25
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Commissioning pharmacological treatments for drug users: a brief review of the evidence base

&
Pages 149-156 | Published online: 10 Jul 2009

References

  • BANBERY, J., WOLFF, K. & RAISTRICK, D. (2000). Dihydrocodeine: a useful tool in the detoxification of methadone maintained patients. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, 301–305.
  • BARNETT, P.G., RODGERS, J.H. & BLOCK, D.A. (2001). A meta-analysis comparing buprenorphine to methadone for the treatment of opiate dependence. Addiction, 96, 683–690.
  • BEAINI, A.Y., JOHNSON, T.S., LANGSTAFF, P., CARR, M.P., CROSSFIELD, J.N. & SWEENEY, R.C. (2000). A
  • compressed opiate detoxification regime with naltrexone maintenance: patient tolerance, risk assessment and abstinence rates. Addiction Biology, 5(4),451–462.
  • BEARN, J., GOSSOP, M. & STRANG, J. (1996). Randomized double blind comparison of lofexidine and methadone in the in-patient treatment of opiate withdrawal. Drug and Alcohol Review, 43, 87–91. BENTLEY, A.J. & BUSUTTIL, A. (1996). Deaths among drug abusers in south-east Scotland (1989–1994). Medical Science & Law, 36, 231–236.
  • BERTSCHY, G. (1995). Methadone maintenance treatment: an update. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 114–124.
  • BICKEL, W.K. & AMASS, L. (1995). Buprenorphine treatment of opioid dependence: a review. Experi- mental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3, 477–489.
  • BOEHLE, C., KINDGEN-MILLES, D., BURTSCHEIDT, W., TARNOW, J. & GAEBEL, W. (2000). Report on clinical experience with antagonist-induced opiate detoxification and short and medium term follow-up. Nervenarzt, 71(9),745–750.
  • BREWER, C. (1997). Ultra-rapid, antagonist-precipitated opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia or sedation. Addiction Biology, 2, 291–302.
  • CAIRNS, A., ROBERTS, I.S.D. & BENBOW, E.W. (1996). Characteristics of fatal methadone overdose in Manchester, 1985–94. British Medical Journal, 313, 264–265.
  • CAPELHORN, J. (1994). A comparison of abstinence orientated and indefinite methadone maintenance treatment. International Journal of Addictions, 29, (11) 1361–1375.
  • CAPELHORN, J.R.M. (1998). Deaths in the first two weeks of maintenance treatment in NSW in 1994: identifying cases of iatrogenic methadone toxicity. Drug and Alcohol Review, 17, 9–17.
  • CAPELHORN, J.R.M. & DRUMMER, O.H. (1999). Mortality associated with New South Wales methadone programs in 1994: lives lost and saved. Medical Journal of Australia, 170, 104–109.
  • CLARK, J.C., MILROY, C.M. & FORREST, A.R.W. (1995). Deaths from methadone use. Journal of Clinical and Forensic Science, 2, 143–144.
  • D’IPPOLITI, D., DAVOLI, M., PERUCCI, C.A., PASQUALINI, F. & BARGAGLI, A.M. (1998). Retention in treatment of heroin users in Italy: the role of treatment type and of methadone maintenance dosage. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 52, 167–171.
  • DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1996). The Task Force to review services for drug misusers. London: HMSO. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1998). Tackling drugs to build a better Britain. London: HMSO.
  • DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1999). Drug misuse and dependence guidelines on clinical management. London: HMSO.
  • DRUMMER, O.H., OPESKIN, K., SYRJANEN, M. & CORDNER, S.M. (1992). Methadone toxicity causing death in ten subjects starting on a methadone maintenance program. The America Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, 34, 346–350.
  • FARRELL, M., WARD, W., MATTICK, R., HALL, W., STIMSON, G., DES JARLAIS, D. et al. (1994). Methadone maintenance treatment in opiate dependence: a review. British Medical Journal, 309, 997–1001. FARREN, C.K. (1997). The use of naltrexone, an opiate antagonist, in the treatment of opiate addiction. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 14(1),31–34.
  • FONTAINE, E., GODFROID, I.O. & GUILLAUME, R. (2001). The ultra-rapid detoxification of opiate addicted patients. Encephale-Revue de Psychiatrie Clinique Biologique et Therapeutique, 27(2),187–193.
  • GOSSOP, M., MARSDEN, J., STUART, D., LEHMANN, D. & STRANG, J. (1999). Methadone treatment practices and outcomes for opiate addicts treated in drug clinics and in general practice: results from the capital’s national treatment outcome research study. British Journal of General Practice, 49, 31–34.
  • GOSSOP, M., MARSDEN, J. & STEWART, D. (2000). Treatment outcomes for stimulant misusers: one-year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS). Addictive Behaviours, 25(4),509–522.
  • GOSSOP, M., MARSDEN, J., STEWART, D. & TREACY, S. (2001). Outcomes after methadone maintenance and methadone reduction treatments: two-year follow-up results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 62, 255–264.
  • GOWING, L., ALI, R. & WHITE, J. (2001). Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • GOWING, L., FARRELL, M., ALI, R. & WHITE, J. (2001). Alpha-2-adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • GRABOWSKI, J., RHOADES, H., SCHMITZ, J., STOTTS, A., DARUZSKA, L.A., CRESON, D. & MOELLER, F.G. (2001). Dextroamphetamine for cocaine-dependence treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 21(5),522–526.
  • GRONBLADH, L., OHLAND, M.S. & GUNNE, L. (1990). Mortality in heroin addiction in types of methadone treatment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 82, 223–227.
  • HAMMERSLEY, R., CASSIDY, M.T. & OLIVER, J. (1995). Drugs associated with drug-related deaths in Edinburgh and Glasgow: November 1990 to October 1992. Addiction, 90, 959–965.
  • HULSE, C.K. & BASSO, M.R. (1999). Reassessing naltrexone maintenance as a treatment for illicit heroin users. Drug and Alcohol Review, 18, 263–269.
  • HUTCHINSON, S.J., TAYLOR, A., GRUER, L., BARR, C., MILLS, C., ELLIOTT, L., GOLDBERG, D.J., SCOTT, R. &
  • GILCHRIST, G. (2000). One-year follow-up of opiate injectors treated with oral methadone in a GP- centred programme. Addiction, 95(7),1055–1068.
  • KEEN, J., ROWSE, G., MATHERS, N., CAMPBELL, M. & SEIVEWRIGHT, N. (2000). Can methadone maintenance for heroin-dependent patients retained in general practice reduce criminal conviction rates and time spent in prison? British Journal of General Practice, 50, 48–49.
  • KHAN, A., MUMFORD, J.P., ASHROGERS, G. & BECKFORD, H. (1997). Double-blind study of lofexidine and clonidine in the detoxification of opiate addicts in hospital. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 44, 439–446.
  • KIRCHMAYER, U., DAVOLI, M. & VERSTER, A. (2001). Naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • LAWRENTAL, E. (2000). Ultra-rapid opiate detoxification as compared to 30-day in-patient detoxification program—a retrospective follow-up study. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(2),173–181.
  • LIMA, A.R., LIMA, M.S., SOARES, B.G.O. & FARRELL, M. (2001). Carbamazepine for cocaine dependence (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • MAGURA, S., NWAKEZE, P. & DEMSKY, S. (1998). Pre- and in-treatment predictors of retention in methadone treatment using survival analysis. Addiction, 93(1),51–60.
  • MARSCH, L.A. (1998). The efficacy of methadone maintenance interventions in reducing illicit opiate use, HIV risk behaviour and criminality: a meta-analysis. Addiction, 93, 515–532.
  • MCCORMICK, G.Y., WHITE, W.J., ZAGON, I.S. & LANG, C.M. (1984). Effects of diazepam on arterial blood gas concentrations and pH of adult rats acutely and chronically exposed to methadone. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 230, 353–359.
  • MCLELLAN, T.A., ARNDT, I., METZGER, D. et al. (1993). The effects of psychosocial services in substance abuse treatment. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 1953–1959.
  • MERRILL, J. & MARSHALL, R. (1997). Opioid detoxification using naltrexone. Drug and Alcohol Review, 16, 3–6.
  • MERRILL, J. & RUBEN, S. (2000). Treating drug dependence in primary care: worthy ambition but flawed policy? Drugs: education, prevention and policy, 7(3),203–212.
  • OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2000). ONS Report. Deaths related to drug poisoning: results from England and Wales, 1994–1998. Health Statistics Quarterly, 7, 83–86.
  • OLIVER, P., KEEN, J., ROWSE, G. & MATHERS, N. (2001). Drug-related deaths in Sheffield 1998: the role of prescribed medication. British Journal of General Practice, 51, 394–396
  • RUMBALL, D. & WILLIAMS, J. (1997). Rapid opiate detoxification. British Medical Journal, 315, 682.
  • SCHERBAUM, N., KLEIN, S., KAUBE, H., KIENBAUM, P., PETERS, J.& GASTPAR, M. (1998). Alternative strategies of opiate detoxification: evaluation of the so-called ultra-rapid detoxification. Pharmacopsychiatry, 31(6),205–209.
  • SEIVEWRIGHT, N. (2000). Community treatment of drug misuse: more than methadone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • SOARES, B.G.O., LIMA, M.S., REISSER, A. & FARRELL, M. (2001a). Dopamine agonists for cocaine depen- dence (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • SOARES, B.G.O., LIMA, M.S., REISSER, A. & FARRELL, M. (2001b). Antidepressants for cocaine dependence (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • SRISURAPANOUT, M., JARUSURAISIN, N. & KITTIRATTANAPAIBOON, P. (2001). Treatment of amphetamine dependence and abuse (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library, Issue 4.
  • STRAIN, E., BIGELOW, G., LIEBSON, I. & STITZER, M. (1999). Moderate versus high dose methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 1000–1005.
  • STRAIN, E.C., STITZER, M.L., LIEBSON, I.A. & BIGELOW, G.E. (1994). Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1025–1030.
  • STRANG, J., MARSDEN, J., CUMMINS, M. et al. (2000). Randomized trial of supervized injectable versus oral methadone maintenance: report of feasibility and six-month outcome. Addiction, 95(11),1631–1645.
  • TUCKER, T. & RITTER, A. (2000). Naltrexone in the treatment of heroin dependence: a comprehensive review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19, 73–82.
  • UCHTENHAGEN, A., DOBLER-MIKOLA, A. & GUTZWILLER, A. (1996). Medical prescriptions of narcotics. European Addiction Research, 2, 201–207.
  • UEHLINGER, C., DEGLAN, J., LIVOTI, S. et al. (1998). Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. European Addiction Research, 4, 13–18.
  • WARD, J., HALL, W. & MATTICK, R. (1999). Role of maintenance treatment in opioid dependence. Lancet, 353, 221–226.
  • ZADOR, D., SUNJIC, S. & DARKE, S. (1996). Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, 1992: toxicological findings and circumstances. Medical Journal of Australia, 164, 204–207.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.