Controlling behaviour using neuroleptic drugs: the role of the Mental capacity act 2005 in protecting the liberty of people with dementia

References

• Alzheimer's Society . 2004 . Neuroleptics/anti‐psychotic drugs: Policy position , Alzheimer's Society . http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/News_and_campaigns/Policy_Watch/neuroleptics.htm
   Google Scholar
• Alzheimer's Society . 2007 . Home from home: A report highlighting opportunities for improving standards of dementia care in care homes , Alzheimer's Society . http://www.alzheimers.org.uk/site/scripts/
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. , 4th ed , Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Ballard , C. and Cream , J. 2005 . Drugs used to relieve behavioral symptoms in people with dementia or an unacceptable chemical cosh? . International Psychogeriatrics , 17 ( 1 ) : 4 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , C.G. , Fossey , J. , Chithramohan , R. , Howard , R. , Burns , A. , Thompson , P. , Tadros , G. and Fairbairn , A. 2001 . Quality of care in private sector and NHS facilities for people with dementia: A cross sectional survey . British Medical Journal , 323 : 426 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , C.G. , Margallo‐Lana , M. , Fossey , J. , Reichelt , K. , Myint , P. , Potkins , D. and O'Brien , J. 2001 . A 1‐year follow‐up study of behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia among people in care environments . Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 62 ( 8 ) : 631 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , C.G. , O'Brien , J. , James , I. and Swann , A. 2001 . Dementia: Management of behavioural and psychological symptoms , Oxford , , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ballard , C.G. , O'Brien , J. , James , I. , Mynt , P. , Lana , M. , Potkins , D. , Reichelt , K. , Lee , L. , Swann , A. and Fossey , J. 2001 . Quality of life for people with dementia living in residential and nursing home care: The impact of performance on activities of daily living, behavioral and psychological symptoms, language skills, and psychotropic drugs . International Psychogeriatrics , 13 : 93 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , C.G. , Powell , I. , James , I. , Reichelt , K. , Myint , P. , Potkins , D. , Bannister , C. , Lana , M. , Howard , R. O'Brien , J. 2002 . Can psychiatric liaison reduce neuroleptic use and reduce health service utilization for dementia patients residing in care facilities? . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 17 : 140 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballard , C.G. , Saad , K. , Patel , A. , Gahir , M. , Solis , M. , Coope , B. and Wilcock , G. 1995 . The prevalence and phenomenology of psychotic symptoms in dementia sufferers . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 10 : 477 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beresford , P. 2005 . “ Social approaches to madness and distress: User perspectives and user knowledges ” . In Social perspectives in mental health: Developing social models to understand and work with mental distress , Edited by: Tew , J. London : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Boyle , G. 2005 . The role of autonomy in explaining mental ill‐health and depression among older people in long‐term care settings . Ageing & Society , 25 : 731 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Council of Disabled People . 2003 . Disabled people's rights and freedoms bill – draft , British Council of Disabled People . http://www.bcodp.org.uk/campaigns/rightsfreedomsbill.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Cheston , R. and Bender , M. 1999 . Understanding dementia: The man with the worried eyes , London : Jessica Kingsley .
   Google Scholar
• Dempsey , O.P. and Moore , H. 2005 . Psychotropic prescribing for older people in residential care in the UK: Are guidelines being followed? . Primary Care and Community Psychiatry , 10 ( 1 ) : 13 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Constitutional Affairs . 2007 . Mental capacity act 2005. Code of practice , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health (DOH) . 2001a . National service framework for older people , London : DOH .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health (DOH) . 2001b . Care homes for older people: National minimum standards and the care homes regulations 2001 , London : The Stationery Office .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health (DOH) . 2006 . The Bournewood safeguards. Draft illustrative code of practice guidance , Department of Health . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyandGuidance/DH_064603
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health (DOH) . 2007 . Briefing sheet. Mental capacity act 2005: Deprivation of liberty safeguards , Department of Health . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/socialcare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/MentalCapacity/MentalCapacityActDeprivationofLibertySafeguards/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health (DOH) . 2008 . Mental capacity act deprivation of liberty safeguards: Frequently asked questions , Department of Health . http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/socialcare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/MentalCapacity/MentalCapacityActDeprivationofLibertySafeguards/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• European Court of Human Rights . 2004 . Case of H.L. v the United Kingdom. Application no. 45508/99, C [2004] J 4269 , European Court of Human Rights . http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197
   Google Scholar
• Finkel , S. 2000a . Introduction to behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 ( supplement 1 ) : S2 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel , S. 2000b . Foreword . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 15 ( supplement 1 ) : S1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel , S. , Costa e Silva , J. , Cohen , G. , Miller , S. and Sartorius , N. 1996 . Consensus statement: Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia: A consensus statement on current knowledge and implications for research and treatment . International Psychogeriatrics , 8 ( supplement 3 ) : 497 – 500 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fossey , J. , Ballard , C.G. , Juszczak , E. , James , I. , Alder , N. , Jacoby , R. and Howard , R. 2006 . Effect of enhanced psychosocial care on antipsychotic use in nursing home residents with severe dementia: cluster randomised trial . British Medical Journal , 332 ( 7544 ) : 756 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey , M. , Surr , C. , Boyle , G. , Townsend , J. and Brooker , D. 2005 . Prevention and service provision: Mental health problems in later life , The UK Inquiry into Mental Wealth and Well‐being in Later Life . http://www.mhilli.org/index.aspx?page=stage2services.htm
   Google Scholar
• Goodley , D. 2000 . Self‐advocacy in the lives of people with learning difficulties , Buckingham , , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gurvich , T. and Cunningham , J.A. 2000 . Appropriate use of psychotropic drugs in nursing homes . American Family Physician , 61 ( 5 ) : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Her Majesty's Stationary Office (HMSO) . 2005 . Mental capacity act 2005 , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• House of Commons Health Committee . 2004 . Elder abuse. Second report of session 2003–2004 , Vol. 1 , House of Commons . http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmhealth/111/111.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , C.M. , Lapane , K.L. and Mor , V. 1999 . Impact of legislation on nursing home care in the United States: Lessons for the United Kingdom . British Medical Journal , 319 ( 16 October ) : 1060 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine . 1986 . Improving the quality of care in nursing homes , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jones , R. 2005 . Review of the Mental capacity act 2005 . Psychiatric Bulletin , 29 : 423 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Laing , W. and (for Joseph Rowntree Foundation) . 2002 . Calculating a fair price for care: A toolkit for residential and nursing costs , Bristol , , UK : Policy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lidz , C.W. and Arnold , R.P. 1995 . “ The medical model and its effect on autonomy: A comparison of two long‐term care settings ” . In Enhancing autonomy in long‐term care , Edited by: Gamroth , L.M. , Semradek , J. and Tornquist , E.M. 87 – 109 . New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald , A.J.D. , Carpenter , G.I. , Box , O. , Roberts , A. and Sahu , S. 2002 . Dementia and use of psychotropic medication in non‐‘Elderly Mentally Infirm’ nursing homes in South East England . Age and Ageing , 31 : 58 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margallo‐Lana , M. , Swann , A. , O'Brien , J. , Fairbairn , A. , Reichelt , K. , Potkins , D. , Mynt , P. and Ballard , C.G. 2001 . Prevalence and pharmacological management of behavioural and psychological symptoms amongst dementia sufferers living in care environments . International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry , 16 : 39 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , M. 2001 . The challenge of looking after people with dementia . British Medical Journal , 323 : 410 – 1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath , A. and Jackson , G.A. 1996 . Survey of neuroleptic prescribing in residents of nursing homes in Glasgow . British Medical Journal , 312 : 611 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mental Health Foundation . 2005 . Executive briefing: The Mental capacity act Issue 1, October. Mental Health Foundation. http://www.mental-health.org.uk/our-work/policy/policyarchive/?q=o,mental%20capacity&EntryId=42181
   Google Scholar
• Morris , J. 2005 . Citizenship and disabled people. Report to the Disability Rights Commission , Disability Rights Commission . http://www.disabilitydebate.org/docs/Citizenship_and_disabled_people_final.doc
   Google Scholar
• National Coalition for Nursing Home Reform . 1987 . Omnibus budget reconciliation act 1987: subtitle C, nursing home reform: PL100‐203 , National Long term Care Ombudsman . http://www.ltcombudsman.org/uploads/ObraFederalRegs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) . 2005 . A guide to NICE , NICE . http://www.nice.org.uk/aboutnice/guidetonice/
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and Social Care Institute for Excellence . 2006 . Dementia: Supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care Clinical Guideline 42. NICE. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg42
   Google Scholar
• Neil , W. , Curran , S. and Wattis , J. 2003 . Antipsychotic prescribing in older people . Age and Ageing , 32 : 475 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , M. 1990 . The politics of disablement , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Ragneskog , H. , Gerdner , L.A. , Josefsson , K. and Kihlgren , M. 1998 . Probable reasons for expressed agitation in persons with dementia . Clinical Nursing Research , 7 ( 2 ) : 189 – 206 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers , A. and Pilgrim , D. 2005 . A sociology of mental health and illness , Maidenhead , , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rovner , B.W. , Edelman , B.A. , Cox , M.P. and Shmuely , Y. 1992 . The impact of antipsychotic drug regulations on psychotropic prescribing practices in nursing homes . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 ( 10 ) : 1390 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Nursing . 2004 . Restraint revisited – rights, risk and responsibility: Guidance for nursing staff. Report by the Restraint Revisited Working Group , Royal College of Nursing . www.rcn.org.uk/mhz/resources/a-z_of_resources/restraint
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCP) . 2005 . Forgetful but not forgotten: Assessment and aspects of treatment of people with dementia by a specialist old age psychiatry service , London : RCP .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , J.M. , Kidder , S.W. , Daiello , L.A. and Tariot , P.N. 2002 . Psychopharmacologic interventions in nursing homes: What do we know and where should we go? . Psychiatric Services , 53 ( 11 ) : 1407 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater , E.J. and Glazer , W. 1995 . Use of OBRA‐87 guidelines for prescribing neuroleptics in a VA nursing home . Psychiatric Services , 46 ( 2 ) : 119 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Care Institute for Excellence . 2006 . Practice guide 2: Assessing the mental health needs of older people , Social Care Institute for Excellence . www.scie.org.uk/publications/practiceguides/practiceguide02/law/capacity.asp
   Google Scholar
• Stoudemire , A. and Smith , D.A. 1996 . OBRA regulations and the use of psychotropic drugs in long‐term care facilities: Impact and implications for geropsychiatric care . General Hospital Psychiatry , 18 : 77 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite , J. 2002 . Editorial: Keeping taking the medicine? . Age and Ageing , 31 : 423 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wanless , D. , Forder , J. , Fernandez , J. , Poole , T. , Beesley , L. , Henwood , M. and Moscone , F. 2006 . Securing good care for older people: Taking a long‐term view , London : King's Fund .
   Google Scholar