Prevalence of illicit drug use before imprisonment in Europe: results from a comprehensive literature review

References

• Aebi, M. F., & Delgrande, N. (2019). Space I – 2019 – Council of Europe annual penal statistics: Prison populations. https://wp.unil.ch/space/files/2020/04/200405_FinalReport_SPACE_I_2019.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Alves, J., Maia, A., & Teixeira, F. (2016). Health conditions prior to imprisonment and the impact of prison on health: Views of detained women. Qualitative Health Research, 26(6), 782–792. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315617217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arain, A., Robaeys, G., & Stöver, H. (2014). Hepatitis C in European prisons: a call for an evidence-informed response. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(Suppl 6), S17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-S6-S17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arreola, S., Bluthenthal, R. N., Wenger, L., Chu, D., Thing, J., & Kral, A. H. (2014). Characteristics of people who initiate injection drug use later in life. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 138(1), 244–250. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baybutt, M., Dooris, M., & Farrier, A. (2019). Growing health in UK prison settings. Health Promotion International, 34(4), 792–802. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binswanger, I. A., Merrill, J. O., Krueger, P. M., White, M. C., Booth, R. E., & Elmore, J. G. (2010). Gender differences in chronic medical, psychiatric, and substance-dependence disorders among jail inmates. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 476–482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.149591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binswanger, I. A., Mueller, S. R., Beaty, B. L., Min, S., & Corsi, K. F. (2014). Gender and risk behaviors for HIV and sexually transmitted infections among recently released inmates: A prospective cohort study. AIDS Care, 26(7), 872–881. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.859650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, H. N., & Morash, M. (2010). The impact of network relationships, prison experiences, and internal transformation on women’s success after prison release. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10509670903435381.
   Google Scholar
• Bulten, E., Nijman, H., & van der Staak, C. (2009). Psychiatric disorders and personality characteristics of prisoners at regular prison wards. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 32(2), 115–119. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpentier, C., Royuela, L., Noor, A., & Hedrich, D. (2012). Ten years of monitoring illicit drug use in prison populations in Europe: Issues and challenges. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 51(1), 37–66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2011.00677.x.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, J., Jarrett, M., Forrester, A., di Forti, M., Murray, R. M., Huddy, V., Roberts, A., Phillip, P., Campbell, C., Byrne, M., McGuire, P., Craig, T., & Valmaggia, L. (2018). Substance use and at-risk mental state for psychosis in 2102 prisoners: the case for early detection and early intervention in prison . Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 12(3), 400–409. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council of the European Union. (2003). Council recommendation of 18 June 2003 on the prevention and reduction of health‐related harm associated with drug dependence (2003/488/EC). In Official Journal of the European Union, 165(46), 31–33. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2003:165:0031:0033:en:PDF
   Google Scholar
• Csete, J., Kamarulzaman, A., Kazatchkine, M., Altice, F., Balicki, M., Buxton, J., Cepeda, J., Comfort, M., Goosby, E., Goulão, J., Hart, C., Kerr, T., Lajous, A. M., Lewis, S., Martin, N., Mejía, D., Camacho, A., Mathieson, D., Obot, I., … Beyrer, C. (2016). Public health and international drug policy. The Lancet, 387(10026), 1427–1480. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00619-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin, K., Monks, S., Wright, B., Duffy, D., Linehan, S., & Kennedy, H. G. (2009). Psychiatric morbidity in male remanded and sentenced committals to Irish prisons. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 26(4), 169–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S079096670000063X.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Decorte, T. (2007). Problems, needs and service provision related to stimulant use in European prisons. International Journal of Prisoner Health, 3(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17449200601149122.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, K., Rutter, S., & Wodak, A. D. (2003). Prison-based syringe exchange programmes: A review of international research and development . Addiction, 98(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00309.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ECDC. (2018). Systematic review on the prevention and control of blood-borne viruses in prison settings. European Centre for Disease prevention and Control.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2009). Drug offences: Sentencing and other outcomes. Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2011). Mortality related to drug use in Europe: Public health implications. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2810/49713.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2012). Prisons and drugs in Europe: The problem and responses. Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2017). Health and social responses to drug problems. A European guide. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2810/244934
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2019). European drug report 2019: Trends and developments. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31802b4fda
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2020a). Statistical bulletin 2020 – drug law offences. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2020/dlo
   Google Scholar
• EMCDDA. (2020b). Statistical Bulletin 2020 – drug use in prison. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2020/dup
   Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., & Baillargeon, J. (2011). The health of prisoners. The Lancet, 377(9769), 956–965. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61053-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., Yoon, I. A., & Hayes, A. J. (2017). Substance use disorders in prisoners: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis in recently incarcerated men and women. Addiction, 112(10), 1725–1739. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friestad, C., & Kjelsberg, E. (2009). Drug use and mental health problems among prison inmates-results from a nation-wide prison population study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 63(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480802571044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatherer, A., Enggist, S., & Møller, L. (2014). The essentials about prisons and health. In Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea G. & Udesen   (Eds.), Prisons and health. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Geitona, M., & Milioni, S.-O. (2016). Health status and access to health services of female prisoners in Greece: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1506-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordis, L. (2009). Epidemiology (4th ed.). Saunders Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Grace, S., Page, G., Lloyd, C., Templeton, L., Kougali, Z., McKeganey, N., Liebling, A., Roberts, P., & Russell, C. (2016). Establishing a ‘Corstonian’ continuous care pathway for drug using female prisoners: Linking drug recovery wings and women’s. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 16(5), 602–621. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895816632029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakansson, A., & Berglund, M. (2012). Risk factors for criminal recidivism — a prospective follow-up study in prisoners with substance abuse. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havinga, P., Van der Velden, C., De Gee, A., & Van der Poel, A. (2014). Differences in sociodemographic, drug use and health characteristics between never, former and current injecting, problematic hard-drug users in the Netherlands. Harm Reduct J, 11(1), 6–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7517-11-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley, J., Murphy, I., Souto-Otero, M. (2013). Prison education and training in Europe: Current state-of-play and challenges. GHK Consulting. https://www.voced.edu.au/content/ngv:56865
   Google Scholar
• Howard, R., Karatzias, T., Power, K., & Mahoney, A. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms mediate the relationship between substance misuse and violent offending among female prisoners. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1293-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, V., Kitchenham, N., Roberts, A., Jarret, M., Philip, P., Forrester, A., Campbell, M., & Valmaggia, L. (2017). Self-report and behavioural measures of impulsivity as predictors of impulsive behaviour and psychopathology in male prisoners. Personality and Individual Differences, 113(1), 173–177.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Alliance of Women. (2018). The situation of women in prison. https://womenalliance.org/the-situation-of-women-in-prison#_ftn16
   Google Scholar
• Ireland, J. L., & Higgins, P. (2013). Behavioural stimulation and sensation-seeking among prisoners: Applications to substance dependency. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(3-4), 229–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.04.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, L. Ø., & Manger, T. (2019). Literacy skills, academic self‐efficacy, and participation in prison education. In D. Perin (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Adult Literacy (pp. 151–169). Hokoben, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Jürgens, R., Csete, J., Amon, J. J., Baral, S., & Beyrer, C. (2010). People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights. The Lancet, 376(9739), 475–485. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60830-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjelsberg, E., & Rustad, A. B. (2009). Previous offending in young female prisoners is associated with drug problems, drug offenses and low social-emotional restraint. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8(4), 279–285. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14999011003635571.
   Google Scholar
• Konstenius, M., Larsson, H., Lundholm, L., Philips, B., van de Glind, G., Jayaram-Lindström, N., & Franck, J. (2015). An epidemiological study of ADHD, substance use, and comorbid problems in incarcerated women in Sweden. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712451126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruithof, K., Davies, M., Disley, E., Strang, L., & Ito, K. (2016). Study on alternatives to coercive sanctions as response to drug law offences and drug- related crimes. Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), e1–e34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintonen, T. P., Vartiainen, H., Aarnio, J., Hakamaki, S., Viitanen, P., Wuolijoki, T., & Joukamaa, M. (2011). Drug use among prisoners: by any definition, it's a big problem. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(4), 440–451. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3109/10826081003682271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manière-Haesebaert, J., Sahajian, F., Lamothe, P., & Fabry, J. (2008). Caractéristiques des personnes alcoolodépendantes incarcérées en maison d’arrêt. Revue D'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, 56(3), 189–195. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2008.03.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrall, E. L. C., Kariminia, A., Binswanger, I. A., Hobbs, M. S., Farrell, M., Marsden, J., Hutchinson, S. J., & Bird, S. M. (2010). Meta-analysis of drug-related deaths soon after release from prison. Addiction, 105(9), 1545–1554. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02990.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, L., Lions, C., Van Malderen, S., Schiltz, J., Vanderplasschen, W., Holm, K., Kolind, T., Nava, F., Weltzien, N., Moser, A., Jauffret-Roustide, M., Maguet, O., Carrieri, P. M., Brentari, C., & Stöver, H. (2015). Insufficient access to harm reduction measures in prisons in 5 countries (PRIDE Europe): A shared European public health concern. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1093. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2421-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mir, J., Kastner, S., Priebe, S., Konrad, N., Strohle, A., & Mundt, A. P. (2015). Treating substance abuse is not enough: Comorbidities in consecutively admitted female prisoners. Addictive Behaviors, 46, 25–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.02.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montanari, L., Royuela, L., Pasinetti, M., Giraudon, I., Wiessing, L., & Vicente, J. (2014). Drug use and related consequences among prison populations in European countries. In Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea G. & Udesen   (Eds.), Prisons and health. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Montanari, L., Mravcik, V., Grohmannova, K., Royuela, L. (2017). European questionnaire on drug use among prisoners (EQDP). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/782/Questionnaire_on_Drug_Use_among_Prisoners_%28EQDP%29_479898_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Munn, Z., Moola, S., Lisy, K., Riitano, D., & Tufanaru, C. (2015). Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. International Journal of Evidence Based Healthcare, 13(3), 147–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narkauskaite, L., Juozulynas, A., Mackiewicz, Z., Venalis, A., & Utkuviene, J. (2010). Prevalence of psychoactive substances use in a Lithuanian women‘s prison revisited after 5 years. Medical Science Monitor, 16(11), PH91–PH96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesset, M. B., Rustad, A.-B., Kjelsberg, E., Almvik, R., & Bjorngaard, J. H. (2011). Health care help seeking behaviour among prisoners in Norway. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 301. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobile, C. G. A., Flotta, D., Nicotera, G., Pileggi, C., & Angelillo, I. F. (2011). Self-reported health status and access to health services in a sample of prisoners in Italy. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 529. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penal Reform International. (2020a). Global prison trends 2020 (2nd ed.). Penal Reform International.
   Google Scholar
• Penal Reform International. (2020b). Women in prison: Mental health and well-being. A guide for prison staff. Penal Reform International.
   Google Scholar
• Pflueger, M. O., Franke, I., Graf, M., & Hachtel, H. (2015). Predicting general criminal recidivism in mentally disordered offenders using a random forest approach. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0447-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinkham, S., Stoicescu, C., & Myers, B. (2012). Developing effective health interventions for women who inject drugs: key areas and recommendations for program development and policy. Advances in Preventive Medicine, 2012, 269123. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/269123
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plugge, E., Yudkin, P., & Douglas, N. (2009). Changes in women's use of illicit drugs following imprisonment. Addiction, 104(2), 215–222. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02419.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivlin, A., Hawton, K., Marzano, L., & Fazel, S. (2010). Psychiatric disorders in male prisoners who made near-lethal suicide attempts: Case-control study. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 197(4), 313–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Díaz, F. J., Bringas-Molleda, C., de la Villa Moral-Jiménez, M., Pérez-Sánchez, B., & Ovejero-Bernal, A. (2013). Relationship between psychoactive substance use and family maltreatment: A prison population analysis. Anales de Psicología, 29(2), 360–367. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.138331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks, J. Y., McKendrick, K., & Hamilton, Z. (2012). A randomized clinical trial of a therapeutic community treatment for female inmates: outcomes at 6 and 12 months after prison release. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 31(3), 258–269. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10550887.2012.694601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahajian, F., Lamothe, P., Fabry, J., & Vanhems, P. (2012). Consumption of psychoactive substances among 535 women entering a Lyon prison (France) between June 2004 and December 2008. Revue D'epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, 60(5), 371–381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2012.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakelliadis, E. I., Papadodima, S. A., Sergentanis, T. N., Giotakos, O., & Spiliopoulou, C. A. (2010). Self-injurious behavior among Greek male prisoners: Prevalence and risk factors. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 25(3), 151–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.07.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, F. C., Fearn, N., & Vaughn, M. G. (2018). Prevalence and correlates of in-prison substance use among incarcerated women in Spain. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 17(3), 356–374. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15332640.2016.1255579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez, F. C., & Wolff, N. (2017). The association between substance use and physical victimization among incarcerated men in Spanish prisons. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 50, 9–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2016.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander, G., Scandurra, A., Kamenska, A., MacNamara, C., Kalpaki, C., Bessa, C. F., Laso, G. N., Parisi, G., Varley, L., Wolny, M., Moudatsou, M., Pontes, N. H., Mannix-McNamara, P., Libianchi, S., & Antypas, T. (2016). Overview of harm reduction in prisons in seven European countries. Harm Reduction Journal, 13(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-016-0118-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sannier, O., Verfaillie, F., & Lavielle, D. (2012). Risk reduction and drug use in detention: Study about the detainees of Liancourt Penitentiary. Presse Medicale, 41(7–8), e375–e385. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2011.12.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart, D. (2009). Drug use and perceived treatment need among newly sentenced prisoners in England and Wales. Addiction, 104(2), 243–247. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02439.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöver, H., & Kastelic, A. (2014). Drug treatment and harm reduction in prisons. In Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea G. & Udesen   (Eds.), Prisons and Health. WHO Regional Office for Europe. https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/249188/Prisons-and-Health.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Strathdee, S. A., West, B. S., Reed, E., Moazen, B., Moazan, B., Azim, T., & Dolan, K. (2015). Substance use and HIV among female sex workers and female prisoners: Risk environments and implications for prevention, treatment, and policies. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999)), 69(3), S110–S7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Centre for Social Justice. (2015). Drugs in prison. The Centre for Social Justice.
   Google Scholar
• UNODC. (2014). Handbook on women and imprisonment (2nd ed.). United Nations Office on Drug use and Crime.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia, J., Alvaro-Meca, A., Troya, J., Gutiérrez, J., Ramón, C., Rodríguez, A., Vázquez-Morón, S., Resino, S., Moreno, S., & Ryan, P. (2020). Gender-based vulnerability in women who inject drugs in a harm reduction setting. PLOS One, 15(3), e0230886–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murru, A., Attademo, L., Garinella, R., Pacchiarotti, I., del Mar Bonnin, C., & Tortorella, A. (2017). The aggressor at the mirror: Psychiatric correlates of deliberate self-harm in male prison inmates. European psychiatry, 44, 153–160
   Google Scholar
• van den Bergh, B., Plugge, E., & Aguirre, I. Y. (2014). Women’s health and the prison setting. In Enggist, S., Møller, L., Galea G. & Udesen   (Eds.), Prisons and health. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Vicens, E., Tort, V., Dueñas, R. M., Muro, Á., Pérez-Arnau, F., Arroyo, J. M., Acín, E., De Vicente, A., Guerrero, R., Lluch, J., Planella, R., & Sarda, P. (2011). The prevalence of mental disorders in Spanish prisons. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH, 21(5), 321–332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S., Gonzalez, R. A., Wolff, K., Mutch, L., Malet-Lambert, I., & Gudjonsson, G. H. S. (2017). Transitions and motivations for substance misuse in prison inmates with ADHD and conduct disorder: Validation of a new instrument. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 13(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2017.1290859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, S., Gonzalez, R. A., Wolff, K., Xenitidis, K., Mutch, L., Malet-Lambert, I., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2020). Substance and alcohol misuse, drug pathways, and offending behaviors in association with ADHD in prison inmates. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(13), 1905–1909. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716688532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabala-Banos, M. C., Segura, A., Maestre-Miquel, C., Martinez-Lorca, M., Rodriguez-Martin, B., Romero, D., & Rodriguez, M. (2016). Mental disorder prevalence and associated risk factors in three prisons of Spain. Revista Espanola de Sanidad Penitenciaria, 18(1), 13–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202016000100003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zurhold, H., Moskalewicz, J., Sanclemente, C., Schmied, G., Shewan, D., & Verthein, U. (2011). What affects reintegration of female drug users after prison release? Results of a European follow-up study. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 50(2), 49–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10509674.2011.546221.
   Google Scholar