Counting girls out: A review of suicide among young substance misusers and gender difference implications in the evaluation of risk

References

• Allebeck P, Wistedt B. Mortality in schizophrenia: A ten-year follow-up based on the Stockholm County inpatient register. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 650–653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L. Suicide during pregnancy and in the first postnatal year. British Medical Journal 1991; 302: 137–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L. Suicide in women. The Lancet 2000; 355: 1203–1204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleby L, Shaw J, Amos T, McDonnell R, Bickley H, Keirnan K, et al. Safer services: National confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. The Stationery Office, London 1999
   Google Scholar
• Appleby L, Shaw J, Sherratt J, Robinson J, Amos T, McDonnell R, et al. Safety first: National confidential inquiry into suicide and homicide by people with mental illness. The Stationery Office, London 2001
   Google Scholar
• Bancroft J, Skrimshire A, Simkin S. The reasons people give for taking overdoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1976; 128: 538–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beautrais A. Gender issues in youth suicidal behaviour. Emergency Medicine 2002; 14: 35–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhugra D, Thompson N, Singh J, Fellow-Smith E. Inception rates of deliberate self-harm among adolescents in west London. International Journal of Social Psychiatry 2003; 49(4)247–250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boys A, Farrell M, Taylor C, Marsden J, Goodman R, Brugha T, et al. Psychiatric morbidity and substance use in young people aged 13–15 years: Results from the Child and Adolescent Survey of Mental Health. British Journal of Psychiatry 2003; 182: 509–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent D, Perper J, Moritz G, Allman C, Friend A, Roth C, et al. Psychiatric risk factors for adolescent suicide: A case-control study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1993; 32: 521–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock A, Baker A, Griffiths C, Jackson G, Fergan G, Marshall D. Suicide trends and geographical variations in the United Kingdom. National Statistics Quarterly 1991–2004; 31: 6–22, (2006, Autumn)
   Google Scholar
• Brook J, Whiteman M, Finch S, Cohen P. Young adult drug use and delinquency: Childhood antecedents and adolescent mediators. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1996; 35: 1584–1592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckstein O, Brent D, Perper J, Moritz G, Baugher M, Schweers J, et al. Risk factors for completed suicide among adolescents with a lifetime history of substance abuse: A case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993; 88: 403–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buddeberg C, Buddeberg-Fischer B, Gnam G, Schmid J, Christen S. Suicidal behaviour in Swiss students: An 18-month follow-up survey. Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide 1996; 17: 78–86
   Google Scholar
• Conner KR, Beautrais AL, Conwell Y. Moderators of the relationship between alcohol dependence and suicide and medically serious suicide attempts: Analyses of Canterbury suicide project data. Alcoholism, Clinical & Experimental Research 2003a; 27: 1156–1161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner KR, Beautrais AL, Conwell Y. Risk factors for suicide and medically serious suicide attempts among alcoholics: Analyses of Canterbury suicide project data. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2003b; 64: 551–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley P, Kilroe J, Burke S. Youth suicide prevention: Evidence briefing. Health Development Agency, London 2004, October
   Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J. Suicide among heroin users: Rates, risk factors and methods. Addiction 2002; 97: 1383–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke S, Ross J, Lynskey M. The relationship of conduct disorder to attempted suicide and drug use history among methadone maintenance patients. Drug & Alcohol Review 2003; 22: 21–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deykin E, Buka S. Suicidal ideation and attempts among chemically dependent adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 1994; 84: 634–639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deykin E, Levy J, Wells V. Adolescent depression, alcohol and drug abuse. American Journal of Public Health 1987; 77: 178–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diekstra R. The epidemiology of suicide and parasuicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993; 371(Suppl.)9–20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOH. National suicide prevention strategy for England. Department of Health Publications, London 2002
   Google Scholar
• Fergusson D, Horwood L. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction 1997; 92: 279–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentine R, Anglin MD, Gil-Rivas V, Taylor E. Drug treatment: Explaining the gender paradox. Substance Use & Misuse 1997; 32: 653–678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fombonne E. Suicidal behaviours in vulnerable adolescents. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 173: 154–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnefski N, De Wilde E. Addiction-risk behaviours and suicide attempts in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 1998; 21: 135–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrison C, McKeown R, Valois R, Vincent M. Aggression, substance use and suicidal behaviors in high school students. American Journal of Public Health 1993; 83: 179–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldacre M, Hawton K. Repetition of self-poisoning and subsequent death in adolescents who take overdoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 146: 395–398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossop M, Marsden J, Stewart D, Treacy S. A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment. Addiction 2002; 97: 39–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield S. Women and alcohol use disorders. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 2002; 10: 76–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnell D, Frankel S. Prevention of suicide: Aspirations and evidence. British Medical Journal 1994; 308: 1227–1233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hambrecht M, Hafner H. Temporal order and aetiology. Substance misuse in psychosis: Approaches to treatment and service delivery, HL Graham, A Copello, M Birchwood, K Mueser. Wiley, Chichester, UK 2003
   Google Scholar
• Harris EC, Barraclough B. Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 205–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAS. Suicide prevention: The challenge confronted. An NHS Health Advisory Service Thematic Review. HMSO, London 1995
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins J, Catelano R, Miller J. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin 1992; 112: 64–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K. Assessment of suicide risk. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 145–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K. A national target for reducing suicide. British Medical Journal 1998; 317: 156–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Fagg J. Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in adolescents: A study of characteristics and trends in Oxford, 1976–89. British Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 161: 816–823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Fagg J, Platt S, Hawkins M. Factors associated with suicide after parasuicide in young people. British Medical Journal 1993; 306: 1641–1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Houston K, Shepperd R. Suicide in young people. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 175: 271–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Rodham K, Evans E. By their own young hand: Deliberate self-harm and suicidal ideas in adolescents. Jessica Kingsley, London 2006
   Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Simkin S, Fagg J. Deliberate self-harm in alcohol and drug misusers: Patient characteristics and patterns of clinical care. Drug & Alcohol Review 1997; 16: 123–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly S, Bunting J. Trends in suicide in England and Wales, 1982–96. Population Trends, Summer 98. Office for National Statistics, London 1998
   Google Scholar
• Kelly T, Cornelius J, Clark D. Psychiatric disorders and attempted suicide among adolescents with substance use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2004; 73: 87–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerfoot M, Huxley P. Suicide and deliberate self-harm in young people. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 1995; 8: 214–217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick-Smith J, Bonner R, Jans F. Psychological vulnerability and substance abuse as predictors of suicide ideation among adolescents. Omega 1991; 24: 21–33
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy J, Deykin E. Suicidality, depression and substance abuse in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1462–1467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn P, Rohde P, Seeley J. Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1995; 34: 510–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynskey M, Degenhardt L, Hall W. Cohort trends in youth suicide in Australia. Australian Journal of Drug and alcohol Abuse 2000; 14: 357–369
   Google Scholar
• Marttunen M, Hillevi M, Henriksson M, Lonnqvist J. Mental disorders in adolescent suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991; 48: 834–839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marttunen M, Hillevi M, Lonnqvist J. Adolescent suicide: Endpoint of long-term difficulties. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1992; 31: 649–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Statistics Online. Suicide rates in UK 2007, (Available from: www.statistics.gov.uk – accessed 4 July 2007)
   Google Scholar
• NCSR/NFER. Drug use, smoking and drinking among young people in England in 2001: Preliminary results. National Centre for Social Research/National Foundation for Educational Research & Department of Health, London 2002
   Google Scholar
• NCSR/NFER. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2004. National Centre for Social Research/National Foundation for Educational Research & Department of Health, London 2005
   Google Scholar
• NCSR/NFER. Smoking, drinking and drug use among young people in England in 2006: Headline figures. The Information Centre for Health and Social Care, Lifestyle Statistics, London 2007
   Google Scholar
• Neelman J, Wessley S. Ethnic minority suicide: A small area geographical study in south London. Psychological Medicine 1999; 29: 429–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIMHE. National suicide prevention strategy for England: Annual report 2004. Department of Health, London 2005
   Google Scholar
• NTA. Black and minority ethnic communities: A review of the literature on drug use and related service provision. National Treatment Agency, London 2003
   Google Scholar
• ONS. Suicide rates by sex and age: Social trends 34. Office for National Statistics, London 2004
   Google Scholar
• ONS. News release: UK suicides reach 30 year low in 2003. Office for National Statistics, London 2005
   Google Scholar
• Oyefeso A, Ghodse H, Clancy C, Corkery J. Suicide among drug addicts in the UK. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 175: 277–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce C, Martin G. Locus of control as an indicator of risk for suicidal behaviour among adolescents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993; 88: 409–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce C, Martin G. Predicting suicide attempts among adolescents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1994; 90: 324–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirkola S, Isometsa E, Heikkinen M, Henriksson M, Marttunen M, Lonnqvist J. Female psychoactive substance-dependent suicide victims differ from male–Results from a nationwide psychological autopsy study. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1999; 40: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulin C, Hand D, Boudreau B, Santor D. Gender differences in the association between substance use and elevated depressive symptoms in a general adolescent population. Addiction 2005; 100: 525–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pudney S. The road to ruin? Sequences of initiation into drug use and offending by young people in Britain. Home Office Research Study 253. Home Office, London 2002
   Google Scholar
• Putnins A. Recent drug use and suicidal behaviour among young offenders. Drug & Alcohol Review 1995; 14: 151–158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quaglio G, Talamini G, Lechi A, Venturini L, Lugoboni F, Gruppo Intersert Di Collaborazione Scientifica, Messelani P. Study of heroin-related deaths in north-eastern Italy, 1985–98 to establish main causes of death. Addiction 2001; 96: 1127–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassool GH. Substance abuse in black and minority ethnic communities in the United Kingdom: A neglected problem?. Journal of Addictions Nursing 2006; 17: 127–132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose G. Sick individuals and sick population. International Journal of Epidemiology 1985; 14: 32–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossow I, Groholt B, Wichstrom L. Intoxicants and suicidal behaviour among adolescents: Changes in levels and associations from 1992 to 2002. Addiction 2005; 100: 79–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runeson B. Psychoactive substance use disorder in youth suicide. Alcohol & Alcoholism 1990; 25: 561–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Gould M, Fisher P, Trautman P, Moreau D, Kleinman M, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in child and adolescent suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 1996; 53: 339–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spooner C. Causes and correlates of adolescent drug abuse and implications for treatment. Drug & Alcohol Review 1999; 18: 453–475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockwell T, Toumbourou J, Letcher P, Smart D, Sanson A, Bond L. Risk and protection factors for different intensities of adolescent substance use: When does the prevention paradox apply?. Drug & Alcohol Review 2004; 23: 67–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suokas J, Lonnqvist J. Suicide attempts in which alcohol is involved: A special group in general hospital emergency rooms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1995; 91: 36–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suominen K, Henriksson M, Suokas J, Isometsa E, Ostamo A, Lonnqvist J. Mental disorders and comorbidity in attempted suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1996; 94: 234–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland I, Shepherd JP. Social dimensions of adolescent substance use. Addiction 2001; 96: 445–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarter RE. Etiology of adolescent substance abuse: A developmental perspective. American Journal on Addictions 2002; 11: 171–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner B, Cole R, Schwartzman P. Comorbidity of symptoms among junior and senior high school suicide attempters. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1996; 26: 300–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb L, Oyefeso A, Schifano F, Cheeta S, Pollard M, Ghodse AH. Cause and manner of death in drug-related fatality: An analysis of drug-related deaths recorded by coroners in England and Wales in 2000. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2003; 72: 67–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmore EA, Mikulich SK, Ehlers KM, Crowley T. One-year outcome of adolescent females referred for conduct disorder and substance abuse/dependence. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2000; 59: 131–141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmore EA, Mikulich SK, Thompson LL, Riggs PD, Aarons GA, Crowley TJ. Influences on adolescent substance dependence: Conduct disorder, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and gender. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 1997; 47: 87–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox H, Conner K, Caine E. Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: An empirical review of cohort studies. Drug & Alcohol Dependence 2004; 76S: S11–S19
   Google Scholar
• Wilsnack SC, Wilsnack RW, Hillier-Sturmhofel S. How women drink: Epidemiology of women's drinking and problem-drinking. Alcohol Health & Research World 1994; 18: 173–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeitlin H. Psychiatric comorbidity with substance misuse in children and teenagers. Drug & alcohol Dependence 1999; 55: 225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar