7125.10.1073/pnas.94.14.7121
  • Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis. Lancet. 1970;295:695–698.10.1016/S0140-6736(70)90926-8
  • Cossart YE, Cant B, Field AM, et al. Parvovirus-like particles in human sera. Lancet. 1975;305:72–73.10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91074-0
  • Barre-Sinoussi FS, Chermann JC, Rey F, et al. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science. 1983;220:868–871.10.1126/science.6189183
  • Hill WM. Are echoviruses still orphans? Brit J Biomed Sci. 1996;53:221–226.
  • Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science. 1989;244:359–362.10.1126/science.2523562
  • Kuo G, Choo QL, Alter HJ, et al. An assay for circulating antibodies to a major etiologic virus of human non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science. 1989;244:362–364.10.1126/science.2496467
  • Alter H. Discovery of non-A, non-B hepatitis and identification of its etiology. Am J Med. 1999;107:16–20.10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00375-7
  • Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, et al. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. New Engl J Med. 2012;367:1814–1820.10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
  • WHO MERS-CoV Research Group. State of knowledge and data gaps of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in humans. PLOS Curr Outbreaks. 2013. 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.0bf19e352e7478f8ad85fa30127ddb8
  • Weller SA, Bailey D, Matthews S, et al. Evaluation of the Biofire FilmArray BioThreat-E Test (v2.5) for rapid identification of ebola virus disease in heat-treated blood samples obtained in Sierra Leone and the United Kingdom. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:114–119.10.1128/JCM.02287-15
  • Fenner F. Global eradication of smallpox. Rev Infect Dis. 1982;4:916–930.10.1093/clinids/4.5.916
  • Morens DM, Holmes EC, Davis AS, et al. Global rinderpest eradication: Lessons learned and why humans should celebrate too. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:502–505.10.1093/infdis/jir327
  • Global Polio Eradication Initiative[Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization Global Polio Eradication Initiative; [cited 2015 Sep 14]. Available from: http://www.polioeradication.org.
  • Measles and Rubella [Internet]. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/measles-and-rubella.
  • Biosure HIV Self Test [Internet]. Nazeing: Biosure (UK) Ltd. [Cited 2016 Sep 21]. Available from: http://hivselftest.co.uk.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.